Proponial help with electric shocks. The rules of first aid with electric shock. Precautions when separating the victim from the source of electric

Causes of electric shock:

• Using low-quality or defective equipment
• Disassembly of the electrical appliance
• Touching uninsulated electrical apparer contacts or outlet
• Open the power line, finding the victim in the danger zone.
• Lightning strike
• Violation of safety regulations, accidental attachment of the included electrical appliance into water
• Contact with electrical wiring having damaged isolation, incl. During wet cleaning of the room.
• Blow electric shock

Types of electricians:

1. The blow by electric focus, in which the victim remains in consciousness.
2. A blow by electric shock at which the victim loses consciousness. All other functions remain normal.
3. A blow by electrical stroke, in which the victims of the loss of consciousness are observed in addition to loss of consciousness and cardiac activity.
4. Electric shock. It is characterized by loss of consciousness, muscle paralysis, severe disorders of the respiratory function and cardiac activity, burns.
5. The clinical death of the victim as a result of obtaining a severe electrician.

Precautions when separating the victim from the source of the electric flow:

• Dielectric gloves should be used. In the absence of gloves - windbrush with dry matter or protect the brushes, having lowered the sleeves of their own clothing.
• Approach the victim and travel better standing on the dried board, rubber rug, or on dry clothes in rubber shoes.
• When moving, the victim should be taken for clothes, without touching open areas of the body.
• You need to take the victim only one "insulated" hand, the second hand should be behind the back.
• Head facilities (wooden board or dielectric bar), abiding care, leak the wire with which the victim contacts.
• If the victim is firmly compressed contact, follows the above precautionary precautions, alternately dismiss each finger and separated the victim from the current source.

Methods for the first prefigible assistance in electric shock:

1. Observing precautions (see above), move the victim from the electrotock exposure zone.
2. Disable power source.
3. Call ambulance.
4. In the absence of affected signs of life, proceed to an indirect heart massage and artificial respiration: and hearts

Often, even after severe lesions electric shockThe victim can maintain activity and normal well-being. However, after a while it is possible to develop the symptoms described above. Fully outcome is possible.
Therefore, regardless of the severity of the impact of electric shock, and even with good health, a victim is needed qualified health care.

In terms of electrical excavation, the likelihood of burns is also high: see Protocol

Work in electrical installations is dangerous. Despite the multi-level protection against erroneous actions of workers when performing switching and repair work, the risk of turning under the voltage remains still preserved. It is especially great in newly accepted workers and, oddly enough, in experienced workers, with accumulated long-term experience. The latter is explained by the dullness of the feeling of danger and excessive confidence in its own opportunities.

First aid with electric shock damage must be immediately carried out, because the correctness and speed of action are the means of preserving human life and health. All operating in electrical installations, regardless of the position and kind of classes, are trained in the receptions of the salvation of victims under the guidance of a medical worker. Methods of resuscitation are carried out on special mannequins. The first aid with electric shock is the topic that is necessarily included in the list of issues on the exams on electrical safety exams.

Receptions and means for exemption from electric current

The human body is a good electric current conductor. Its resistance is not constantly, but depends on a number of factors, among which not only the state of the environment (heat or humidity), but also processes occurring inside.

With damage to the power of the muscle reflexively decrease. The larger current passes through the body, the stronger the abbreviation occurs, and with a certain value, called the limit of irregularity, the person is not able to release the bare wire independently or the tire itself. Therefore, the first aid with electric shock begins with the interrupting of the current path passing through the body of the victim. This uses any available tools and methods.

But before that, using the means of communication, be sure to take measures to notify the operational control of the electrical installation on what happened where and with whom. They will make a challenge to the scene of the brigade of physicians and will hurry to the rescue. If there is no operational service in the electrical installation, medical care is called independently.

Most effective method Interrupt the current through the human body - disable part of the electrical installation. However, non-shutdown tools are not always available. You can arrange a short closure on tires, throwing a metal object on them so that the sparks and arc do not harm or the saving or the victim. In the remainder cases, it is recommended using personal protective equipment: dielectric gloves, halosh, bots, operational rods - to tear the victim from the currents for which it holds. If the victim's voltage hit, you need to drag on the safe distance from the place of damage, also using the protection tools.

