Dialogue or dynamic encoding in signaling, what is better? Keeloq and Dual Dynamic Code VS Codograbber Dynamic Alarm Code
// Dynamic coding
People with centuries are fighting over the creation of a "philosophical stone" and "Perpetum Mobile", i.e. Eternal motor. And it turns out something like eternal if not the engine, then there is a process. This is the struggle of the creators of the security complexes, saving personal property, and hijackers, NATO the property is stuck. Directly struggle good with evil. In automotive alarms, the main stumbling block and the subject of close attention was just the signal code.
Most of the existing alarms are controlled remotely by radio channel using a radio transmitter. And so that all key chains approached all alarms, the parcels of radio exchange between the keychain and the alarm are encoded.
At the dawn of the emergence of the alarms, this code was quite simple. In fact, one code was used in the model, distinguished only by the keychain number in the party. Then then the scanners appeared - devices that turn the code one by one until the desired one will be found. Possturing this problem, the developers wrote the program "Anti-Tanning". When attempting codes into codes, the alarm is blocked and does not perceive the codes repeating one by one.
The next step was to create a "grabber", in fact, which was a receiver-transmitter with a memory configured to the desired frequency. Grabber recorded one of the codes and, when the owner of the car left, reproduced this very code that was removed by the system.
But "not long the music played." In contrast to these tricks of hijackers, the creators of the alarms began to use the "dynamic code". Its essence lies in the fact that in the body code there is a "counter" and at each new click on the key fob button a new code is sent to the ether. And the number of these codes is such that, so that they will need to take them, it will take a lot of years, not minutes or seconds. Moreover, if you write a reproduced code once, the alarm will never perceive it (thanks to the same "meter", since the sequence number of this code will be less than the currently used).
Hijackers and here did not remain in debt. A grabber appeared a new sample, which, when radiation detected in this range, sent an interference to the ether, while recording the code transmitted by the signaling keychain. The fact is that in the alarms of those times for arming and removal from security, the same key fob button was used. In fact, it was a button that sends the "alarm status change" signal, that is, if the system was on guard, then it was removed by this code and vice versa. Consider, so to speak, in real conditions, which really happened. The owner of the car pressed the alarm key fob button. Grabber recorded this code, simultaneously sending interference to ether. Because of this interference, the alarm did not perceive the code of its keyfoot and did not happen. The car owner pressed the button again and again, and "Grabber" recorded everything and recorded codes. When an attacker believed that he recorded enough codes, he reproduced the first recorded code, putting a car to guard. As a rule, the owner of the car did not notice something strange, or noticed, but he wrote off anything, but not on his inattention. Thus, the driver left, and the attacker remained a few more recorded codes, which the alarm was still "did not see" and was ready to take. The car was removed from the guard and leaving in an unknown direction, in most cases the remaining unknown.
The response of the manufacturers was to create key chains with separate production and removal from the protection. To make protection on the key chain - one button for removal is another. Thus, the number of the button is transmitted to the broadcast of the code. And if "Grabber" recorded several codes, then they all serve only for arming and remove the signaling alarm it is impossible. If, of course, the car owner when setting up for protection (and the failure from the first time) does not begin to harm the buttons in a row, including the removal button. And we must not forget that if even "grabber" recorded at least ten of these codes, then after the first passage of the code between the keychain and the alarm, all previous codes will not perceive the system. Therefore, the main advice to the owners of the alarms of older models: put on protecting the car in close proximity to the driver's door, and if it did not work out - do not press all the buttons in a row (only on the setting button). If the attempt was still not crowned with success - take advantage of the function of manual arming.
But on this alarm manufacturers did not stop. Anyway, the company Sheriff. In the alarms of the new generation, there is already a completely different coding of a radio signal having a CFM abbreviation.
