Latin American arms dump. Navy for the title in the Mexican Army
Armed Forces of the countries of the world
Sun Mexico
Mexico has a very large number of personnel and complex on the structure of the army, fully oriented, at the same time, on the counterartisan war. The country has no tanks, BMP, SAU, full impact helicopters, pl. Extremely slight amount of RSW, combat aircraft and ships with PCR. Almost all the existing technique is very outdated. However, the countries of Central America, bordering Mexico in the south, have even weaker Sun, so they do not represent a threat to it. The United States, on the contrary, is too strong so that Mexico can resist them. In addition, the United States is now considered to be the closest ally of Mexico, most of its equipment of its American production. Accordingly, for the country, it simply makes no sense to have the Sun oriented on a classical war. The main opponent of the Mexican army is local drug carriers that control a significant part of the country's territory, as well as left partisan groupings. The police fight them is not capable, so this task is assigned to the Sun and is solved with them with varying success.
Ground troopsconditionally divided into "maneuverable" and "territorial" forces. The first includes the 1st AK (in its composition - 1st armored, 2nd, 3rd, 6th Infantry, 1st, 4th, 5th Light Infantry Brigades), CSO (1st , 2nd, 3rd brigades), as well as 9 separate brigades - Motor-standard (presidential guard), three armored (2nd, 3rd, 4th), Airborne supplement, 1st engineering, three military police brigades (1st, 2nd, 4th). There are no tank in armored brigades.
"Territorial" troops are part of 12 military districts, which are divided into 45 military zones. They include more than 30 regiments and more than 100 battalions (almost exclusively infantry), their number and locations of the dislocation are constantly changing.
It is in service with more than 1 thousand RB - 120 French ERC-90F1 and 32 VBL, 37 American Mac-1, 866 American "Sandack". BTR and armored car - 25 Swiss "Roland", 40 German HWK-11, 95 Belgian BDX (was produced under license called DNC-2), 355 own DNC-1 (modified French AMX-VCI), 25 DN-3, 25 DN-4, 70 DN-5, 26 American V-150ST, 40 m8 and 34 m-2A1, 36 French VCR-TT (and 12 auxiliary machines at its base).
Artillery includes about 100 towed tools (18 English M116 (75 mm), 60 American M101 and 13 Chinese round 90 (105 mm)) and more than 1.3 thousand mortars (400 American M1, 400 French "Brandt", 300 Spanish SB and 54 self-propelled on the chassis DNC-1 (81 mm), 10 American M30 (107 mm), 75 French "Brandt" and 32 RT-61, 60 Israeli M-65 (120 mm)).
There are 8 French self-propelled PTRS "Milan" on BRM VBL and 30 extremely obsolete American PTO M3 (37 mm).
Ground air defense consists of 40 Swiss anti-aircraft guns GAI-B01 (20 mm).
There is no army aviation in Mexico, but it, in fact, replaces the aviation of police and security forces, consisting of transport aircraft and helicopters. Airplanes - 2 Spanish CN-235M, 3 American "Boeing 727", 2 "Cessna-182", 22 "Cessna-206" (even up to 26 on storage),1 "Cessna-208" (1-2 more on storage), 13 "Cessna-210" (even up to 18 on storage), 1 "Cessna-402" (even up to 4 on storage), 1 "Cessna-441" (even up to 3 on storage),1 "Cessna-500" (1-2 more on storage), 2 "Beach 200", 3 "Beach-300", 3 "Beach-350" (1 more on storage), 1 "Beach-400", 1 Ra-31 (even up to 7 on storage), 1 Ra-32 (2 more on storage), 2 RA-34 (even up to 2 on storage), 1 "Golf Stream II" (even up to 6 in storage),1 "Golfustrim-III", 3-4 "Falcon-20", 8 "Commander-690" (2 more on storage), 7 "Commander-695" (1 more on storage), 1 "Lyrjet-23, 1" Lyrjet-24 ", 1" Lyrjet-25 ",3 "Lyrjet-35" (1 more on storage),1 "Lyrjet-36", 3 "Lyrjet-45", 1 German DO-328, 1 Canadian CL-605, 2 English BN-2 (2 more on storage). Helicopters - 18 American UH-1H (1 more on storage), 72 "Bell-206" (even up to 38 on storage), 6 "Bell-212", 11 "Bell-412" (1 more on storage), 20 " Bell-407 ", 2" Bell-429 "(1 more on storage), 2" Bell-430 ", 6 UH-60M, 8 S-70A, 1 R-44 (1 more on storage), 8 European EC120 and 1 EC145, 24 French AS350B (2 more on storage), 2 HB350B, 2 EC225, 7 AS355, 7-8 Italian AW119, 10 A109 (2 more on storage), 3 Russian Mi-17.
