What are the stages of the work of information systems? History of the development of information systems. Modern information systems

The evolution of information systems can be most clearly seen in. development of methods for storing, transporting and processing information.

IN data management, combining the tasks of obtaining, storing, managing, analyzing and visualizing data, there are six time phases (generations), which are presented in Fig.

Rice. 4. Time phases of data management development

At first, the data was processed manually. The next step used punch card equipment and electromechanical machines to sort and tabulate millions of records. In the third phase, data was stored on magnetic tapes, and special programs performed batch processing of sequential files. In the fourth phase, the concept of a database schema and operational navigational access to data appeared. In the fifth phase, automatic access to relational data bases was provided and distributed and client-server processing was introduced. Now the sixth phase has begun - systems have emerged that store richer types of data, especially documents, graphics, sound and video images. These systems provide the underlying storage facilities for Internet and Intranet applications.

Another clear example of the evolution of information systems is the area organizational management.

Until the 1960s The main function of information systems was interactive electronic processing (Electronic Data Processing - EDP) records, accounting, etc. In the process of forming the concept of management information systems (Management Information Systems - M.I.S.) a function was added aimed at providing users with reports necessary for making management decisions, generated on the basis of data collected about the process (Information Reporting Systems - IRS).

However, the rigid structure of reporting has become an obstacle to expanding information interaction. The consequence was the emergence of the concept of decision support systems (Decision Support Systems - DDS), whose task was to support the decision-making process in conditions of contradictory and rapidly changing information.

In the 1980s The rapid development of computer power (speed, memory capacity), the emergence of new operating systems, application programs, and telecommunication networks at various levels have created the prerequisites for free access to end user computing resources. From this moment on, end users were able to independently use information resources to solve professional problems without the mediation of specialized information services.

The further development of information systems has shown that many end users (top-level managers) use the information they need, when they need it and in a format convenient for them. Existing reporting or decision support systems could not meet the requirements. Thus, the concept of management information systems (Executive Information Systems) appeared. EIS).

An important milestone was the creation and application of artificial intelligence systems and methods (Artificial Intelligence - A.I.) in information systems. Expert Systems ES) and knowledge base systems (Knowledge-Based Systems) have determined the new purpose of information systems - providing end users with high-quality and reliable recommendations in specialized areas.

Further development is associated with the appearance in the 1990s. concepts of strategic information systems (Strategic Information Systems - SIS). According to this concept, information systems do not simply provide information processing for end users, but become a generator based on new information that provides the company with a competitive advantage in the market.

The most common are the class of production information systems, as well as process control systems (Process Control Systems). PCS) and office automation systems (Office automation Systems - OAS).

Office Automation Systems OAS) collect, process, store and transmit information in the form of electronic documents. They use word processing, data communications, and other information technologies to improve office efficiency. For example, it is possible to use word processors to process correspondence, email and electronic messaging; desktop publishing systems are used to produce company newsletters, and teleconferencing capabilities are used to conduct electronic meetings.

Information systems are usually combinations of several types of information systems. The conceptual classification of information systems is designed to highlight the various roles of information systems. In practice, these roles are integrated into complex or interconnected information systems that provide a range of functions. Thus, most information systems are designed to provide information and support decision-making at various levels of management and in various functional areas.

An equally striking example of the evolution of information systems is corporate governance. The creation of corporate information systems currently relies on various information technologies, since, unfortunately, there is no universal one. The following three groups of management methods can be distinguished: resources, processes, corporate knowledge (communications). Among the information technologies, the most used ones include: DBMS, Workflow (standards of the Workflow Management Coalition association), Intranet. In Fig. Figure 5 shows the place and purpose of each of the information technologies.

Rice. 5. Place and purpose of each information technology

In Fig. 6, the color intensity corresponds to the degree of information technology support for management methods.

Rice. 6. Degree of information technology support for management methods

The problem of resource management is one of the classical management techniques and is the first where information technologies began to be widely used. This is due to the presence of well-developed economic and mathematical models that are effectively implemented by computer technology. Let's consider the evolution of resource management problems.