Assessment of the state of the victim

After the electric current is no longer threatened with you nor the victim, it is required to estimate its clinical state. To do this, find out:

• whether the victim is conscious;
• whether he breathes;
• does he have a pulse.

If the victim is unconscious, and he has a pulse and breathing (even if they are unstable), it needs to be put on the stomach, clean the oral cavity with a napkin or handkerchief, and attach something cold to the head - snow lump or a special cooling package from the first aid kit . In this position, he must remain until medical care arrives.

The presence of a pulse is checked on a carotid artery. With its absence, it is impossible to spend precious time to test the having breathing - a clinical death has come, and the bill of time goes for a minute. Required immediately to reanimate.

Resuscitation measures

Before the beginning of resuscitation, you need to flip the affected worker on your back. The chest is freed from clothes, its belt is unbounded on the belt. The head throws back, for which the roller from the rolled clothes or soft sweater is placed under the neck. The jaw must be advanced. All these measures are needed so that the language does not block the larynx and prevented the air to penetrate into the lungs. Otherwise, artificial respiration will become ineffective.

Resuscitation begins with a fist to the sternum region opposite the heart. Sometimes this action allows you to immediately launch it. The pulse is controlled if it does not appear, the resuscitation continues.

The rescuer is located on the right side of the victim. He has palms of hand Cross cross-one for another. The heart massage is performed indirect: the chest is pressed with a frequency of 50 - 80 times per minute. The power of presses should be such that the brew bent inwards at 3 - 4 cm. It is impossible to excessively pressing - the ribs should not be broken, otherwise the whole point in resuscitation disapves. The victim will receive internal damage, and his death will be inevitable.

If resuscitation occurs with the participation of only one rescuer, then the heart massage has to be alternating with artificial respiration. Pressing on the chest is counted, after 15 pressing there are two forced inhalation of air into the lungs.

For this, the rescuer with his left hand clamps the victim's nose, right - throws his head back, breathe air. Then through the victim of the victim, gauze or the "mouth-mask type pre-mask pre-laid on the mouth, which is part of the first aid kit, breathes the air into the lungs. You need to follow the sternum of the victim: it should rise. This suggests that the air fell not in the stomach, but in the lungs.

After that, the rescuer continues the indirect massage to the victim, alternating 15 pages on the sternum with two breaths. To consider out loud, the number of presses are recommended to not be removed from the rhythm, as well as for the complacency of the person providing assistance. A monoton account allows you to suppress the feelings of fear and excitement and not lose control.

If two participate in resuscitation, then massage and artificial respiration they are carried out in turn, being close to each other, one side of the victim. After five presses, two breaths are performed for artificial respiration. With the participation of three people, the third lifts at the injured leg. It provides him with a blood flow of grades to heart. The third rescuer is to prepare to hold a massage when the partner gets tired. Saving, making artificial respiration, controls the pulse of the victim in pauses between the breaths.

The resuscitation consumption is continuing until doctors arrive. Only health workers can make a conclusion that death occurred and further resuscitation is meaningless.

If breathing and the pulse appeared, the victim turn over the stomach, if he is unconscious - cold is applied to the head. When the consciousness is returned - to leave it alone, but not allow the victim to get up until the medical care is. Clinical death can come again at any time, therefore the injured from the operation of the electric current should be sent to the hospital under the supervision of doctors.

I argue:

Head of the organization

(Deputy Head of the Organization,

to whose job duties

enter labor protection issues)

___________ __________________

(signature) (surname, initials)

"_____" _________________ 20 ___.

Instruction

for the first aid to be affected by electric shock

1. General first aid requirements

1.1. First aid is a complex of urgent activities carried out in accidents and sudden diseases aimed at stopping the damaging factor, to eliminate phenomena, threatening life, to facilitate the suffering and preparation of victim to send to the medical institution.

First aid is the simplest medical actions performed directly at the scene in the shortest possible time after injury. It turns out to be not physicians, but workers who are at the moment of incident directly at the scene of the incident or near him. It is considered an optimal first aid period - 30 minutes after injury.

1.2. The first help must adhere to the following recommendations:

• release the dangerous production factor (electric current, chemicals, water, water, etc.) of the dangerous production factor (electric current, chemicals, water, etc.), to evaluate the condition of the victim, if necessary, make it easier for fresh air, freeing the breath of clothing;
• determine the nature and degree of damage, for which it is to expose the damaged part of the body or remove from the victim all the clothes. