Mac OS systems. Comparison of Windows operating systems, Mac OS, Linux. When Mac OS appears

Mac OS is a reduction from the Macintosh Operating System, that is, an operating system for Apple Macintosh computers. According to the legend, the name Macintosh originated from the beloved apple variety Jef Raskin, then the leading Apple developer (in fact they were called McIntosh, but this trademark was already busy). X is a Roman figure 10: The first version of Mac OS X was simultaneously the tenth version of Mac OS. In addition, X hints at the OS X operating system based on UNIX, in addition to the usual and serverNN, the Mac OS X version includes Apple TV OS (Apple TV media center) and Apple iOS (OS for iPod, iPhone and iPad).

When Mac OS appears

Apple uses Mac OS since 1984, when the first Apple Macintosh computer appeared. True, then the operating system was known later under the name Macintosh System Software. At that time, Apple OS was far ahead of competitors from the world of IBM PC for ease of use - she already had a graphical interface and a mouse in addition to the usual keyboard. All this made it possible to display texts on the monitor as they would look on paper after printing, and the user no longer needed to enter the commands - for the first time he could simply choose them with a click of the mouse button. Finally, it was on Mac OS for the first time a multitasking was applied. PC owners such features have become available only after 6 years, with access in 1990 Windows 3.0.

First Mac OS X

The first version of Mac OS X appeared in 2001. Since each version was named after the Wild Cat, the last of them - 10.6 - is the name "Snow Bars" (Snow Leopard).

First Mac

The first version of Mac OS saw the light in 1984. Thanks to the graphical interface and the presence of a mouse to work with Macintosh it was much more convenient than with IBM PC of that time.

What advantages have Mac OS X compared to Windows

Simple control. Working with MAC programs is usually easier than with software for Windows. One example is the Ilife package installed on any Macintosh computer. It makes it easy to manage photos and music, process video and record the result on the discs. The one who mastered one of the Mac OS X programs will easily cope with another application for this operating system similar to each other much more than Windows programs.

Stable work. Mac OS X was created specifically for Apple computers, so software failures in their work occur less frequently.

The presence of drivers. Many drivers are recorded on the installation DVD Mac OS X. This takes place time, for example when the printer is installed. For comparison: Mac OS X contains more drivers for modern devices than Windows XP. But later, Windows Vista and "Seven" appeared, no longer inferior OS from Apple for this parameter.

A small amount of malicious programs. A list of viruses attacking computers MA Cintosh remains small. They can harm only when the user starts them with a double-clicking mouse button. Programs infecting mail while reading letters or the open web page are still unknown.

Graphic interface

BUT Programs. The most necessary programs, as in Windows, are placed on the quick panel
Launch (Dock).

B. Files. Frequently used files can also be individually or the group is placed on the DOCK panel.

G. Basket. To delete files and even programs, you just need to drag the corresponding icon to the basket and release the mouse button.

D. Line menu. Practically: In the Mac OS X operating system, only the program menu range is always visible, active at the moment.

E. Information menu. In this menu, Mac OS X shows, for example, the quality of the WLAN reception or the degree of charging of the battery.

Simple security confirmation. To make changes to Mac OS, for example, to update the operating system or installing a new program, usually you only need to enter a password. Windows in such cases is more demanding: it offers to make some confirmation of actions.

imac

In iMac, all computer components are hidden in the monitor. Apple offers two models - with a screen diagonal 21.5 inches and 27 inches.

MacBook.

Apple launches three series of laptops: MacBook (initial model), MacBook Pro and MacBook Air.

Mac Mini.

Mac Mini works very quietly and takes no more space than a stack of CD.

Simple installation. It does not matter, about the operating system or the program is speech - for Mac OS X, this procedure is easier to children's game. For example, the operating system is installed with DVD multiple clicking the mouse button. In addition, programs and files without problems are transferred from another installed Mac OS X.

To install the new program, the user is enough double click on the image file and then drag the program icon in the appropriate hard disk folder. Only some Mac OS X applications require a setting distribution, as in Windows. To delete the program, you usually need only drag it to the icon to the basket and release the mouse button. Labor and long-term uninstallation procedures are rare.

What disadvantages has Mac OS X compared to Windows

Smaller choice of computers. Mac OS X is basically designed for Apple computers only. Now there is a huge number of PC options from Windows from many manufacturers, but Macintosh releases only Apple, so the range of such computers is quite narrow. As an alternative to the desktop PC, the company produces iMac, all components of which are hidden in the monitor.

High price. Macintosh computers usually cost more than comparable PC performance. The price of the desktop model is Mac Mini - from 22 thousand rubles). For a laptop will have to give at least 35 thousand rubles. - So much is the cheapest MacBook. And if in the lower segment the difference is almost imperceptible, then the most powerful Apple computers can cost twice as expensive than comparable PCs.

Less programs. The number of Mac applications has increased in recent years, but the choice is still not as big as for Windows. Nevertheless, almost for any task you can choose a suitable program. We need only broadband Internet access, because you find and buy software for Mac on disks (especially legal) is very difficult.

Almost complete lack of games. They are designed mainly for consoles and computers with Windows. Although the choice of games for Mac is very modest, among them there are real pearls, for example, the X-Plane 9 air simulator or the musical game Guitar Hero 3.

These programs are in Mac OS X SNOW Leopard

On any Macintosh, you can find a number of programs for solving emerging problems and expansion of the functionality of the OS. These include applications similar to those used in Windows; Moreover, some programs are so popular that they subsequently appear their versions for OS from Microsoft. It belongs to them, for example, the iTunes music center, with which you can copy the melodies to the Apple iPod-Series MPOD-players. When choosing an Internet browser, many Mac OS users do not trust the pre-installed Safari, fast and reliable Mozilla Firefox uses greater popularity.

The address book: It can store extensive contact information, such as phone numbers or postal and Internet addresses.

Automator: The program is responsible for performing routine tasks, for example, simultaneously processing 100 photos and transform them to another format. It takes time and nerves.

Dashboard.: Like the side panel in Windows Vista, allows you to display small auxiliary programs (so-called widgets), such as the current weather forecast or calculator.

Finder: Provides search, copying, moving or deleting files - similar to Windows conductor. Using the built-in preview feature, the user can view many files without running specialized programs.

Garage Band.: This sound recording program contains an extensive library of tools and samples. It can work with several tracks. Managing the program is easy - difficulties will not arise even from newbies.

iCAL: With the help of the ICAL program, you can manage the business schedule. ITunes, ISYNC or Paid Mobile ME service allow you to automatically transfer the schedule to other devices, such as an iPod or a mobile phone.

ichhat.: Chatter program for sharing text, audio or video messages via the Internet.

iMovie.: Provides very convenient processing and editing video. Then using the IDVD movie can be written on DVD.

iPhoto.: Manages photo archive, with its help the photo is automatically distributed by folders, ordered by the time of making changes. Equipped with simple processing features, for example, the possibility of removing the effect of red eyes.

iTunes.: Manages the musical collection and helps to buy music and video in iTunes Store. In addition, the program can copy music into an iPod-series MP3 players.

Safari.: Apple browser quickly displays web pages, and font smoothing improves text readability.

Spaces: Allows you to group all open software windows. Thanks to this, it will be possible to create a virtual desktop for any task.

Spotlight: The built-in search function is very quickly looking for files, programs or mail, not only by name, but also by the contents of the files.

Time Machine: The utility at the request of the user automatically creates a backup (backup) of data if you connect an external hard drive to the computer.

PREVIEW.: The program allows you to view images and documents, such as PDF files and JPEG photos.

What are the versions of Mac OS X

There are two variants of Mac OS X: one version for desktop and laptops and another version for servers, which is called - Mac OS X Server. All releases of the tenth Mac OS, except the version number (from 10.0 to 10.6), are traditionally called in honor of one of the representatives of the Feline family.

Cheetah (Cheetah) and Puma (Puma). The release of the first version of Mac OS X 10.0 (Cheetah) took place in March 2001. The new OS was distinguished from the previous Mac OS systems and became a kind of Apple breakthrough. But the novelty contained many errors, and in addition, some functions were absent in Mac OS X 10.0. Therefore, almost immediately a free update 10.1 (PUMA) appeared.

Jaguar (Jaguar). Starting from version 10.2, graphic maps learned to the hardware acceleration of the graphic shell - similar to the AERO technology in Windows Vista.

Panther (Panther).Version 10.3 entered the market of operating systems in October 2003. In Panther, among other things, FileVault encryption technology was introduced.

Tiger (Tiger). Apple introduced version 10.4 in April 2005. It appeared a very convenient search function Spotlight and Dashboard - a shell for mini-programs (so-called widgets).

The most important programs for Windows and their alternatives for Mac OS X

When moving from Windows on Mac OS X, it is often unable to use the usual programs without using an additional software or creating a virtual environment. But today, many popular Windows applications are available in both Mac versions, such as Microsoft Office, Google Picasa or Earth. For everyone else, you can choose a worthy replacement. For example, installed on the MAC software package ILIFE containing, among other things, iPhoto, iMovie and iDVD multimedia applications. There are not enough tax optimization programs - currently there is only free ELSTER for Mac OS X. If its capabilities are not enough, you will have to transfer for PCs and Windows. The same applies to many specialized applications, with the exception, perhaps, designer.

Leopard (leopard). The next version was Mac OS X 10.5, seen the light in October 2007. It first appeared a support application Boot Camp to install Windows as a second OS, Time Machine data backup program, a quick preview feature of the Quick Look file content and other significant innovations.

Snow Leopard (Snow Bars). On August 28, 2009, the last version of 10.6 was published, which can use more working memory (theoretically up to 16 TB). Many programs supplied with it received a 64-bit set of teams and began to work much faster. In addition, the version supports Intel processors - this means that the outdated PowerPC processors of Motorola finally designed from the distance.

In addition to the sequence number, the versions are also assigned the second number indicating how the free update and error correction has been made, similar to the Windows Packs. The latest update Mac OS X has number 10.6.3.

Only on Apple computers Mac OS X

Mac OS X is designed for installation on Apple computers, the license agreement prohibits its use on traditional PCs. Nevertheless, the Internet can easily find Mac OS X installation manuals on a PC, most of which belong to the so-called OSX86 project. His name comes from a combination of the names of the OS X family and the X86 microprocessor architecture used in the PC. Subsequently, personal computers with the Mac OS X installed began to call "Hakintosh" (from English Hack and Macintosh).

So Windows works on Mac

The Boot Camp Auxiliary Program allows you to install Windows on any MAC with the Intel processor. After that, when you start the computer, the user must select the operating system that is currently needed.

It is even easier for this using Parallels Desktop - the program installs Windows as a virtual machine under Mac OS X. The advantage of such a "two in one" solution is that both operating systems can work simultaneously, thus ensuring convenient data exchange between these systems programs. . True, at least 2 GB of RAM must have for working with the MAC virtual medium.

The project originated in 2005, when Apple announced the transfer of its computers to Intel processors. In January 2006, the Mac OS X 10.4.4 update was updated for the first generation of computers based on Intel, and just a month later, a hacked version of the OS appeared with the possibility of installing on a PC. Despite opposition opposition, the project developed quite successfully and now continues its activities.

One of the key stages of the existence of the project was the appearance of an EFI emulator that ensures interaction between the operating system and the "hardware". Prior to that, all the "hacked" versions of MacOS X went by EFI, which led to the unstable operation of the system. In addition, after the emulator in mid-2008, a special USB-module EFI-X was created, which deceives Mac OS X and thereby installing the operating system on a PC from the original DVD, without installing any patches. The module can be purchased in Russia, but it costs a lot - 7 thousand rubles.

Is it possible to install programs for Windows on Mac

Using special auxiliary programs and, if necessary, the installation DVD with Windows, the user can start running applications for Windows under Mac OS X. Make it in the following ways.

Virtualization. Programs such as Parallels Desktop or VMware Fusion are created in the Mac OS X Windows virtual environment by spending on this part of the power of the computer. Thanks to this, Mac and Windows applications can be launched simultaneously and without any particular difficulties to ensure the exchange of data between them. Problems may occur only with games and applications in need of direct access to computer "gland". Read more about how easy it is to work in a virtual environment, read in the insertion above.

Windows emulation. If there is no possibility to install Windows the second operating system and do not want to spend the computer resources to the virtual environment, try emulate Windows functions using a special software, for example CrossOver. This program only imitates Windows functions, forcing the user you need to think that it is running in Microsoft. Such emulation is usually working much slower and less stable than the real Windows, and, moreover, not all applications give themselves to "deceive." On the official CrossOver website, developers have published a detailed list of programs and games indicating their compatibility - gold, silver or bronze medal. The advantage of this approach: No need to buy a Windows license.

Modern PC equipment is almost always working under Mac OS X.

Keyboard and Mouse for PC. Both of these input devices can work with Mac if they have a USB connector. Models with outdated PS / 2-connector will not be used, since the corresponding nests are simply absent. The mouse buttons are easy to configure at their discretion in the system settings (see Fig. At the top). The location of the keys to the PC and on Mac is different. For example, on the Mac symbol "." (Point) is on the key 7. The key assignment can be configured using special programs - for Microsoft keypads, for example, intelligent. Another option is a special driver for PC keyboards.

external HDs. You can use almost all hard drives. USB flash drives and discs formatted in the NTFS file system, Mac only reads. The record will be able to implement only after installing the free MACFUSE utility. Built in Mac OS X, the disk recording feature works well with most of the Writing CD and DVD drives. However, for some external models, Roxio toast is required.

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Many share a laptop and MacBook, although both devices are laptops. Of course, there are fundamental differences. The laptop is a laptop computer and a battery that allows you to work without connecting to the power. The difference in the appearance between MacBook and any other laptop is there, but the main difference is the operating system. It is she who highlights it from the total mass of laptops.

The first look at the system resembles the good old Unix. This manifests itself through the general construction of the file system hierarchy, CUPS Print manager, through network services that are managed by Samba . But this is a similarity only at first glance, because ideologies differ.

The MacBook OS is an isolated system that provides a user with everything necessary, solves all its main problems and needs without loading excess. The main purpose of which, convenience, confidentiality and safety. If you lack standard support, you can use Apple.com and supplement it all necessary. Unfortunately, for a fee. Although it is necessary to pay extra for additional opportunities, the quality of the products offered is worth it.