Air Forceorganizationally divided by 18 airbases (1st - 18th, of which 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 6th, 7th, 11th, 16th, 17- I am actually VBB, the rest are airports together with civil aviation).
The only combat aircraft of the Mexican Air Force - 4 old American F-5 fighters (3 E, 1 educational f; 5 more e, 1 F on storage).
There are 2 Brazilian RAR EMB-145RS aircraft (2 US C-26A on storage) and 1 EMB-145SA tradered aircraft (1 "Cessna-550" on storage). These three EMB-145 two modifications are the most modern aircraft of Mexico Air Force.
Transport aircraft - 2 US C-130K (2 more and up to 4 A on storage), 1 L-100-30, 1 "Commander-695" (1 more on storage), 2-3 "Beach C90A", 1 " Beach-300, 10 "Bich-350", 1 "Lyrjet-35", 1 "Lyrjet-45", to 73 "Cessna-182", 3 "Cessna-206" (even up to 7 in storage), 1 " Cessna-210 ", 1" Cessna-680 ", 6" Boeing 737 ", 1" Boeing 757 ", 2" Gulf Stream-150 ", 2" Golf Stream-550 ", 4 modern Italian C-27J, 8 newest Spanish C-295M, 3 Swiss PC-6B, 1 Canadian CL-605;3 "Boeing 727", 1 "Boeing 787", 4 "Cessna-150" and "Cessna-310", 3 Israeli "Arava"are on storage.
Tutorials - 58 new American T-6C, up to 52 Swiss PC-7 and 1 RS-9, up to 15 Italian SF-260EU, 25 German GROB-120. Up to 15 americanBich-F33C, up to 13 RT-17, up to 12 MX-7-180 are on storage.
Multipurpose and transport helicopters - 12 American MD-530 (6 f, 6 mg; more than 1 mg, 1 F on storage), 23 UH-60 (17 m, 6 L), 17 "Bell-407", up to 38 "Bell -206 "(even up to 8 storage), 11" Bell-212 "(1 more on storage), 12" Bell-412 ", 11 European EC725, 1 EC225, 1 EC145, 4 French AS332L, 1 Italian AW109SP, 19 Russian Mi-17; 1 Mi-8, 2 US CH-53 are derived from the Air Force and are on storage.
Navymust protect a very long coastline of a country emerging to two oceans. The Mexican fleet is, in connection with this, quite numerous, but focused on the protection of the coast and territorial waters without the possibility of solving some other tasks.
The composition of the Navy includes four old frigates of the American construction type "Allend" (type "NOX"). They mayoretically carry the PCR "Garpun". Forestly outdated destroyed destroyed from the Navy areNemtsaualquotl (type "Hiring") and 2 "Bravo" type frigate (type "Bronstein").
The foundation of the Navy is Corvette and PCs - 7 "Oaxaca" (1 more), 4 types of Durango, 3 types of Sierra, 4 Holzinger type (all - own construction), 5 types "Uribe" (Spanish construction ), 11 types "Valle" (American type "OK" buildings of the 40s.).
2 Khurakan rocket boats (Israeli type "Aliya" - "Saar4,5") are the only real carriers of the PCR in the composition of the IUD Mexico.