Initially, a methodology for planning enterprise material resources was developed MRP(Material Requirements Planning), which was used with the methodology of volume scheduling MPS(Master Planning Shedule). The next step was to create a methodology for planning production resources (capacity) CRP(Capacity Requirements Planning). This methodology was fundamentally similar to MRP, but was focused on calculating production capacity rather than materials and components. This task requires large computing resources, even at the current level.

The combination of the above methodologies led to the emergence of the “second level” MRP task: MRP II(Manufacturing Resource Planning) integrated planning methodology, including MRP\CRP and using MPS, and FRS (Finance Resource/Requirements Planning) financial resource planning. Next, the concept was proposed ERP(Economic Requirements Planning) integrated planning of all “business” resources of an enterprise.

These methodologies were supported by appropriate tools. To a greater extent, DBMSs are applicable to support these methodologies.

The next step was to create the concept of production resource management - CSPP(Customer Synchronized Resource Planning) resource planning synchronized with consumption. The difference between this concept is the consideration of auxiliary resources related to marketing, sales and after-sales service. In Fig. Figure 7 shows the relationship between the concepts of CSSP, ERP and stages of the product life cycle.

Rice. 7. The relationship between the concepts of CSSP, ERP and stages of the product life cycle

Due to the fact that many suppliers and buyers are involved in modern production, a new concept of supply chains has emerged. The essence of this concept is to take into account, when analyzing the economic activity of the entire chain (network), the transformation of a product from raw materials into a finished product (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8. Supply chain concept

In this case, emphasis is placed on the following factors:

- the cost of the product is formed throughout the entire supply chain, but the stage of sale to the final consumer is decisive;

The cost of goods is critically affected by the overall efficiency of all operations;

The most controllable are the initial stages of product production, and the most sensitive are the final (sales) stages.

A further development of the concept of supply chains is the idea of a virtual business (Fig. 9), representing a distributed system of several companies and covering the full life cycle of a product, or the division of one company into several “virtual businesses”.

Rice. 9. Virtual business idea

The methodologies discussed above are manifested both in individual software products and within the Intranet as a corporate governance tool.

Intranet is a technology for managing corporate communications, in contrast to the Internet, which is a technology for global communications. In telecommunications technologies, there are three levels of implementation: hardware, software and information. From this point of view, Intranet differs from the Internet only in information aspects, where three levels are distinguished: a universal language for representing corporate knowledge, representation models, factual knowledge.

A universal language for representing corporate knowledge is independent of a specific subject area and defines grammar and syntax. At this stage, there is no single description language; this category can include a graphical language for describing data models, network graphs, algorithms, etc. The task of a universal language for representing corporate knowledge is: unification of knowledge representation; unambiguous interpretation of knowledge; breaking down knowledge processing processes into simple procedures that can be automated.

View Models determine the specifics of the organization’s activities. Knowledge at this level is metadata that describes the primary data.

Factual knowledge reflect specific subject areas and are primary data.

Information provides a tangible economic effect in the organization's activities, which is associated, first of all, with a sharp improvement in the quality of information consumption and its direct impact on the production process. For an organization's information system, the following concepts become key: publication of information, consumers of information, presentation of information.

Intranet architecture was a natural development of information systems: from systems with a centralized architecture through client-server systems to the Intranet.

The idea of a centralized architecture was classically implemented in mainframes, the peculiarity of which was the concentration of computing resources in a single complex, where huge amounts of information were stored and processed. Its advantages are ease of administration and information security.

With the advent of personal computers, it became possible to transfer part of the information system directly to the workplace. Thus, the need arose to build a distributed information system. The client-server architecture, based on a model of interaction between computers and programs on a network, corresponds to these goals (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. Model of interaction between computers and programs on the network

In the traditional sense, client-server systems deliver data and are characterized by the following properties:

The server generates data, not information;

A closed protocol is used to exchange data between clients;

The data is transmitted to clients, where it is interpreted and converted into information;

Fragments of the application system are hosted on clients.

The main advantages of client-server systems:

low load on the network (the workstation sends a request to the database server to search for certain data, which itself performs the search and returns to the network only the result of processing the request, i.e. one or more records);

high reliability (DBMS based on client-server technology support transaction integrity and automatic recovery in case of failure);

flexible adjustment of the level of user rights (some users can be assigned only viewing data, others viewing and editing, others will not see any data at all);

Support for large fields (data types whose size can be measured in hundreds of kilobytes and megabytes are supported).