Many use Windows and Linux. In the case of Windows as a whole, everything is clear and easy. But with Linux Everything may seem complex and confusing. And first will have to deal with what. If you need to go with Windows System on Linux, that is, a distribution that will help facilitate this transition. It is called ubuntu.

Let's go back to MacBook and consider the operating system using the example of Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard . She looks beautiful. System settings are located on a separate panel and look clear. Drivers that may need already installed by the manufacturer. Connecting Internet networks and personal settings to connect easily.

Connect additional devices for ease of use of a laptop, such as a manipulator - mouse, headphones, joystick, easy. Their installation will be automatically and will not require your participation, except for connecting, of course. Difficulties may occur if you connect, for example, an external hard disk.

In case the drive passed formatting in NTFS MS Windows Most likely Mac recognizes it and can count the data from it. But you will not work on the disc. Make it will only use HFS native to her and FAT (FAT32). In this position there are two solution options: format the drive anew or use the program that allows OS X to interact with NTFS. Using a special program will be a more winning solution than reformatting a hard disk.

Further case for larger equipment, such as a printer. In most cases, the setup will pass simply, because the OS has a large number of drivers for the most popular brands and their model series. Therefore, you can connect the printer and immediately start printing. There are cases in which you will have to use the driver, which comes with a printed device or download it from the official site of the manufacturer.

Unfortunately, there are printers that have no drivers for the Mac system. Therefore, before buying a technique, check with the seller, whether the printer has drivers for OS X. Installing any program is very simple. It is enough to download it, move to the "Programs" folder. Further the process will pass automatically. Removal is not always smooth, there are cases when the program is not completely removed, some of its components remain.

The system is equipped with a large number of predefined software. For a medium circle, its needs enough. If you just bought a laptop, pulled it out of the packaging, you can immediately start working. You can enter the network or send text to print. If the list of programs, taking into account the specifics of your narrow needs, you can additionally download the necessary.

In general, the system works fine. Checked updates of programs and all sorts of "patches" for bugs automatically. Safety device at a high level, like any Apple product. Of course, like any technique there are failures, but are very rare.

Overview of established by

MacBook is immediately equipped with a specific list of programs that will allow you to immediately begin using the device. This list may well satisfy the basic needs of the average user. You can enter the Internet, work with text documents, view images, listen to music. Ilife Additional Internet service will allow you to edit pictures, video, create a web page or music.

iWork. The package will provide the ability to work with documents, tabular data or create presentations. It will be available for a month, after the expiration of this period, it will be necessary to pay the program. Of course, you need to get used to use. But after you approved the laptop you will understand how comfortable it is and simple.

Over time, you will remember the features of OS X and you will easily turn the windows, not forgetting that this function is not located here in the right corner, but in the left. It is possible to facilitate the use with already familiar programs. For example, instead of Safari, use Firefox. And it is not necessary to buy the IWork package If you can enjoy free OpenOffice . Just keep in mind that the principle of using the program is still Mac OS. The program is closed not through the cross, but through "OpenOffice - close".

Transition from PC.

It is not necessary to get used to the features of OS X. You can use the help of the Special Boot Camp utility. It makes it possible to use Windows on MacBook. You can do this through the creation of a hard disk partition for the Windows system. There are also consequences: battery life offline will be reduced half. It will also be very hot to heat the case (when working in the "native" system does not occur). Do not hurry to use this utility, because there is no wonder there is an OS X, which, many like.

Easy adaptation, as mentioned above, will help the use of Firefox And OpenOffice. . In order for you do not lose the entire post feedback, use the Thunderbird program . Install it easily, simply drag to the "Programs" folder. Instead of built-in chat called IChat , You can use a long-failed ICQ, but before this, set the protocol that will provide support. ADIUM client will suit.

Instead of a standard media player, you can install VLC, it will work with it.The use of familiar media will allow you to easily go to another system. Already at the first weeks of using Mac, you will understand how easy it is and convenient it is organized. After that, you hardly want to move with OS X to another system.

Alexander Potemkin

Mac OS X or what everyone should know

about Macintosh, Apple and Operating Systems

My first acquaintance with Pachacked occurred in absentia: in screenshots, descriptions and enthusiastic cries of people who at least once worked with him. It was quite natural was the desire to get acquainted with this computer, and the faster, the better.

So, the desire was carried out - we "introduced", here everything began ...

I will tell the story of the development of Apple computers (thereby touched upon the creation of the first personal computers) and the company itself, as well as I will tell about the last (at the time of writing these lines) the version of the Mac OS X operating system.

The appearance of the first personal computer (small historical introductory)

The first personal computer (in the sense that it could be "taken with you") should be considered altair computers. However, the first Altair is difficult to call full "computers" - once; Computers, "suitable" for the usual user - two.

About fullness: everything that this technique was represented was the usual "box" with a large number of switches. Moreover, it was offered to collect such equipment to the user, so that such equipment also did not possess special user qualities.

A small lyrical retreat of the development of computers in the 1970s: the main users were computer professionals - hackers. Their career basically began behind large computers from Dell or IBM (did not use the latest popularity). The computer time was very expensive, and the thrust to computers is very high. So the first computers collected "for themselves began to appear.

One of these computers in the "industrial" production was Altair computers from Mits. Immediately after organizing this company, it was littered with orders for a year ahead. People paid money for the ability to get a package with chips and a collection of all parts in one block.

The number of people who want to own such a "computer" steadily grew, which increased the overall level of technical education, and therefore the number of people involved in hacking.

Such "boxes" were in demand, but there are always people who want to do something their best. One of these people was Steve Wozniak. He regularly visited the congregation of hackers and ultimately decided to create a computer for his own pleasure.

The computer processor was chip 6502 from Mos Technology (the main criterion when choosing this chip was the price), chips that could work with this processor, Den Sokol was given to one of the club assemblies.

After some time, Wozniak gathered his computer so that everything was fitted for one fee (which was a fairly beautiful solution). In addition, he had to write his Basic, since the only one at that time was the so-called Tiny Basic, which was not suitable for Wozniah - he needed a full-fledged version. Without an interpreter of programming language, the computer would not seem to be particularly interesting.

A friend of Wozniak Steve Jobs was inspired by this fee and therefore decided that they were simply obliged to produce their own computer as well as other firms did.

So it was the beginning of the legendary computer Apple II, the presentation of the work of which could not leave anyone indifferent to such a technique.

Apple Inc.

Jobs managed to get to the manager of the manager named Mike Markkul, who used to organize sales and achieved great success on this. Since he quit from Intel, Marcquula was engaged in various business projects.

Jobs asked him to write a business plan for Apple and Marcquula joined the work: with its help the company managed to attract capital for investment, to lure Scott Mike - one of the managers from Fairchild Semiconductor, who was proposed by the presidency of the company. In addition, Marcquula also signed on documents as the first Chairman of the Board of Directors.

The next person attracted to the company was John Scully - President of the Pepsi-Cola separation, the largest PepsiCo.