There are numerous guard boats - 10-type "Tenochtitlan" (Dutch type "Damemen 4207"), 20 types of "Aztec" (11 more are derived from the composition of the Navy and are removed), 2 types of "Democrat", 3 types "Cabo", 2 types "Punta" (American type "Point"), 48 of the Polaris type (Swedish stormed boats of type SV90) and 9 "Polaris-2" (modernized SV90), 8 of the type "AKAARIO", 4-type "Isla".
The composition of the Navy is 6 TSH type "Banderas" (American building) and 4 TDK - 2 types "Paloapapan" (American Type "Newport"), 2 types of Montales Aatsules (the latest own buildings). Founded is extremely outdated TDK"Manzanillo" (American LST-1152).
Enough numerous is sea aviation. It has 6 basic patrols of the Spanish production of CN-235MR (and up to 5 C-212 on storage). Transport aircraft - 6 Spanish C-295M, 3 American "Lyrjet" (1 -60, 2 -31), 4 "Commander-695", 3-5 "Lankeir", 1 "Gulf Stream-550", 8 "Beach-350 ",1 "Cessna-208", 1 "Cessna-210", 1 "Cessna-402", 1 Canadian DHC-8, 1 CL-605; 3 Ukrainian An-32B and 1 Canadian DHC-5D on storage. Tutorials - 13 American T-6C and up to 9 MX-7-180 (3 more on storage), 27 Czech Z-242L and 2 Z-143L, 3 Finnish L-90Tr.
Multipurpose and transport helicopters - 5 American MD-902, 2 MD-500E (2 more on storage), 4 "Schweitzer-300C",10 "Schweitzer-333", 10 UH-60M, 1 Italian AW109SP, up to 23 Russian Mi-17, 3 European EC725, 2 EC225, 14 French AS565MB. Up to 4 German BO-105CBS-5 are on storage.
The marine infantry is, in fact, the "supplement" of the ground forces, solving similar tasks, its attitude towards the Navy is purely formal. In its composition, 8 brigades (1st - 8th; odd deployed on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico (7th - in Mexico City), even - on the Pacific Ocean), 2 amphibious brigades (1 on each Ocean) and 3 special forces groups . It is in service with up to 30 Soviet BTR-60 (modernized in Mexico itself according to ARS-70 variant), 8 Yugoslav towed implements M-56 (105 mm) and 6 RSZO "Firos-25" (122 mm), 5 Russian CRCK "Needle "
170 years ago, April 25, 1846, the American-Mexican War (Mexican War) began. The war began with territorial disputes between Mexico and the United States after the seizure of Texas by the United States in 1845. Mexico was defeated and lost huge territories: the United States was given to the upper California and New Mexico, that is, the lands of modern states of California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and Utah. Mexico lost more than 500 thousand square miles (1.3 million square kilometers), that is, half of its territory.
Prehistory.
Already a considerable period between Mexico and the United States existed controversial issues. The US government claimed all the mainland (so on. The concept of "predetermining of fate") and with contempt relate to the republic, which could not bring order on its territory. Mexicans were afraid of expansion of Anglo-Saxons. After gaining mexicism of independence in 1821, the US government tried to put the issue of territorial concessions of the United States before Mexico as a condition for its recognition. The first Messenger of the United States in Mexico City Joel Pinsett in 1822 put forward a project for the inclusion of Texas, New Mexico, the upper and part of the lower California and some other territories. It is clear that such a project did not find an understanding of the Mexican authorities.
The United States did not leave hopes for the accession of Texas and California and after the conclusion in 1828 the contract with Mexico on the borders confirming the distinction established by the transcontinental agreement of 1819. Attempts by Andrew Jackson and John Tyler to redeem at least part of the California coast from Mexico, at least part of the California coast succeeded. It was not possible to achieve and change the border with Mexico in such a way that the San Francisco harbor is important for the whaling fleet, the United States is departed. The birth and the rapid development of whaling fishery in the second quarter of the century was of great importance for the United States. From 1825 to 1845, the total registered whaling tonnage of the American whaling fleet rose from 35 thousand to 191 thousand tons. The overwhelming number of Kitoboev hunted in the Pacific Ocean, and they needed a convenient base on his coast.