However, client-server systems have a number of serious disadvantages:

difficulty of administration due to territorial disunity and heterogeneity of computers at workplaces;

Insufficient degree of information protection from unauthorized actions;

a closed protocol for communication between clients and servers, specific to a given information system.

Therefore, an architecture of Intranet systems free of these shortcomings was developed, concentrating and combining the best qualities of centralized systems and traditional client-server systems (Fig. 11).

Rice. 11. Architecture of client-server systems

The entire information system is located on a central computer. At workplaces there are simple access devices (navigators) that provide the ability to manage processes in the information system. All processes are carried out on a central computer, with which the access device communicates through a simple protocol, by transmitting screens and codes using keys on the remote control.

The main advantages of Intranet systems:

Presenting information (not data) in a user-friendly form;

use of an open type protocol for information exchange between the client and server;

concentration of the application system on the server; only the navigator program is located on clients:

Facilitated centralized management of the server part and workstations;

unified interface, independent of the software used by the user (operating system, DBMS, etc.).

An important advantage of Internet is the openness of the technology. Existing software based on proprietary technologies, when solutions are developed by one company for one application, seems to be more functional and convenient. However, it sharply limits the possibilities for the development of information systems. Currently, open standards are widely used in the Intranet in the following areas: network resource management (SMTP, IMAP, MIME); teleconferencing (NNTP); information service (HTTP, HTML); help desk (LDAP); programming (Java).

Trends in the further development of Intranet are: intelligent network search; high interactivity of navigators due to the use of Java technology; network computers: turning the navigator interface into a universal interface with a computer.

Related information.

The first information systems appeared in the 50s. During these years, they were intended for processing invoices and payroll calculations, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents. Such systems are called transaction processing systems. Transactions include the following operations: issuing invoices, invoices, preparing payrolls and other accounting operations.

In the 60s. Computer technology has received further development: operating systems and disk technology are appearing, and programming languages are significantly improving. Management reporting systems (MRS) are emerging that are aimed at decision-making managers.

In the 70s information systems continue to actively develop. At this time, the first microprocessors, interactive display devices, database technology, and user-friendly software (tools that allow you to work with a program without studying its description) appeared. These advances created the conditions for the emergence of decision support systems (DSS). Unlike management reporting systems, which provide information according to pre-established reporting forms, DSS provide it as the need arises.

There are 3 stages of decision making: information, design and selection stage. At the information stage, the environment is examined, events and conditions that require decision-making are determined. At the project stage, possible areas of activity (alternatives) are developed and assessed. At the selection stage, a specific alternative is justified and selected, organizing monitoring of its implementation. The most important goal of the DSS is to provide technology for generating information, as well as technological support for decision making in general.

Table 2. Changing approach to the use of information systems

Time period	Information Use Concept	Type of information systems	Purpose of use
	Paper flow of settlement documents	Information systems for processing settlement documents on electromechanical accounting machines	Increasing the speed of document processing. Simplifying invoice processing and payroll processing
	Basic assistance in preparing reports	Management information systems for production information	Speeding up the reporting process
	Management control of sales (sales)	Decision support systems. Systems for senior management	Choosing the most rational solution
	Information is a strategic resource that provides a competitive advantage	Strategic information systems. Automated offices	Survival and prosperity of the company

In the 70-80s. offices began to use a variety of computer and telecommunication technologies, which expanded the scope of information systems. Such technologies include: word processing, desktop publishing, e-mail, etc. The integration of these technologies in one office is called an office information system. The information system is beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process.

1980s are also characterized by the fact that information technology began to claim a new role in the organization: companies discovered that information systems are a strategic weapon. Information systems of this period, providing the necessary information in a timely manner, help the organization achieve success in its activities, create new goods and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of products at a low price, and much more.

2.4. Stages of information systems development

The first IP appeared in the 50s. They were intended for processing invoices and calculating salaries, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines.

In the 60s. information obtained from IS began to be used for periodic reporting and organizations needed computer equipment.