Scully had no special technical education, but he had long been a fan of advanced technologies and, moreover, was fascinated by Jobs.

Phrase Jobs, facing Scully: "Have you ever had a desire to change the world? Or do you intend to spend the rest of your life, continuing to trade the sweetened water? " He marked the beginning of a very close relationship between them, in the future, alas, will be destined to fire.

John Scully becomes president of the company in April 1983.

By the beginning of 1980, the annual turnover of the firm exceeded 10 million dollars.

First problems

After Apple II, the company began the first trouble. On May 19, 1980 a new computer was presented - Apple III. Technically, this car was more perfect, but it is from it that the series of failures begins: after a series of delays, the product was released to the market in a lack of refined form, as a result of which it was not "recognized" by users. One of the main reasons for such problems was as follows: it was the first computer, which was going in the "firm" of the team of engineers who were led by Jobs.

In 1983, the Lisa computer, using all the advantages of the graphical interface (developed in Xerox) and equipped with 1 MB of RAM, Motorolla 68000 CPU (32 Bit, 5 MHz), 2 diskette drives, 5 MB hard disk.

Markkula removed Steve (Jobs, Wozniak himself moved away from the cases after a serious aircraft crash in 1981) from work on this computer, with the result that all Jobs energy was thrown onto the Macintosh computer.

Lisa computers will become popular with the release of Lisa 2 and a significant price reduction ($ 3495 against $ 9995), however, after appointing the position of head of Lisa and Macintosh projects, Steve will take care of the closure of the first project.

Jobs actively promoted his brainchild, with the result that Macintosh became much more popular than Lisa. The competent marketing company was also facilitated, and, most importantly, the tireless Jobs himself.

When developing this computer, one serious error was made - at a price of more than $ 2500 it was impossible to be called a cheap computer, and at the same time its technical equipment (in particular, the absence of a hard disk, the impossibility of connecting external devices, the presence of a small number of programs) did not allow Consider this computer as a serious technique.

Next Inc.

"By 1985, Apple sales reached $ 2 billion for the first time for the non-losing history of the company began to decline, while the market share of IBM personal computers and models compatible with it increased everything. Apple has fallen into a difficult situation requiring immediate senior intervention.

... Apple It was extremely necessary to reduce the cycle of developing new models, most of which were the delays caused by the uncontrollable desire of Jobs to perfection. In addition, Jobs increasingly began to interfere in the activities of other divisions of the company, no longer satisfied with the power only over the Macintosh computers. Managers of all divisions were filled with Scully complaints, the essence of which came down to one thing: either over Jobs will be quickly installed control, or the entire ship will go to the bottom.

... Finally, after a long and painful oscillations, Scully decided to deprive his friend and teacher of real influence on the company's activities, removing him to the symbolic position of the Apple Board of Directors. Such a fundamental change in the balance of forces within the company required the approval of Mike Marcquula and the Board of Directors of Apple. Shortly before the meeting of the Board of Directors, on April 10, 1985, Scully recalled Jobs aside and told him about his plans. Jobs responded like a child who is sent to an alien family to raise against his will.

... Finally, after an endless discussion, which began early in the evening and completed almost a day later, the Board of Directors of Apple adopted a unanimous decision to send Jobs to the Honorary Resignation ... "[1].

So Steve Jobs "left." However, the history of his activities does not end up - it is based on a new firm who has played a large role in the development of operating systems, and subsequently Apple itself, so in brief about the rapid development of the company NEXT.

Creation of the company

Jobs with the help of seven co-founders who left Apple with him, in 1985 creates a company NEXT Inc. (later converted to Next Computer Inc.) with an authorized capital of 7 million dollars.

Steve Jobs attends most American universities in search of interesting technologies, so, at the University of Milon's University, he meets Avie Tevanian, working on the Mach core.

October 12, 1988 Steve Jobs organizes a show in San Francisco, demonstrates all the possibilities of the new NEXTCUBE elegant machine (with a magneto-optical disk by 256 MB, 68030 processor, without a hard disk and drive for a floppy disk) and the NEXTSTEP system (version 0.8).

September 18, 1990 Steve Jobs suits a new show in San Francisco for the presentation of the new machine and the new NEXTSTEP 2.0 system. This date is considered the date of the official release of the NEXT computer.

Tim Berners-Lee, working in CERN, develops the first web client (browser) for NextStep.

25 April 1991 Steve Jobs organizes a show in CNIT in Paris, dedicated to the official release of Next computers in France.

Numerous demonstrations of NEXT and NEXTSTEP2 machines were produced. In particular, Jobs showed the Lotus 1-2-3 tables operating through the SoftPC emulator, after which, noticing what can be done and better, demonstrated a revolutionary program to work with tables - IMPROV. The work of the Graphic Subsystem was also demonstrated.

NEXTWORLD EXPO, NEXTSTEP 3.1, published on May 25, 1993, was the first version of NextStep, operating on machines other than NEXT - on PC 486. The version of NextStep 3.1 for PC was called NextStep 486.

On November 23, 1993, Sunsoft announces the licensing part of the NextStep code for future use in the Solaris operating system. Next, in turn, announces the NextStep port on computers on the Sun platform - SPARC.

Immediately after this agreement, Sun invests $ 10 million in Next.

In 1994, Next publishes the Software Specifications called OpenStep, based on the NEXTSTEP 3.2 system. The initiative receives support in the face of GNU - the development of GNUSTEP has begun.

In April 1995, Next redeems all rights to Object-C from Stepstone. At the same time it comes out PDO (PDO - Portable Distributed Objects - a system for distributed calculations) and NetInfo - a program that has become standard with NextStep.

In June 1995, NEXT releases NEXTSTEP 3.3J and EOF 1.1J - Japanese software versions.

On December 20, 1996, Apple redeems NEXT for $ 400 million. However, some argue the opposite. The mysterious picture on the official website preceded the announcement. In any case, this is another story that begins on March 24, 2001 with the release of Mac OS X.

Return of the founder

On December 20, 1996, Steve Jobs returns to his native company that the latter is only good.

Steve continues the policy of the original design of the machine body (NEXT cars were "packed" in a very stylish black case) and brings it to a logical completion: since its inception, "Maki" was considered to be the most simple and understandable to use.

Steve Jobs's policy is based on the fact that the computer should not be more perceived as something difficult, rather, as another part of the interior, home appliances. This is precisely the exceptional design of the latest computers (the most striking example - IMAC) from Apple, as well as a series of programs starting with the letters "I" (iTunes, iMovie, IDVD, iPhoto) - the ideology of simple programs. Apple sees a computer as simple, but at the same time a very powerful tool for performing any tasks by any users.

Macintosh: What is the creator, such and a computer ...

Maki - the creation of Apple under the clear leadership of Steve Jobs - a man, thanks to the mad energy of which was created by this "apple company". A brief description of Jobs can serve such a description: self-confident, a little selfish and, undoubtedly, a talented charismatic leader. However, the creator of the first poppy was a friend Jobs - Steve Wozniak, a talented hacker (in the original meaning of this word) by nature a fairly calm, original and cheerful man. Perhaps these qualities can be found in Maks so far. Each car in its own way is original, has its advantages and disadvantages. In addition, Apple can be considered the main advantage of the fact that you can take any person from the street, to put it for Makintosh and after 15-20 minutes he will already be able to perform most of the necessary functions. However, this is already an operating system, and there is a separate conversation about it.