For recent years, the dynamic code from Microchip - Keelog and Keelog + has been distributed, but this algorithm has ceased to meet the increased requirements of Sheriff to the signal encoding safety. In this regard, Sheriff decided to develop jointly with one of the leading electronic cryptography companies, absolutely reliable, fully eliminating the possibility of electronic burglary of the coding system. The result of this cooperation was the system of dynamic coding a new generation CFM and CFM II, the algorithm for changing the change in the secret. The essence of CFM code is that each Bereller, in addition to the discharge number, has also been assigned its own individual law of changing code. This individual rule is recorded in the alarm memory once when programming the key fob, no longer appears on the air and is not available to the radio operation. Thus, even the developer of the system, having all the necessary information about the encoding methods and the corresponding equipment, cannot decipher this code. At the same time, the CFM code complicated and the dynamic and static part of the code are also complicated. The manufactory code (this holy coding), firstly, keeps in the strictest mystery (it is known for two people, because information leakage cannot be as such), and secondly, it changes in every party of the alarms, even more complicating life is potential hijackers. All this is aimed at improving the degree of secrecy of the code parcel and eliminating the possibility of hacking. In practice, it is checked - the grabber does not "take it."
Dynamic code
- Code varying with each click of the keychain (Protection from Codegrara).
Edwart. Dictionary of Automotive Zhargon, 2009
Watch what is "dynamic code" in other dictionaries:
- - - dynamic code with an unknown coding rule (if you scan the codegrober dynamic code and know the rule of its change (coding), then you can calculate the following code, in this case, when you press the keychain, not only the code changes, but also ... ... ... Car vocabulary
This article is about code in urban orienteering and night search games, other values \u200b\u200bof this word, see the code (values). Code in urban orientation The sequence of letters and / or numbers is a password confirming the performance ... ... Wikipedia
- (English. Dynamic Program Analysis) Analysis of the software performed by performing programs on a real or virtual processor (analysis performed without running programs is called a static code analysis). Utilities ... ... Wikipedia
Four-channel Analog Analog Analog Digital Converter Converter ... Wikipedia
Language class: multipadigmal: dynamic, objects ... Wikipedia
This term has other values, see trigger (values). Trigger (trigger system) The class of electronic devices with the ability to stay in one of two stable states and alternate them under ... ... Wikipedia
GOST R 52633.0-2006: Protection of information. Information protection technique. Requirements for high-teaching biometric authentication - Terminology GOST R 52633.0 2006: Protection of information. Information protection technique. Requirements for means of highly reliable biometric authentication Original document: 3.1 Automatic learning: Training carried out automatically without ... ... Dictionary directory terms of regulatory and technical documentation
Four-channel Analog Digital Converter Analog Digital Converter (ADC, ADC) device converting an input analog signal to a discrete code (digital signal). Reverse transformation is carried out using DAC (DAC) ... ... Wikipedia
This term has other values, see overflow. Buffer Overflow (Buffer Overflow) The phenomenon that occurs when a computer program writes data outside the buffer selected in memory. Buffer overflow usually ... ... Wikipedia
Books
- C # 4. 0. Full guide, Shildt Herbert, in this full C # 4. 0 manual - programming language designed specifically for the medium. NET - All fixed assessments are considered in detail: data types, operators, ... Category: Programming Publisher: Dialectics,
- Structures and data processing algorithms. Linear structures. Tutorial, APANASEVICH Sergey Aleksandrovich, the textbook contains 6 laboratory work on linear data structures. Among them are dynamic arrays, a single-sensitive linear list, stack, queue, set. In laboratory ... Category: Programming Series: Textbooks for universities. Special literature Publisher:
On various thematic information resources on e-commerce and payment cards, manufacturers and observers are talking about innovations designed to make our online shopping even safer. Recently, many articles have appeared on the Internet about the latest innovation of the GEMALTO company - plastic card with automatically changing authentication code - Dynamic Code Verification or abbreviated DCV. Particularly emphasizes a high level of protection of cardholders from fraudulent online payments.
As a team, which is directly related to the processing processing of card payments over the Internet and caresses the security of e-commerce, we could not pass by the proposed innovation and not compare it with 3-D Secure technology, which is actually an Internet acquiring standard in the field of protection against fraudulent payments .
Traditional CVV / CVC - three-digit code on the bank card
To any owner of a bank payment card, which at least once paid anything online, it is well known that to make a payment, along with all the details of the card, you need to enter the three-digit code printed on its back side. In the Russian-speaking Internet segment, these three digits usually call the "three-digit code". In the English-speaking world, it is known as CVV (Card Verification Value) or CVC (Card Verification Code).
Initially, CVV / CVC was called up to protect e-commerce from payments using the stolen details of bank payment cards. In the recent past, at least 20 years ago, the main source of theft of card details for Internet fraudsters was the world of Offline. The card number, the name of the owner and the period of its action could be or postpone and remember when the owner paid in the outlet, or copy from slip checks. And since CVV / CVC simply printed on the back of the card, see it and kidnap it much more difficult than the other card details.