Another problem was the question of losses of American citizens. American citizens who lived in Mexico suffered great losses due to unrest related to coup and military confiscation. Americans first achieved compensation for damages through Mexican courts. Without achieving a positive result, they turned to their government. In America, they always trembled to monetary issues, and then there was still a reason to legally accuse Mexico. When peaceful protests did not give results, the United States threatened the war. Then Mexico agreed to transfer the American requirements for arbitration. Three quarters of these claims were illegal, and in 1841 the international court rejected them, although he ate mexico to pay for the rest - in the amount of about $ 2 million. Mexico paid three contributions to this debt, and then stopped payments.
But a more serious problem that spoiled the relations of the two countries was Texas. By the mid-1830s, the dictatorship of President Antonio Santa Anne and the riots in Mexico led to the fact that the state was on the verge of decay - Texas decided to separate. In addition, slavery was abolished in Mexico, and in Texas, Migrants from the United States refused to comply with this law. They also expressed displeasure to their control of the territory carried out by the Central Government. As a result, a free state of Texas was created. The attempt of the Mexican army to restore control over Texas led to the battle under San Hasinto on April 21, 1836 between the Texan detachment of 800 led by Sam Houston and twice the Army of Mexican President General Santa Anna. As a result of a sudden attack, almost the entire Mexican army headed by Santa Anna came to captivity. Texans lost only 6 people. As a result, the Mexican President was forced to bring Mexican troops from Texas.
Mexico did not recognize the Branch of Texas and the clashes continued for almost 10 years and depended on whether the positions of the Mexican government were strengthened or weakened. Washington officially did not interfere in this struggle, although thousands of volunteers in the United States recruited to help Texans. Most Texans welcomed the joining of the republic to the United States. But Northerners feared that the adoption of another slave owner would shift the domestic balance in favor of the south, and therefore tightened the accession of Texas for almost ten years. As a result, in 1845, the United States of America joined the Republic of Texas and recognized Texas on the 28th state of the United States. Thus, the United States inherited the territorial dispute between Texas and Mexico.
Mexico expressed discontent that the joining of her "rebellious province" United States intervened in the internal affairs of the country and unreasonably selected its territory. In turn, the American government was also sought to ensure the result. The pretext was the question of the border of Texas. Mexico, which never recognized Texas's independence, declared the border between Texas and the Mexico River Nueses, lying about 150 miles east of Rio Grande. States, referring to the Vlaskal Treaty, declared the boundary of Texas the Rio Grada River itself. Mexico argued its position by the fact that the contract was signed by General Santa Anna in 1836 under coercion when he was captured by Texans, and therefore was invalid. In addition, Mexicans argued that Santa Anna had no authority to negotiate or sign agreements. The contract was never ratified by the Mexican government. Mexicans feared that Texas is only the beginning and the Americans will continue expansion.
For Mexicans, Texas problem was a matter of national honor and independence. In Mexico, they repeatedly stated that the Annexia of Texas would mean war. In addition, in Mexico hoped for help England. True, Mexican President José Hoakin de Errera (1844-1845) was ready to adopt the inevitable, provided that the offended pride of Mexicans will receive proper calmness. However, the Americans themselves did not want the world. In 1844, James Nox Regiment became president of the United States. The democratic party, to which she belonged to the regiment, was a supporter of Annexia Texas. In addition, the Americans claimed California. This deserted, but the rich edge as it would like to explicate. In the XVIII century, the wave of Spanish expansion reached his peak and overwhelmed California. Then the degradation of the Spanish Colonial Empire began, and in California there were only a few families of the landowners who lived in luxury, owning huge asiends of estates. They owned huge herds of horses and herds of cattle. And the Mexican government, weakened and actually bankrupt after the Mexican independence war, experienced tremendous problems in managing their northern territories, which were in hundreds of Miles from Mexico City. The Mexican government has almost no power in California. From the mid-1830s, American immigrants began to penetrate California.