Apple operating systems

Mac OS 9 (Classic)

On Maks from birth can "run" two operating systems - Mac OS X and Mac OS 9 - it is native. However, Apple's last creation persistently trying to oust from the market with its newer system ("Ten").

You can enjoy on the poppy any system operating on PowerPC processors, and this is at least Linux, OpenBSD, NetBSD, QNX, but in my own system, in my opinion, I do not see my own sense and change its special meaning.

So, in the Arsenal of Apple there are two operating systems: Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X. The first one is now called a classic, more precisely, this is an earlier system that does not use such charms of life as memory protection and displacing multitasking.

In one of the descriptions of this system, I met a good analogy: Mac OS 9 suggests that all programs are friendly to each other and the user, and, moreover, are competently written. If someone "declares" that he and only he needs all the processor resources, and right here and now, the system will provide these resources. At one time, the holy responsibility of the program is to "give" all borrowed, as soon as it is no longer necessary, and not "climb" not in its area of \u200b\u200bmemory. Such an approach may seem to someone strange, but it worked for more than 10 years, and so far most "macasers" (from the English - Macintosh User) are not going to leave their favorite system, justifying its solution simply and concisely: "We are here not bad". However, they can be understood: "Nine" is a very simple and flexible system, in contrast to the "dozens", which is based on UNIX. This fact is few who likes from all Mac Veterans, but the UNIX-systems users are very attracted ...

Mac OS X.

So, the "dozen". My acquaintance began with Mac OS 9.2.2, and this system has time to upset me with its device, and maybe I would not write these lines (with some campaign hint), if it were not for my eyes a new creation "Appleers "- Mac OS X (10.2, also known as Jaguar). There is already something to tell.

Mac OS X Device

"Dozen" is a fairly original system. The Mac OS X system architecture is easiest to imagine in the form of a multilayer cake. At the first level there is a microadero-Mach, Darwin is above it, then Core Services, Application Services. Over them two more levels: Carbon and Cocoa. At the very top - the program itself. So, consider each of these sublevels separately.

Microiced Mach.

Microicier is responsible for the following tasks:

• virtual Memory Management (Virtual Memory);
• process Interaction (IPC);
• i / O support (I / O) and interrupts;
• support for the interaction of hardware and software;
• tasks and Threads Management (Tasks & Threads).

A similar approach provides a fairly clear, understandable and easily portable structure of the operating system. The modularity of the system is implemented through the "client-server" model - the only process that operates in the secure processor mode is a microker-priority task is to move the maximum number of code to the user level. After downloading, the microkernel provides all the necessary services for the servers, one of which is Darwin.

Darwin.

Darwin is what complements the microkernel to a full-fledged system. Perhaps the most understandable (although somewhat rough) definition will be the following: Mach is a kernel, system level; Darwin is a membrane for the user with all its applications.

Such a structure of the system system went with 4.4BSD Lite - the first-free * NIX-system free-distributed code in the source code - initially, UNIX was the brainchild of this company, and came out of its research laboratories; Initially, the communication giant looked at the spread of this system through the fingers, but then, as soon as possible economic benefit was recognized, all using the code written in AT & T were forced to remove him under the threat of prosecution.

CORE SERVICES, APPLICATION SERVICES

At this level, the components are common to the entire system, such as Core Foundation, Carbon Core, Apple Events ... (Core Services level) and Quartz, QuickDraw ... (Application Services level). The story about each of them goes beyond the task of general consideration of the system, but they have one in general - they are all base for all system applications, and for the system in particular.

Carbon, Cocoa.

This is also a very interesting technology worthy of special attention.

Mac OS X is the "next step" after Mac OS 9 (Classic), but at the same time this is a logical continuation of the development of Next (and OpenStep specifications). Therefore, it is desirable that applications of each of the above-mentioned systems can be ported to the new creation of an "apple company" without any special difficulties.

The output was found quite original - the new system supports the "classic" applications through the Carbon Wednesday, and "new" (in fact - Next-oski) through Cocoa Wednesday. In order for the application to work in the new system, for NEXT applications, it is enough to simply recompile, while applications from the classics will require some improvements.

According to Apple, "carbonization" there is only a temporary solution - the possibility of quickly porting applications to a new system (otherwise the "dozen" would simply lose their main applications, ranging from the graphics and ending with MS Office).

"Carbonized" applications are not or flawed - competently ported applications are little inferior to their new collections (for example, one of the main applications of the system's graphical interaction with the user - Finder - is written using this particular environment), but this environment does not support all the possibilities Systems provided in full via Cocoa calls.

There is an opinion that Carbon will remain in the system as a standard for a much longer period than Apple itself - too large the number of "old" applications, and few firms will be decided to rewrite them from scratch using new features that may not be needed, the More than in most cases it will entail huge financial expenses.

Mac OS X System Architecture

The Mac OS X system architecture, however, as NextStep / OpenStep is based on the UNIX operating system.

For a better understanding of the work of this system, we consider in more detail the work scheme of the * NIX system from downloading to the "invitation to work" (graphic or textual).

The first starts immediately after the software that is stitched in the computer (what is called the BIOS on the X86 platform, Firmware on PowerPC and some other) transfers the program recorded on the hard drive (or CD / DVD).

Here the bootloader comes into business. His task is relatively simple - download the kernel into memory and transfer to him. Perhaps, after an inquiry to the user, does he want to ask any additional parameters to load the kernel, or indicate that it is necessary to load another image.

The second stage is the load of the kernel. The main task is to determine the available equipment and its initialization. In the future, the kernel will be responsible for the operation of all programs - calls directly to the computer's gland is prohibited. Then the kernel launches only one process - init.

The third stage is the operation of the INIT process (from the English. - "initialization") - consists in a consistent execution of commands recorded in the configuration files (directory / etc).

The first thing is usually checked no disk error, then environment variables are installed (such as ways to search for executable programs, system language coding, terminal type, and others).

Then the system "demons" - programs that are executed in the background (Background) are launched and waiting for a specific event, for example, a web server awaits connecting to 80 port, after which the receiving commands serves.

Finally, the user is preparing a terminal, and the Login program starts, offering entering a login and password to start work.

It was a standard version of the system launch. There are other options: among the main - the so-called Single-Mode and graphic.

The first is used to turn the system to life if something happened. In this case, access is allowed only to local, when starting, the minimum number of actions is made (this is usually mounting a disk in read-only mode, initialization of one terminal).

The second, graphic, already a kind of additive: After the main start, instead or together with the initialization of the text terminal, "something graphic" is also launched. In the case of the standard * NIX system, "Something graphic" is "X Server", in the case of poppy - "WindowsERVER". From now on, most users fall into the native graphical environment for them.

Ideas laid in Mac OS X

* NIX systems have always been flexible, they were created and developed as multitasking, multiplayer, network OS. A normal interaction with the computer during the creation of this system was considered to work behind the text terminal, one way or another connected to the main computer.

A little later, computers began to personalize, and the number of users to increase. And far from everyone liked the text mode, however, as the command line.