In the 70s and early 80s. Information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process.

By the end of the 80s. Information systems become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of an organization of any profile. IP helps an organization achieve success in its activities, create new products and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize production of products at a low price, etc.

2.5. Classification of information systems according to functions performed (historical aspect)

Concept IS (information systems) has undergone significant changes throughout its existence. The history of the development of IP and the purposes of their use at different periods are presented in the table.

Changing the approach to the use of IS information systems

Time period	Concept use information	Type of information system - IS	Purpose of using IP	Functions performed
1950 - 1960	Paper flow of settlement documents	IT processing of settlement documents on electromechanical accounting machines	Increasing the speed of document processing. Simplifying invoice processing and payroll processing
1960 - 1970	Basic assistance in preparing reports	Management IT for production information	Speeding up the reporting process	60s EDP(electronic data processing) – online query processing, record keeping, accounting and other electronic data processing. MIS (management information systems) – concept of management information systems; a function has been added aimed at providing managers with the necessary information for making management decisions, compiled on the basis of data collected about the process (information reporting systems).
1970 -1980	Management control of sales (sales)	Decision support systems. Systems for senior management	Development of the most rational solution	70s DSS (decision support systems) – decision support systems; providing managers with specialized and interactive support for decision-making processes.
1980 - 2000	Information- a strategic resource that provides a competitive advantage	Strategic IT. Automated units	Increasing the competitiveness of the enterprise	80s EIS (executive information systems) – providing senior management with vital information, primarily about the outside world, when they need it and in the format they prefer. AI (artificial intelligence) - artificial intelligence systems. ES (expert systems) – expert systems. Knowledge-based systems - knowledge base systems.

In the 50s the role of information as the most important resource of an enterprise, organization, region, and society as a whole was realized; began to develop automated IS of various kinds. The first ISs were intended exclusively for processing invoices and payroll calculations, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents. At first, when it became possible to process information using computer technology, the term “data processing systems” (DPS) was widespread; this term was widely used in the development of radio control systems for rockets and other space objects, in the creation of systems for collecting and processing statistical information about the state of the atmosphere, accounting and reporting information of enterprises, etc. As computer memory increased, the main attention began to be paid to the problems of organizing databases (DBs). This direction retains a certain independence at the present time and is mainly engaged in the development and development of technical and software implementation tools for data processing using various types of computers. To preserve this direction as it develops, the terms “knowledge base” and “goal base” appeared, allowing one to expand the interpretation of the problem of the actual creation and processing of a database to the tasks that are posed in the future when developing an IS.
60s are marked by a change in attitude towards IP. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. To achieve this, organizations needed multi-purpose computer equipment capable of serving many functions, and not just processing invoices and calculating salaries, as was previously the case.

The main features of this generation of IS information systems:

The technical support for the systems consisted of low-power computers of 2-3 generations.
Information support (IS) consisted of data arrays (files), the structure of which was determined by the program in which they were used.
software - specialized application programs, for example, payroll software.
IS architecture is centralized. As a rule, batch processing of tasks was used. The end user did not have direct contact with the IS; all preliminary information processing and input was carried out by IS personnel.

Disadvantages of IS - information systems - of this generation:

a strong relationship between programs and data, that is, changes in the subject area led to changes in the data structure, and this forced the programs to be redesigned.
the complexity of developing and modifying systems.
the difficulty of coordinating parts of a system developed by different people at different times.

In the 70s - early 80s. Enterprise IP is beginning to be used as a production management tool that supports and accelerates the process of preparation and decision-making. Most of the information systems of this period were intended to solve established problems, which were clearly defined at the stage of creating the system and then practically did not change. The emergence of personal computers leads to adjustments to the idea of automated control systems; from computer centers and centralization of control to distributed computing resources and decentralization of control. This approach has found its application in decision support systems (DSS), which characterize the new stage of computer IT organizational management. At the same time, the load on centralized computing resources and upper levels of management is reduced, which allows them to concentrate the solution of large long-term strategic tasks. The viability of any IT largely depends on users' prompt access to centralized resources and the level of information connections both horizontally and vertically within the organizational structure. At the same time, to ensure effective management of large enterprises, the idea of creating integrated automated control systems has been developed and remains relevant.