The American government, alarmed rumors about the desire of England to buy California, decided to offer Mexico a deal. The regiment planned to offer Mexico not to refuse to pay the payment of unsatisfied claims in exchange for the establishment of an acceptable border between Texas and Mexico, and also wanted to buy California. Americans also claimed new Mexico. California US offered $ 25 million, for new mexico - $ 5 million. The controversial territories between Nuez and Rio Grande should have moved Texas. Such a deal, as the Americans assured, was beneficial to Mexico, since he gave her the opportunity to pay debts. Herrera told the shelf that would take it authorized. The regiment immediately appointed a messenger in Mexico John Sandel.
Meanwhile, the indignation of US policies increased in Mexico. Under these conditions, the government consisted of a party of moderate liberals, headed by Errhea, did not solve the slot. Moreover, the Mexican government could not start negotiations with him because of political riots in the country. In 1846, only the country's president changed four times. Military opposition of President Errera considered the presence of a slope in Mexico City as an insult. After the more nationalist government of conservatives came to power, headed by General Mariano Paredes-I-Arryagoy, it once again openly confirmed claims to Texas. On January 12, Washington received a message of the slope that the Government of Errera refused to meet him. The regiment found that unpaid claims and expulsion of the slope are sufficient reasons for the war.
American President James Knox Regiment (1845-1849)
War
Simultaneously with the negotiations, the Americans were actively preparing for war. Back in May 1845, General Zakari Taylor received a secret order to translate his troops from Western Louisiana to Texas. American troops had to take the neutral zone between Nuesses and Rio Grande, which Texas claimed, but never occupied. Soon most of the regular US Army out of 4 thousand people were stationed by the town of Corpus Christi. Sea squadrons were sent to the Mexican Bay and the Pacific Ocean to block the Mexico coast. Thus, the US government provoked war. Washington covered its comprehensive goals of the alleged aggression of Mexico. The Americans planned to capture California, new Mexico and the main life centers of Mexico to force Mexico to take the world on Washington's conditions.
Mexican President Paredes found the promotion of Taylor's army by the invasion of the Mexican territory and gave an order of resistance. On April 25, 1846, the Mexican Connection attacked several American dragoons, and forced them to surrender. Then there was a few more collisions. When the news came to Washington, the regiment sent a message to the Congress with the announcement of the war. American blood, explained the regiment, shed on American land - this act of Mexico caused war. The combined meeting of the Congress overwhelmingly approved the declaration of war. Democrats unanimously supported hostilities. 67 Representatives of the Vigov Party voted against the war when discussing amendments, but in the last reading there were only 14 of them. On May 13, the United States declared war in Mexico.
Mexico with its obsolete weapons and weak army was doomed to defeat. In terms of population and the development of the US economy exceeded Mexico. The number of the American army at the beginning of the war was 7883 people, and in just over the war years the United States armed 100 thousand people. Most of the American army was composed of volunteers with a 12-month service life. They burned wish to play. The ownership of the former Spanish Empire has always been a magnet for the northerners who "dreamed of sawing in Montesum palaces." The Mexican army consisted of more than 23 thousand people at the beginning of the war and consisted mainly of recruits - Indians and Peonov (peasants), who were not burned to fight. Firearls and artillery of Mexicans were an obsolete sample. Unlike the United States, Mexico almost did not produce their own weapons and practically did not have a military fleet.
In May 1846, American troops defeated General Arista. Mexicans could not hold positions under the fire of American artillery. On May 18, 1846, Taylor forced Rio Grande and captured Matamoros. After spending two months in Matamoros and losing a few thousand people from dysentery and epidemics of measles, Taylor decided to move south. In early July, Taylor went from Matamoros, He headed for Montterrey, which was the main road to the capital. He assigned Monterrey, who defended the 7-thousandth army of General Pedro de Ampudia and, finally, settled in Saltillo.