After a while, and not without the help of Apple (as well as Xerox), users found out that the computer interface can also be graphic, then the teams wanted to have a smaller and smaller number of people.

The demand gives rise to a proposal, and many platforms and operating systems began to add the possibility of working in a graphics environment, and * NIX did not remain aside - a project of a graphic server, which runs on one machine (server), and processes connecting to it on a specific port ( customers). Time went, and the computer became increasingly used by one person, and the idea of \u200b\u200b"distribution" of resources for other machines was becoming less and less relevant, and the server has already processed connections from the same machine on which it was launched.

In addition, the architecture of work with graphics was "multilayer". After starting the X Server, an application was launched, allowing the user to interact with the computer - Window Manager (window manager) in * NIX terminology. The window manager, in turn, could run additional programs (for example, applications that are responsible for the desktop beyond the panel from the bottom of the screen and other small applications, applets). Completion of the window manager means exit from X Server.

Such multi-layeredness is quite in the spirit of * NIX-systems, where many applications are well performing their work, and their connection allows you to get one good result. However, the reverse side of this flexibility is a significant fragmentation of the system (which, as practice shows, can be good for the system as a whole, but not for the graphical interface), as well as loss of productivity.

It is these factors that interfere with the promotion of * NIX systems:

• lack of a single standard graphic library for developers (present in each distribution and non-varying version);
• a single graphical interface (the choice is good, but the availability of the standard is necessary);
• its thoughtful (now often interfaces or copy commercial implementations, such as Microsoft, Apple, Motif, or not very clear for ordinary users);
• competent implementation (quality code, work stability).

Apple decided to choose as its basic platform * NIX, expand it to itself and remake the entire graphic system. So, one of the innovations is the configuration data preservation format - now all settings are stored in XML files, more difficult to manually edit, but native to "software" data storage; Who had to edit the configuration files after it was automatic, user-friendly graphic configurator on the * Nix platform, will understand what I will explain for the rest: As a result of such configurations, all the logic of building a file is shot down, it often remains a lot of garbage, and not all parameters can be exhibited correctly.

In addition, the firm cannot lose the developments of past years, in the form of a large number of software written for "classics" (Mac OS to 9 version inclusive) and slightly smaller for NextStep / OpenStep.

For this, two types of libraries are supported in the new system - Carbon and Cocoa. The first one is for compatibility with the "classic", the second is declared new and priority. In order for the old (for the "classics" or satisfying OpenStep specifications, the software has earned in a new system, it is necessary to recompile with minor changes (or at all without them). In addition, the Java Wednesday declared as another work environment - a virtual machine on Mac OS X is considered to be the best implementation among others, and quite closely integrated with the system.

We should not forget about the BSD layer, and the X Server, which the company will soon have to be released in the final version (only Beta version is available). Also, the possibility of launching "classic" applications not ported to the new system was not mentioned. So it turns out that now, right "out of the box" is capable of running applications for "classics", OpenStep, Java applications and a huge number of * Nix applications (for which a separate project of transferring the so-called ports with FreeBSD to Darwin, allow you to install the application Two commands "CD" and "Make Install") both graphic and working from the command line.

Complementing the picture, it is impossible not to mention the product called Virtual PC - the computer emulator x86 on Mac OS (Last 6 version emulates Pentium II MMX, the clock frequency depends on the power of the poppy itself).

Thus, the company managed to maintain old developers, as well as attract new, among which such valuable "outsource-frames" as * Nix-hackers and simply users worldwide, not requiring payment, but bringing a very noticeable contribution to the development of the system .

Mac OS X in work

Desktop.

What does the usual user need from life? Easy setup, availability of office, application for work on the Internet, work with native (in our case - Russian) language.

Office package at least two: Microsoft Office (consistently not seen) and Open Office. Both also provide compatibility with documents created on "ordinary" computers. Moreover, Office from Microsoft is equipped with even a large number of "Fich" than its fellow for Windows.

Internet application applications

Here the choice is very large, and the names of the manufacturers are quite well known, therefore I will simply give the name of the application and the manufacturer's name:

Browsers: Internet Explorer (Microsoft), Safari (Apple), Mozilla (Opera Software), Operaand many others.

ICQ.: ICQ (ICQ Inc.), Fire.app (Open Source), Proteus.

E-Mai.l: Outlook Express (Microsoft), Entourage (Microsoft), Mail (Apple).

Localization

System encoding is Unicode, so that all competently written applications have no difficulty when working with any language (the system can be for any time to "speak" both in Chinese and in Ukrainian; the same applies to any application if its developer has taken care multilingual support).

In addition, text transcoding is provided at the level of system calls.

Server

The system administrator requirements are usually several others, namely, do not allow users to do what they do not need, and be able to configure all the necessary parameters for a specific task, as well as support for the UP-TO-DATE system.

The system is known to such a concept as the "root" user, here he is also the king and God and if desired, can do anything with the system (especially from the command line).

The system setting here is somewhat simpler than in the usual * NIX - for this, graphic programs exist. However, in contrast to the usual * NIX, where everything graphic usually causes a unix-guru sorting grin, everything is thought out here.

First, Apple is not in vain began creating your UNIX system, laying its settings to the classic architecture. Before reading and executing / etc / rc * -phalov, everything goes as usual, but then the scripts from the "apple company" occurs from the same files. Those. In fact, it happens like this: Mach is loaded, the init is loaded, which then, as it should be, is responsible for all processes in the system, however, the majority of these SystemStarter processes, which reads and runs other files (from the / System / Library / Startupitems directories). So here is the format of configuration files for any application in Mac OS X is XML. This file format is slightly worse than readable for a person, but easily readable for applications, in addition, the configuration record in the end does not generate "trash", which can usually always be found in regular configuration files.

However, from here minus: What cannot be configured graphically, you need to do "hands." No, it's not that it is difficult to do (TCSH's command interpreter and the editor VI has not been canceled), but that all changes made by an unforeseeled system can be subsequently rewritten by the system update.

In addition, the firewall (in the server version of the Mac OS X Server system) in the graphic version of its configuration has two options for working with traffic: ALLOW / DENY. And if the administrator decides to configure NAT (Masquerading in terms of other systems), then the firewall rules (standard IPFW, by the way) will have to be prescribed directly in configuration files, which requires a sufficiently dense acquaintance with the system device.

In general, it can be said that the server running Mac OS X Server makes sense to put where the simplicity of administration is necessary, in some cases to the detriment of flexibility. With other systems, such a server will live very thumbs up (the system comes with Samba, NFS, SSH, FTPD and previously mentioned Apache), and its update is made no more than 6 mouse clicks (and does not cause such sad consequences as an automatic update to another The popular platform of the famous manufacturer of software), and in addition, the availability of updates can be checked every day / week / month, and the user will be prompted to install available updates.

Developer Station

The developer is a person who needs a little and from the system administrator, and from a regular user, but first of all, a convenient development system (IDE) is needed, full documentation and possibly implementation examples.