Slip check is a check on which card data, embossed (or, simply speaking, extruded) on the map, by rolling in slip-machine. There was a way to receive card payments, when electronic communication channels were not so well developed as now, and trading enterprises were not equipped with electronic POS terminals, but such mechanical devices.
However, with the development of electronic trading, the CVV / CVC protective function gradually lost its effectiveness, as the fraudsters began to actively use phishing methods for mining card data, in which they misled, the owners of maps independently reported to them not only extinct details, but also the same CVV / CVC.
CVV / CVC Evolution - Dynamic Three-digit Code
Dynamic code, DCV is the evolutionary development of obsolete CVV / CVC. Unlike them, throughout the entire DCV card, the DCV card changes regularly at equal intervals (by default every 20 minutes) on a specific algorithm known only to the Issuer Bank. For DCV display, a miniature display is built into the payment card.
According to the developer of the technology developer, DCV makes it impossible to use kidnapped card details. Even if the fraudsters managed to get a complete set of data, as a maximum, after 20 minutes the code will change, and an Internet payment attempt using an outdated three-digit code will be rejected by the Issuer Bank.
Dynamic verification code or 3-D Secure? Safety, convenience, cost.
The idea of \u200b\u200bDCV is understandable, logical and, indeed, provides higher protection of Internet payments compared to the use of static CVV / CVC.
But did not the DCV technology be late with entering the market? Will she be able to compete with an already established and generally accepted standard in the payment industry - verification of the cardholder when performing an online payment C 3-D Secure? And finally, how many cards with DCV can be convenient for issuers and end users?
Probably, DCV could become a revolutionary breakthrough technology for ensuring Internet payments, if there were no 3-D Secure in this area. The fact is that with all its innovativeness and DCV technologicalness, it is still inferior to 3-D Secure in the level of security of payments.
Yes, DCV changes every 20 minutes. But when using modern implementations of 3-D Secure, the payment confirmation code is generated and the card holder is reported directly during the processing of the transaction (payment). And therefore, if in the case of DCV, the attacker theoretically is there, albeit very small, but the chance to use the stolen card data to the next DCV change, then in the case of the 3-D Secure, the fraudster has such a chance in principle.
And if the plastic card is physically stolen? DCV, in this case, will not be able to protect the owner from spending his money by fraudsters in online stores. Of course, banking instructions require the cardholder immediately report to the bank about its loss for immediate blocking. But between the predation and discovery of the disappearance, it may pass for more than one hour, but in some cases not one day. This time is more than enough for a fraudster to roll off all the money from the card via the Internet.
In case Internet payments are protected by 3-D Secure, the offender will not be able to use the stolen card. But even if somehow be able to (for example, the Internet merchant disabled the 3-D Secure check option for all of its customers), the rules of payment systems will be on the side of the owner of the Map of the Issuer. If a transaction on a card, protected by 3-D Secure, has passed without checking the payer (i.e., the cardholder did not have requested the code in the purchase process), then the responsibility for such a transaction lies on the Seller and the Equaire Bank, and in the event of money fraud Will be returned to the buyer.
There are concerns about the convenience of everyday long-term use of a card with DCV. Not all people carefully and carefully contact the piece of plastic. The card can be pretty lost at least. She can bend. From it can be broken the corner. And, nevertheless, with all damage such a card can be used when paying through the Internet. Obviously, with a card, equipped with DCV, you have to handle carefully so as not let God damage the miniature display. Otherwise, DCV will continue to change, but the owner of the card will not see anything.
And it is also obvious that the cost of making cards with DCV should be higher than maps with conventional CVV / CVC.
All these reflections provide reason to believe that DCV can not yet compete with an already existing and proven 3-D Secure technology. Therefore, this technology is unlikely to get widespread in the banks-issuers of those payment systems, where 3-D Secure is already used.
But in those payment systems, where 3-D Secure for some reason is still not implemented (for example, Belkart or the Russian World), DCV can be a good alternative.
Time will tell. By the way, online stores that accept bank card payments through the BEPAID processing platform are reliably protected from 3-D Secure technology fraud and other innovative security tools.