General Zakari Taylor
At the same time, the American fleet with the help of the Americans who lived there captured California. American settlers captured sleepy and proclaimed the California republic. The American fleet occupied Monterey on July 7, July 9 - San Francisco. In early August, the United States seized San Pedro. On August 13, the American landing seized the capital of California Los Angeles. Next, the Americans captured the ports of Santa Barbara and San Diego. The population of California in most moved to the American side. August 17, California was attached to the United States. True, Mexican partisans in late September beat Los Angeles.
The "Western Army" of the Brigade General Stephen Kirney was sent to the seizure of New Mexico. He had to do the way from Fort Livenworth (Missouri) to Santa Fe and after the lesson of New Mexico to go to the Pacific coast. In July 1846, the army of Kyrney is a number of 3 thousand people with 16 guns joined the territory of New Mexico. August 14, the Western Army seized Las Vegas, on August 16 - San Miguel, August 18 - the main city of Santa Fe. On August 22, a decree was issued, announcing the entire territory of New Mexico part of the United States. Then Kirney with a detachment of 300 dragoons moved to the Pacific Ocean. Kirney and Stockton united their troops and moved to the main headquarters of the partisan - Los Angeles. On 8-9 January 1847, they won the San Gabriel river and on January 10 entered the city. Thus, California was conquered.
In the meantime, another coup in the country happened, Paredes showed a complete inability to wage war and power in Mexico captured the extreme liberals led by Gomez Farias. They restored the Constitution of 1824 and returned from the exile to Cuba Santa Anna, which many were considered the most capable of Mexican generals. However, Santa Anna wanted only to return power and was ready for territorial concessions, he led secret negotiations with the Americans. In exchange for unhindered passage through the American maritime blockade and $ 30 million, he promised to give the Americans to the land they claimed. On August 16, Santa Anna landed in Veraakruus, and September 14 went to the capital. Santa Anna spoke in September on San Luis Potoshi, where he had to form an army. Mexicans convened a liberal congress, who appointed Santa Anna acting president, Gome Farias became the vice-president.
In August and October, the Americans made two unsuccessful attempts to capture Port Alvarado. On November 10, Commodore's squadron Matthew Perry took one of the largest Mexican ports on the shores of the Mexican Gulf - Tampico. The American government, making sure the inability of Taylor complete the war, replaced him to Winfield Scott. He had to land in Veracru. And Taylor was ordered to move away, leaving an advanced position in Saltillo. Taylor retreated, but remained near Saltillo, provoking the enemy on the battle.
By January 1847, Santa Anna gathered 25-thousand. The army, financing it with the help of mass confiscations, including church estates. At the end of January 1847, the Commander-in-Chief of the Mexican Army Santa Anna moved to the north towards the Taylor, which was 6 thousand people in 18 miles from Saltillo. Having learned about the approach of Santa Anna, Taylor retreated ten miles and took a favorable position in Assenda Buen Vista. The battle occurred on February 22-23, 1847 in a narrow mountain pass on the road from San Luis Potosi to Saltillo. Santa Anna threw his excellent Connection to a plot between the American army and the mountains on the east side of the pass. This section of Taylor, incorrectly assessing the nature of the terrain, left unprotected. But if Santa Anna was the best commander, then the American artillery literally mowed Mexicans. The position of Taylor was threatening, but approached from Saltillo reinforcement allowed Americans to return lost positions. By night, both army stood on the source positions. Americans were three times less than Mexicans and they were waiting for the battle to continue. However, Santa Anna decided otherwise. His army, composed of peasants-recruits and Indians, did not want to fight. Santa Anna unexpectedly retreated to San Luis Potosi, leaving the burning stones to hide the waste. He captured several guns and two banners, it was enough to demonstrate victory. The losses of the Taylor's army were killed, wounded and missing 723 people. According to American data, Mexicans lost over 1,500 people killed and injured. Mexican troops retreated in disarray, the soldiers died from hunger and disease, frozen.