I can not skip and such an application as Virtual PC is an application that allows you to run any x86 operating system and emulating Pentium II MMX, S3 TRIO 32/64 (4/8/12 MB), Sound Blaster, Intel 21041 Based Ethernet Adapter and Allocating the number of hard disk and RAM, which will be indicated. This application can also be attributed to the category for developers (testing of your program for various systems), and to the system category (the number of simultaneously operating systems is limited only by the system resources "host") and simply for a regular user - "windows" in the "window" allow you to work With applications that are not yet ported on the poppy, or even playing games (though not very resource-intensive).

In the preparation of the article, materials were used:

1. Jim Carlton. Apple. View from the inside: the story of intrigues, mistakes and egoism. Lori Publishing House, 2001.
2. Stephen Levi. Hackers - the heroes of the computer revolution. (www.cooler.it/hrackers)
3. NEXT development history. (

Perhaps, perhaps, it follows from the exposure of one famous myth about Macintosh. Many, for some reason, believe that "Macintosh", or abbreviated Mac, is a computer that is intended for designers, and that such a car can be suitable only for professionals of graphic firms and publishers. Such a statement was true ten years ago, but since that time many events occurred, which were able to make radical changes in the Macintosh target audience, and making a wonderful home PC, as well as the most powerful professional station to produce a video editor, and a convenient Unix station. So, Macintosh is now wondering much more users.

We offer you more detail to get acquainted with this platform to expand your horizons and dispel myths that surround Mac OS X.

What is "Makintosh"

First of all, this is a computer that is produced by Apple Computer, such as the MacBook laptop or IMac desktop PC (except for these, Apple has been producing some other desktop and portable models). The second equally important component is the Mac OS X operating system, the features of which are the main differences between the "macintos" from the Windows computer computers. The first version of this system was released in 1984 at the same time when the first personal computer Macintosh was released. The ideas, the first version of the OS were borrowed by its authors from Xerox.

If you have any questions on Mac OS, or you need help with setting up you will help you call a computer service - engineer, from a reliable company.

System 0.0-1.1 Presented in 1984 This is the first Mac system.

Subsequent oS did not undergo significant changes.

System 7.5 was presented in 1994. She almost did not have differences from the 7 version, but there were some improvements in it as improved stability and compatibility with the Internet. AppleTalk was presented in it.

System 8 versions presented in 1997 This was the first system that received its official name. In OS 8, many improvements included, in particular, it concerned compatibility from the Internet and multimedia.

The version of the system 8.5 presented in 1998 was improved in almost everything. She had improved 32-bit icons and a new design system, now each user could choose its "theme" of the OS. In addition, Sherlock programs appeared, which allows you to search on the Internet and local files. And this OS has become the first OS Macintosh, which supported 68K Macintosh.

OS "PANTHER" version 10.3 was presented in 2004. Many and today believe that this system is the best of all existing ones. It included many innovations, such as FileVault, Exposé, IChat AV, Fast User Switching, was converted to Finder, her The external image also has changed. Improvements were made in Aqua interface and the system received a very professional appearance.

The "Tiger" system MAC version 10.4 was presented in 2005. It had many innovations, such as image, Core Image, Safari 2.0, Dashboard, was updated Mail. The system itself began to work more quickly and stable.

The "Leopard" system 10.5 presented in 2007 contains more than three hundred innovation. This is primarily a TimeMachine, which is a data backup system, as well as spaces - virtual desktops.

It should be noted that it is possible to install a system native system for some "non-Makintoshi". And indeed it is. But in order to make such installation, you need to find the version of the system with a broken protection module, and this will mean that you thus violate the user agreement, and will also acquire many problems in the work of this OS, which occur due to changes when removing protection .

Since 2006, in new computers, the PowerPC processors from IBM and Motorola began to replace the Intel processors. So the internal components of Macintosha are often identical models that have produced other manufacturers. The only difference is the OS, which they are managed.
Program Bios. Initializes the process of downloading the computer and actually OS. The main difference of Mac computers is that this program is not used in them. But its analogs are used - bootable Open Firmware and EXTENSILE FIRMWARE INTERFACE shell.

Mac system is considered reliable, her information Security It is at a high level, so viruses are not so often penetrated into it.

Where did the operating system for Macintosh come from

This system itself includes so interesting components that its stories should pay special attention.

At the very beginning, the OS was created, which was called simply System (with the version number). After that, when version 7.6 was released in 1997, it received the name that is used now.

At the same time, Next, under the guidance of Steve Jobs, who was also one of the founders of Apple, was engaged in the development of his OpenStep operating system, which was created on the basis of BSD and the Mach kernel. OpenStep was intended for the field of finance where the most important was the most important and uninterrupted functioning. And the system for Macintosh has no such qualities - it was convenient and easy to explore and use, but it did not have a full-fledged multitasking and protected memory, therefore, due to the "fall" of one program, the entire system was hung. For this reason, Apple came to the need to create an alternative OS and at the same time did not exclude the possibility of acquiring the finished product of another company in order not to start building everything from scratch. This product was the OpenStep system, which Apple bought, paying $ 400 million for it in 1997, including in order and Steve Jobs himself, which, after a successful transaction, turned into the Apple Managing and to this day it takes this position.

Internal structure Machentosh system

As a result, after many years of development, in 2000, Apple was able to issue the first version of the new OS for Macintosh version 10.0.

Having an OpenStep, it acquired a strong base - Unix-core of the FreeBSD system, as well as a graphical interface that reminded the "classic" Mac.

Through what the terminal applications can be launched in the new system, the number of which is enormous for the UNIX platform. And in order to ensure compatibility with applications that were written for the previous generation of the Mac system, the new system has an emulation environment. In addition, the new system is also working with Java applications, since the company works in close cooperation with Sun in this direction.

This system has other equally important components that determine its functionality and today it represents the standard for all software developers. The popularity of this system is growing today, as well as the popularity of Linux in the global market of operating systems.

Why appropriate to install Mac OS ⅹ?

Experts celebrate a number of advantages Mac OS ⅹ:

• This system is not attacked by viruses due to rare use by hackers of the bugs of systems.


• Thanks to the TimeMachine function, it is available here to create backup copies of the system.


• On Mac OS ⅹ: Games designed under Windows, as well as Windows programs through Apple Bootcamp, CrossOver.


• The system operates without rebooting enough long time.


• In Mac OS, there are several processes at once without reducing the overall performance of the system.


• Apple Corporation offers a lot of interesting applications for Mac OS ⅹ

Is it possible to install Mac OS ⅹ on a regular computer?

For those who do not stop the fact that installing Mac OS X on a regular computer is very difficult, we note some nuances. In particular, it is possible to do this procedure only on PC, where there are components compatible with a similar operating system.

For example, both Intel chipsets, and video cards from NVIDIA. At the same time, the lion's share of peripheral devices will not work. As practice, Mac OS ⅹ is installed normally on a PC with a processor supporting SSE3, Quartz Extreme, Quartz 2D, Core Image, GL.

In order to correctly install Mac OS X, sections in NTFS will have to be translated into FAT32. Otherwise, the risk of error occurs when creating a new partition, as a result of which the file system will stop normally read.

How to install Mac OS ⅹ on the usual PC?