^ By the end of the 80s. The concept of using IP is changing again. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of an enterprise of any profile. IT of this period, providing the necessary information on time, helps the organization achieve success in its activities, create new products and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of high-quality products at a low price, etc. The desire to overcome the shortcomings of the previous generation IP gave rise to the technology of creating and managing databases. The database is created for a group of interrelated tasks, for many users, and this makes it possible to partially solve the problems of previously created information systems. At first, DBMSs were developed for large computers, and their number did not exceed a dozen. Thanks to the advent of personal computers, database technology has become widespread, a large number of tools and DBMSs have been created for the development of information systems, which in turn has caused the emergence of a large number of applied information systems in application areas.

The main features of this generation of IP are:

the basis of the information system is the database,
the software consists of application programs and a DBMS.
technical means: computers of 3-4 generations and personal computers.
IS development tools: 3rd-4th generation procedural programming languages, extended with database language (SQL, QBE).
IS architecture: the most popular are two types: personal local IS, centralized database with network access.

A big step forward was the development of the principle of a “friendly interface” in relation to the user (both the end user and the IS developer). For example, a graphical interface, developed user assistance systems, and various tools to simplify IS development are widely used: rapid application development systems (RAD systems), computer-aided IS design tools (CASE tools). By the end of the 80s, the shortcomings of this generation of systems were also revealed.
Disadvantages of information systems (IS) of this generation:
- large investments in computerization of enterprises did not produce the expected effect corresponding to the costs (overhead costs increased, but there was no sharp increase in productivity);
- the introduction of information systems was faced with the inertia of people, the reluctance of end users to change their usual work style and master new technologies;
- Higher requirements began to be placed on the qualifications of users (knowledge of a PC, specific application programs and DBMS, the ability to constantly improve their qualifications.

Information system concept

A system is understood as any object that is simultaneously considered both as a single whole and as a collection of heterogeneous elements united in the interests of achieving set goals. The systems differ from each other both in composition and in main goals.

Table 1.1.

Example systems

An information system is an interconnected set of tools, methods and personnel used to store, process and issue information in order to achieve a set goal. Information systems provide collection, storage, processing, retrieval, and issuance of information necessary in the decision-making process of problems from any area. They help analyze problems and create new products. A personal computer (PC) is used as the main technical means of information processing. In large organizations, along with a personal computer, the technical base of the information system may include a mainframe or supercomputer. A special role in information systems is assigned to humans, because the technical implementation of an information system in itself will not mean anything if the role of the person for whom the information produced is intended and without whom its receipt and presentation is impossible is not taken into account.

It is necessary to understand the difference between computers and information systems. Computers equipped with specialized software are the technical basis and tool for information systems. An information system is unthinkable without personnel interacting with computers and telecommunications.

Stages of information systems development

Table 1.2.

Stages of information systems development

60s are marked by a change in attitude towards information systems. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. To achieve this, organizations needed multi-purpose computer hardware that could handle many functions beyond just processing invoices and processing payroll.

In the 70s - early 80s. Information systems are beginning to be widely used as a means of management control, supporting and accelerating the decision-making process.

By the end of the 80s. the concept of using information systems is changing. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of any organization. Information systems of this period help an organization achieve success in its activities, create new products and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of products at a low price, and much more.

1.3. Processes occurring in the information system

The processes that ensure the operation of the information system can be represented in the form of a diagram (see Fig. 1.1.).

Rice. 1.1. Processes in the information system

Processes that ensure the operation of the information system:

Entering information from external or internal sources;

Processing input information and presenting it in a convenient form;

Output information for presentation to consumers or transfer to another system;

Feedback is information processed by people of a given organization to correct input information.

An information system is defined by the following properties:

Any information system can be analyzed, built and managed on the basis of general principles for building systems;

The information system is dynamic and evolving;

When building an information system, it is necessary to use a systematic approach;

The output of the information system is information on the basis of which decisions are made;

An information system should be perceived as a human-computer information processing system.