General Winfield Scott
At this time, the next confusion began in Mexico. Farias and his supporters - Pouro met a lot of difficulties in the capital. The clergy prayed for victory and satisfied the solemn procession, but did not want to share money. In the end, Congress allowed to confiscate 5 million pesos from church estates. It caused the resistance of the clergy and the growth of sympathies to the Americans. They say, the invaders can and capture Mexico, but they will not touch the church estates. The church selected 1.5 million pesos, and then the Civil War began. Militia Mexico City, which was collected for defense against the Americans, defended the clergy. Several regiments of Creoles rebelled against Farias. When Santa Anna arrived at the capital, all the parties supported him. And he decided to capture power. Farias expelled. Santa Anna received another 2 million peso from the church for the promise of inviolability in the future and spoke to the east, against the army of Scott.
On March 9, 1847, the landing for the American landing in three miles south of Veraacrus began. March 29, after a strong bombing, Veracruz was forced to capitulate. Next, Scott moved to the Mexican capital. April 17-18 on the way to Mexico City, in the Gorro-Gordo gorge, there was a battle of 12 thousand soldiers under the beginning of Santa Anna with a 9-thousand American army. Mexicans took a strong position where the road goes up, mountain. However, Scott's sappers have found a way to get around Mexicans from the North Flange, and the American detachment dragged the gun through the gorge and dense forests, which Santa Anna declared impassable. The Mexican army attacked from the front and left flank was cut into parts, and those who stayed alive were fled, riding in disarray on the roads back to Mexico City. Mexicans lost 1000-1200 people killed and wounded, 3 thousand. Completed, including 5 generals. The loss of American troops amounted to 431 people.
On April 22, the avant-garde of the American army under the command of General Worte took the city of pea, capturing a large number of weapons. On May 15, Wort's troops entered Pueblu's clerical town. The city was commissioned without resistance, and American troops were favorably met by the clergy, opposed to the liberals who were in power.
General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Completion of war
Panic began in Mexico City. Moderados ("Moderate", right-wing liberals) and Pourur, Clean and monarchists - everyone accused each other in the troubles of Mexico. All united distrust of Santa Anne. There were rumors about his negotiations with the Americans. They began to ask questions how he broke through the American marine blockade. However, there was no man in Mexico who could lead the people in this situation. Santa Anna was recognized as the only man who is able to overcome the crisis. Santa Anna began to form a third army and prepare the capital to defense.
In August, Scott left Puebla and the Americans rose to the pass over the snowy top of Popochetet, from where the view of Mexico City Valley with lakes, fields and estates was opened. On the afternoon of August 9, the bells of the Mexical Cathedral were informed about the approach of the enemy. The Mexican army was waiting for the invaders on the cereal between two lakes, east of the city. Battle began. This time, Mexicans struck the enemy with their courage and perseverance. The distribution between the batches were forgotten, the Mexicans fought for their homeland. The army has already consisted not from recruits, but volunteers who are ready to die, but not to give the capital. And Santa Anna, the tireless organizing troops, calmly standing under the fire at the forefront, reminded his nickname - "Napoleon of the West". In this moment, he was a real national leader.
However, the Americans were prolonged the defense of the enemy, using the power of their artillery. On August 17, the Americans occupied San Augustine. Further, the village of Contralets, they met with the troops of General Valencia. On August 20, Valencia, who did not obey the orders of Santa Anna on the retreat, was broken. On the same day, the bloody battle occurred at the Churubsko River, smashing General Anaiy. Irish Catholics were captured here. As part of the Mexican army was the battalion of St. Patrick, his composition included the Irish Catholics, who left the American army and joined Mexicans. Irish shot as deserters.
On August 23, a truce was concluded until September 7, and negotiations on the world began. General Valencia announced Santa Anna to the traitor. Santa Anna, continuing to assure Americans that he strives for peace, hastily strengthened the defense. The United States demanded to transfer them more than two thirds of the territory, not counting Texas. Fearing a nationwide uprising, the Mexican government rejected these conditions.