For those who are not familiar with Mac OS X, the easiest way to install versions of 10.4.6 or 10.4.7, so there are practically no problems with their installation. Find similar software on the Internet is easy. Most often, you can download the Mac OS X operating system in the ISO format or DMG. In the first case, the image simply recorded on the disk, in the second - first we convert using the DMG2ISO program to the ISO format, and then copy to the carrier.

Installation Mac OS X We produce stages:

1. After you insert the disk into the drive and reboot the computer, press the F8 key. After a few seconds, we enter the Y symbol, which allows you to enter the text installation mode. Pressing other keys to redirect to the graphic mode, the functionality of which is lower.


2. If the error "System Config file '/com.apple.Boot.plist' Not Found" pops up, this means that there is some inconsistency of the distribution of the operating system. Consequently, you will have to search another option.


3. If the "Still Waiting For Root Device" error appears, then the reason for unsuccessful installation is hidden in the incompatibility of iron specific requirements for Mac OS.


4. With normal processing process, the screen takes blue color. After selecting the language, format the section in which the Mac OS X operating system will be installed. It must match the Mac OS Extended Journal.


5. In cases where the disk utility is not able to format this area in HFS, we use Acronis. With such a goal, install manual mode in Acronis Disk Director Suite, after which we create the desired area in FAT32 format. Using the context menu, correct the type of new partition, setting here 0XAFH. Message about possible data loss ignore.


6. Next, agree with the license, select the installation section and the components of interest. It is important to choose those patches that are consistent with the system. Moreover, they must be adapted either to SSE2 or SSE3.


7. We directly direct the Mac OS X installation process and reboot the computer.


8. If the installation of the operating system has passed successfully, you can start working with it. If the error "B0 ERROR" gets out, load the drive with Hiren's Boot, after which the Acronis Disk Director program is activating the Mac OS X section. Reboot the computer again.

Sources:

• how to install Mac OS X
• How to install Mac OS X Yosemite 10

The Mac OS X operating system installed on the PC is called a hackintooth. Can argue about the advantages and disadvantages MacintoshaBut almost the religious attitude of supporters of the "Apple" to their computers deserves at least the ability to experience all pros and cons of alternative OS. It is such an option that provides Khakintosh.

You will need

• sSE2 support processor, minimum RAM (RAM) 256 MB, video card from GF4, Mac OS X disk image in ISO format, DVD-R disc or DVD + R, Nero or Alcohol 120% program, DVD-ROM.

Instruction

Make sure that the intended computer meets the requirements of the MAC operating system.

Make sure that another OS is not pre-installed on the hard disk.

Format the partition of the physical disk to which Makintash is assumed, in FAT32 format.

Record the image of the boot disk of Machine on the disk and insert it into the drive. The choice of the version of the operating system depends only on user preferences.

Restart the computer.

Press the F8 softkey on the keyboard at the time you appear the start of the installation from the boot disk. Otherwise, information about possible installation errors will remain inaccessible.

Click on the arrow to continue the operation and open the menu.

Select "Utilities" in the window that opens and go to the "disk utility".

Select Mac OS Extended Journaled in the Format section to format sections designed to install Makintosh.

Confirm the application of changes and restart the computer.

Click the "Accept" button in the "License Agreement" after completing the reboot and message about the successful disk formatting.

Specify the newly created section as a location of the Makintosh installation and click the Continue button.

Open the "Settings" to select the Makintosh installation components. Pay attention to the compliance of the patches of the processor characteristics of the computer used. Simultaneous installation of patches for SSE2 and SSE3 is not allowed!

Click "Continue".

Wait for the "Preparing for Installation" and "Disc Check" closure. Reboot will start automatically.

Enter the required data by leaving the empty field Mac ID after the end of the reboot. The appearance of the working table of the operating system testifies to the successful installation of Macintosha.

Video on the topic

note

It should be borne in mind that the installation of Macintosh on the PC can take from 4 to 6 hours.

The appearance of the message System Config file / com.apple.Boot.plist 'Not Found means damage to the Makintosh distribution, and Still Waiting for Root Device symbolizes the incompatibility of the processor with software.

Helpful advice

Changing the keyboard layout is performed by pressing the COMMAND + SPACE (ALT + SPACE) keys.

You will need

• - USB drive;
• - Mac OS image;
• - PARTITION MANAGER.

Instruction

It is possible to install the Mac OS operating system on laptops from other manufacturers. First, make sure that your mobile computer is suitable for performing this task. The main requirement is only one thing: the device must be installed in the device, the central processor of the company Intel.

Download the image of the original Mac OS X Leopard 10.5.4 9E25 Retail operating disk. Now download the image of Kismus Hackintosh Tools - LivedVD and write it down on the DVD drive using the ISO File Burning program.

Create a bootable USB flash drive using Syslinux and USB Disk Boot Files. This will allow you to perform the necessary manipulations before entering the operating system.

Create two additional partitions on your hard disk. The size of each of them should not be less than 10 GB. Format both partitions to FAT32 File System (FAT). Never leave the original NTFS format.

Copy the image of the installation disk to one of the prepared partitions. Run the Kismus Hackintosh Tools utility. To do this, restart the laptop and select DVD drive to continue starting. Reform format the section on which the operating system will be installed.

Now use the "Restore Image" feature. Run it and specify the path to the downloaded ISO file containing Mac OS files. Wait for the completion of this procedure. Connect the pre-created bootable USB flash drive to the USB port and restart the laptop.

Install the boot priority for this drive. After starting the program from the flash drive, select To continue the download, the partition where Mac OS has been restored. Wait for the new menu launch.

Highlight the system components that will need to be included in the Mac OS. Click the Install button and wait for this procedure. After rebooting, again run the USB drive. Choose the section to which you just installed the system.

Write down any bootloader, such as Chameleon DFE or Bootloader on Winchester. This will allow you to continue to run Mac OS without using a flash drive.

Related article

Sources:

• how to change Windows on a laptop

The new operating system for Apple computers was released on July 25, 2012. She received the designation OS X 10.8 and its own name Mountain Lion, which is translated as "mountain lion", or "Cougar". When performing several prerequisites, installing a new operating system is a very simple task.

Before installing the new system, its manufacturer - Apple - recommends to make sure that the computer is able to work running this OS. To do this, the company's website published a list of supported models, which includes:

IMAC edition of the mid-2007 or later;
- MacBook release of the end of 2008 in the aluminum case;
- MacBook release of 2009 or later;
- MacBook Pro release of mid 2007 or later;
- MacBook Air issue of the end of 2008 or later;
- Mac mini release of 2009 or later;
- Mac Pro release 2008 or later;
- Xserve release of 2009.

When using the Lion or Snow Leopard operating system before installing Mountain Lion, you must make sure that the version of the current OS has the latest updates. To do this, click the Apple icon in the upper left corner of the screen and select the "Mac" item in the dropped menu. In the window that appears, the version of the running system will be indicated - if it is Lion 10.7.x or Snow Leopard 10.6.8, it means that the OS is ready to install Mountain Lion. Otherwise, you need to update the system through the "Program Update" item in the same menu, open by clicking on the Apple icon.

Installing a new Mountain Lion OS does not require a separate acquisition of it on physical disks, it is remotely remotely through the App Store application, which is in the operating system after executing the update described above. You can run this application via Dock, and then find the desired OS in the catalog and buy it in