The introduction of information systems can contribute to:

Obtaining more rational options for solving management problems through the introduction of mathematical methods and intelligent systems, etc.;

Freeing workers from routine work due to its automation;

Ensuring the reliability of information;

replacing paper storage media with magnetic disks or tapes;

Improving the structure of information flows and the document flow system in the company;

Reducing costs for the production of products and services;

Providing unique services to consumers;

Finding new market niches;

Binding buyers and suppliers to the company by providing them with various discounts and services.

1.4. Information system structure

The structure of an information system is a collection of its individual parts, called subsystems. A subsystem is a part of the system, distinguished by some characteristic.

The general structure of an information system can be considered as a set of subsystems, regardless of the scope of application, and the subsystems are called supporting. The structure of any information system can be represented by a set of supporting subsystems.

Rice. 1.2. The structure of the information system as a set of supporting subsystems

Information support

The purpose of the information support subsystem is the timely generation and delivery of reliable information for making management decisions.

Information support is a set of a unified system of classification and coding of information, unified documentation systems, diagrams of information flows circulating in the organization, as well as a methodology for constructing databases.

Unified documentation systems are created at the state, republican, sectoral and regional levels. The main goal is to ensure comparability of indicators in various spheres of social production. But when examining most organizations, a whole range of typical shortcomings are constantly revealed:

Extremely large volume of documents for manual processing;

The same indicators are often duplicated in different documents;

Working with a large number of documents distracts specialists from solving immediate problems;

There are indicators that are created but not used, etc.

Eliminating deficiencies is one of the tasks facing the creation of information support.

Information flow diagrams reflect the routes of information movement and its volumes, the places where primary information appears and the use of resulting information. By analyzing the structure of such schemes, it is possible to develop measures to improve the entire management system.

As an example of the simplest data flow diagram, we can give a diagram that reflects all the stages of passing a memo or an entry in the database about hiring an employee - from the moment of its creation to the release of the order on his hiring.

Construction of information flow diagrams that allow identifying volumes of information and conducting its detailed analysis provides:

Elimination of duplicate and unused information;

Classification and rational presentation of information.

The methodology for constructing databases is based on the theoretical foundations of their design.

Stage 1 - examination of all functional divisions of the company in order to: understand the specifics and structure of its activities; build a diagram of information flows; analyze the existing document flow system; determine information objects and the corresponding composition of details (characteristics) describing their properties and purpose.

Stage 2 - construction of a conceptual information and logical data model for the field of activity surveyed at stage 1. In this model, all connections between objects and their details must be established and optimized. The information logical model is the foundation on which the database will be created.

Technical support

Technical support is a set of technical means intended for the operation of an information system, as well as the corresponding documentation for these means and technological processes.

The complex of technical means consists of:

Computers of any models;

Devices for collecting, storing, processing, transmitting and outputting information;

Data transmission devices and communication lines;

Office equipment and automatic information retrieval devices;

Operating materials, etc.

The documentation covers the preliminary selection of technical means, the organization of their operation, the technological process of data processing, and technological equipment. Documentation can be divided into three groups:

System-wide, including state and industry standards for technical support;

Specialized, containing a set of techniques for all stages of hardware development;

Regulatory reference used when performing calculations for technical support.

Two main forms of organizing technical support (forms of using technical means) have emerged: centralized and partially or completely decentralized.

Centralized technical support is based on the use of large computers and computer centers in the information system.

Decentralization of technical means involves the implementation of functional subsystems on PCs directly at workplaces.

The most promising approach is a partially decentralized approach - the organization of technical support based on distributed networks consisting of a PC and a mainframe computer for storing databases common to any functional subsystems.

Math and software

Mathematical and software is a set of mathematical methods, models, algorithms and programs for implementing the goals and objectives of an information system, as well as the normal functioning of a complex of technical means.

Mathematical software includes:

Management process modeling tools;

Typical management tasks;

Methods of mathematical programming, mathematical statistics, queuing theory, etc.

The software includes system-wide and special software products, as well as technical documentation.

General-system software includes complexes of user-oriented programs designed to solve typical information processing problems. They serve to expand the functionality of computers, control and manage the data processing process.

Special software is a set of programs developed during the creation of a specific information system. It includes application software packages that implement developed models of varying degrees of adequacy, reflecting the functioning of a real object.