When Mexicans rejected the US sentences, US troops went to a new assault. On September 8, the Americans began to storm the fortified paragraph Molino del Rey, who defended 4 thousand people. The number of US troops was 3447 people, but the Americans had twice the artillery. Mexicans suffered defeat in this battle. The Americans rose at the height of the Chapulpeca and in the evening of September 13 broke into the capital. Santa Anna decided to bring his troops from the capital and retreated to Guadalupe. September 14, the Americans entered Mexico City. The townspeople raised the uprising. Snipers led fire from shelters, and the townspeople threw the invaders with stones. During the day, bloody street fights. But by the morning, urban authorities convinced citizens to stop resistance.
Santa Anna planned to continue the war. He was going to collect fresh troops and cut off the army of Scott from the main base in Veracru. Mexico could go to the partisan war and hold an unlimited time. Pretty small American troops in such a war had no chance of success. In winter, the squadrons of patriots, as well as half-breeding formations made raids on Americans and caused from the side of the occupiers the bloody acts of revenge. But after the attack of Santa Anna's troops on the garrison in Puebla was failed, the government went to supporters of the world - Modrados. A temporary president was the chairman of the Supreme Court Manuel De La Peña-and-Peña. The decision of the world was provided to the Mexican Congress. Santa Anna fled to the mountains, and then went to a new exile, on Jamaica.
The rich part of the population was afraid of the ruinage partisan war. The landowners and churchmen feared that a complete anarchy would begin in the country. Half of the northern states was ready to proclaim independence. Indian tribes on Yucatan, whom the greed of white landowners brought to the uprising, captured almost the entire peninsula. In such conditions, the Mexican government decided to go to the world.
The assault of a chapultek. Lithography A. Zh.-B. Bayo in Figure K. Nelva (1851)
RESULTS
Under the threat of renewing hostilities, most Mexican Congress adopted the terms of the Americans, and on February 2, 1848, a peace treaty was signed in the town of Guadalupe-Idalgo.
Mexico was forced to give the US Texas, California and a huge almost uncomfortable territory between them. On this territory are now the American states of California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Colorado and part of Wyoming. Thus, Mexico has lost more than half of the territory. As "compensation" of Mexico received 15 million dollars plus cancellation of unpaid claims. I must say that in the United States at this time there were strong moods to occupy all Mexico. But since the contract was concluded, the regiment decided to accept it. On March 10, 1848, the agreement concluded in Guadalupe-Idalgo was ratified by the American Senate. By the end of July, American troops were derived from Mexico. As a result of the war with Mexico, the United States established their undivided hegemony in North America.
Mexico was ruined and empty. The country was in full decline. Officials competed in abuse and corruption. The generals raised methers. All roads are bicked. The Mexican territories were making raids from Texas and Arizona and no less bloodthirsty Anglo-Saxon bandits. The Indians from Sierra Gorda devoured northeastern lands. On Yucatan, the wars of the Indians with the descendants of White (Creola) continued to be awake. She fell half of the population of the peninsula. And American politicians and journalists who werexicated by victory, persistently demanded to push the borders of the American Empire right up to Guatemala. However, the beginning of the civil war in the United States suspended American expansion.
In the early 1850s, the American government had the idea of \u200b\u200bbuilding a railway along the 32nd parallel. A part of the future road was outlined through the Mesal Valley between the Rio Grande River, Heil and Colorado. The valley belonged to Mexico and the US Messenger in this country J. Gadsden was instructed to buy it. For $ 10 million acquired an area of \u200b\u200b29,400 square meters. miles The contract concluded on December 30, 1853, completed the design of the modern southern border of the United States.
Mexico began to recover since 1857, when the Liberal Republic was proclaimed. The new government contributed to the colonization of extensive and lumpy northern Mexican states to avoid further territorial losses.
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