Yours faithfully,
In order for the car alarm you purchased with reliable protection, it is necessary to choose to choose it. One of the main parameters affecting the efficiency of alarm operation is a method for encoding a signal. In this article, we will try to explain it to explain what dynamic signal coding means and what the dialog code in auto alarms, which type of coding is better, which each has positive and negative sides.
Dynamic coding in car alarms
The opposition of the developers of the alarms and hijackers began with the time of creating first car alarms. With the advent of new more advanced security systems, their hacks were improved. The very first alarms had a static code, which was easily watched by the method of selection. The response of the developers was blocking the capabilities of the selection of code. The next step of the hacker was the creation of grabbers - devices that scanned the signal from the key fob and reproduced it. In this way, they duplicated teams from the owner's keychain, removing the car from protection at the right moment. To protect car alarm from hacking with grabber, began to use dynamic signal encoding.
Principle of dynamic coding
Dynamic code in auto alarms is a constantly changing data packet transmitted from the key fob to the alarm block through the radio channel. With each new command from the keychain, the code is sent, which was not previously used. This code is calculated using a specific algorithm based on the manufacturer. Keelog is considered the most common and reliable algorithm.
Alarm works on the following principle. When the car owner presses the key fob button, a signal is generated. It carries information about the number of presses (this value is necessary to synchronize the key fob and the control unit), the serial number of the device and the secret code. Before sending, these data is pre-encrypted. The encryption algorithm itself is in free access, but to decipher the data, you need to know the secret code, which is laid in the keychain and the control unit at the factory.
There are also original algorithms developed by the alarm manufacturers. Such coding has practically eliminated the possibility of selection of code-team, but over time, the attackers bypassed this defense.
What you need to know about hacking dynamic code
In response to the introduction of dynamic coding in car alarms, a dynamic grabber was created. The principle of its actions is to create interference and interception of the signal. When the car owner leaves the car and presses the key fob button, a strong radio interior is created. The code signal does not reach the alarm control unit, but it is intercepted and copied with grabber. The surprised driver presses the button again, but the process is repeated, and the second code is also intercepted. From the second time the car is placed on protection, but the team arrives from the device of the thief. When the car owner calmly goes on his affairs, the hijacker sends the second, previously intercepted code and removes the car with protection.
What protection is used for dynamic code
Car alarm manufacturers solved the breakdown of hacking pretty - just. They began to install two buttons on the blocks, one of which put the car to protection, and the second - deactivated the protection. Accordingly, different codes were sent to install and relieve protection. Therefore, how many interference thief neither put in the installation of the machine to protection, it will never receive the code required to deactivate the alarm.
If you click on the "Installation on Protection" button, and the machine has not reacted, then you may have become the goal of the hijacker. In this case, it is not necessary to thoughtlessly press all the key chain buttons, in attempts to somehow correct the situation. It is enough to click on the protection button. If you accidentally press the "Remove from protection" button, then the thief will get the code you need, which will soon use and steal your car.
Alarms with dynamic coding are already somewhat outdated, they do not provide one hundred percent protection of the car from the hijacking. Devices with dialog coding came to change. If you are the owner of an inexpensive car, then you do not need to worry, because very low probability that your property is consistent with the most modern equipment. To secure your property, use multi-level protection. Install additional. It will protect the machine, in the event of a hacking of car alarm.
Dialog coding in astrolaiming
After the emergence of dynamic grabbres of car alarms, working on a dynamic code, became very vulnerable to intruders. Also a large number of coding algorithms were hacked. To ensure the protection of the car from hacking by such devices, the developers of the alarms began to use the signal dialog coding.
Principle of dialog coding
As it is clear from the name, the encryption of this type is carried out in the dialogue mode between the keychain and the auto alarm management unit located in the car. When you click on the button, a query is fed to execute the command. So that the control unit make sure that the team came exactly from the owner's keychain, it sends a signal to a key chain with a random number. This number is processed by a specific algorithm and is sent back to the control unit. At this time, the control unit processes the same number and compares its result with the result sent by the keychain. When the values \u200b\u200bare matched, the control unit executes the command.
The algorithm according to which calculations are performed on the key chain and control unit, individual for each car alarm and is laid in it at another factory. Let's consider the simplest algorithm for understanding:
X ∙ T 3 - X ∙ S 2 + X ∙ U - H \u003d Y
T, S, U and H is the numbers that are laid in the alarm at the factory.