Technical documentation for the development of software must contain a description of the tasks, a task for algorithmization, an economic and mathematical model of the problem, and test examples.

Organizational support

Organizational support is a set of methods and means that regulate the interaction of workers with technical means and among themselves in the process of developing and operating an information system.

Organizational support implements the following functions:

Analysis of the existing management system of the organization where the IS will be used, and identification of tasks to be automated;

Preparation of problems for solution on a computer, including technical specifications for the design of an IS and a feasibility study of its effectiveness;

Development of management decisions on the composition and structure of the organization, methodology for solving problems aimed at increasing the efficiency of the management system.

Legal support

Legal support is a set of legal norms that determine the creation, legal status and functioning of information systems that regulate the procedure for obtaining, converting and using information. The main purpose of legal support is to strengthen the rule of law.

The legal framework includes laws, decrees, resolutions of state authorities, orders, instructions and other regulatory documents of ministries, departments, organizations, and local authorities. Legal support can be divided into a general part that regulates the functioning of any information system, and a local part that regulates the functioning of a specific system.

Legal support for the stages of operation of the information system includes:

Information system status;

Rights, duties and responsibilities of personnel;

Legal provisions of certain types of management process;

The procedure for creating and using information, etc.

The concept of IS (information systems) has undergone significant changes throughout its existence. The history of the development of IP and the purposes of their use at different periods are presented in the table.

Table 1 - Changing the approach to the use of IS information systems

Time period	Information Use Concept	Type of information system - IS	Purpose of using IP
1950 1960	Paper flow of settlement documents	IT processing of settlement documents on electromechanical accounting machines	Increasing the speed of document processing. Simplifying invoice processing and payroll processing
1960 - 1970	Basic assistance in preparing reports	Management IT for production information	Speeding up the reporting process
1970 1980	Management control of sales (sales)	Decision support systems. Systems for senior management.	Development of the most rational solution
1980 2000	Information is a strategic resource that provides a competitive advantage	Strategic IT. Automated units	Increasing the competitiveness of the enterprise

In the 50s the role of information as the most important resource of an enterprise, organization, region, and society as a whole was realized; began to develop automated IS of various kinds. The first ISs were intended exclusively for processing invoices and payroll calculations, and were implemented on electromechanical accounting machines. This led to some reduction in costs and time for preparing paper documents.

60s are marked by a change in attitude towards IP. The information obtained from them began to be used for periodic reporting on many parameters. To achieve this, organizations needed multi-purpose computer equipment capable of serving many functions, and not just processing invoices and calculating salaries, as was previously the case.

By the end of the 80s. The concept of using IP is changing again. They become a strategic source of information and are used at all levels of an enterprise of any profile. IT of this period, providing the necessary information on time, helps the organization achieve success in its activities, create new products and services, find new markets, secure worthy partners, organize the production of high-quality products at a low price, etc. The desire to overcome the shortcomings of the previous generation IP gave rise to the technology of creating and managing databases. The database is created for a group of interrelated tasks, for many users, and this makes it possible to partially solve the problems of previously created information systems. The main features of this generation of IP are:

A big step forward was the development of the principle of a “friendly interface” in relation to the user (both the end user and the IS developer). For example, a graphical interface, developed user assistance systems, and various tools to simplify IS development are widely used: rapid application development systems (RAD systems), computer-aided IS design tools (CASE tools). By the end of the 80s, the shortcomings of this generation of systems were also revealed.

Disadvantages of information systems (IS) of this generation:

large investments in computerization of enterprises did not produce the expected effect corresponding to the costs (overhead costs increased, but there was no sharp increase in productivity);
the introduction of information systems was faced with the inertia of people, the reluctance of end users to change their usual work style and master new technologies;
Higher requirements began to be placed on the qualifications of users (knowledge of a PC, specific application programs and DBMS, the ability to constantly improve their skills

What are the stages of the work of information systems? History of the development of information systems. Modern information systems

2.4. Stages of information systems development

2.5. Classification of information systems according to functions performed (historical aspect)

Concept

use

information

Type of information system - IS

Purpose of using IP

Functions performed

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