X is a random number that is sent from the control unit by keychain to check.
Y is a number that is calculated by the control unit and keychain according to a given algorithm.
Let's look at the situation when the alarm's owner pressed the button and a request for removal of the machine with protection was transferred to the buck. In response, the control unit generated a random number (for example, take the number 846) and sent it to the key chain. After that, the battery is calculated by the calculation of the number 846 according to the algorithm (for example, calculate according to the above mentioned algorithm).
For calculations, we will take:
T \u003d 29, S \u003d 43, U \u003d 91, H \u003d 38.
We will have:
846∙24389 - 846∙1849 + 846∙91- 38 = 19145788
Number (19145788) The keychain will send the control unit. At the same time, the control unit will perform the same calculation. The numbers will match, the control unit will confirm the command of the keychain, and the machine will be removed from the protection.
Even to decipher the elementary algorithm given above, it will be necessary four times (in our case, the four unknown equations) intercept the data packets.
To intercept and decrypt the data packet of dialogue car alarm is almost impossible. For signal encoding, the so-called hash functions are used - algorithms that convert random length lines. The result of such encryption may contain up to 32 letters and numbers.
Below are the results of encryption numbers by the most popular MD5 encryption algorithm. For example, the number 846 and its modifications were taken.
MD5 (846) \u003d;
MD5 (841) \u003d;
MD5 (146) \u003d.
As you can see, the results of coding numbers that differ only by one digit are absolutely not similar to each other.
Similar algorithms are used in modern dialoguelines. It is proved that for reverse decoding and obtaining an algorithm, modern computers will need more centuries. And without this, the algorithm will not be able to generate verification codes to confirm the command. Therefore, now in the near future, hacking dialog code is impossible.
Alarms that work on the dialog box turn out to be safer, they are not amenable to electronic hacking, but this does not mean that your car will be in complete safety. You can accidentally wrestle a key chain or you will decorate it. To increase the level of protection, it is necessary to use additional funds, such as.
This code added another parameter - the number of clicking the key fob button, and the signaling processor understands only the rooms are large than those who come with the last team. Thus, even if the code is intercepted, it does not make sense to send it to the signaling, because The team with this number has already passed and will not be perceived by the alarm. Due to the permanent change, this code is called dynamic.
When repeating the scanned code combination, the car alarm will not work, since the processor of the central unit calculates each time the next code combination should be, and it works only on it.
In itself, the concept of dynamic code combines different types of codes that differ according to the degree of protection. For example, the code, each time only changing per unit - also dynamic. The code in which only part is dynamic, also refers to this class. Therefore, in itself, the presence of a dynamic code does not indicate good system security.
A dynamic codes with the KeeloQ® type encryption codes can be attributed to this class, or dynamic codes with the original algorithm. Currently, it is some of the best codes in this class.
Computer analysis of the dynamic code recording allows you to identify the pattern of its change and, in the future, to choose the necessary command. When analyzing, the components of the code parcel are determined and, especially, its dynamic part. To eliminate such an analysis, the developers of Magic Systems (MS) a double dynamic code was created - (D-Square).
The essence of this development is that the code parcel is divided into a lot of small parts, which are then mixed according to a specific law, as a result of which, when analyzing, it is impossible to determine even the beginning and end of the parcel. In the alarm, the law of permutations is known, so the code parcel is restored and the command is executed.
DID Information Technology (Dynamic Identification Dialog) This dynamic identification dialogue is applied in the transponder labels, along which the anti-theft system recognizes the car owner. DID technology reliably protects the system from electronic hacking.
The basis of this technology is the dialogue recognition of the dynamic code. In accordance with it, the anti-theft system identifies the label in the process of a dialogue consisting of several information parcels.
To begin with, the label should receive a message that it is in the system of visibility of the system. The next step is a review of the label of your own code. After its preparation, the system issues a random number that the label accepts, converts according to the nonlinear algorithm embedded into it and transmits it back. The system parallels the same transformation, and at the coincidence of numbers - its own and received from the label - the car is removed from the protection.
The main differences between the new dynamic code from the usual (parsing opinion) is that it is impossible to make an "electronic cast", since the code of the label itself is just one of the recognition elements. At each stage of the dialogue, only one-only code is recognized.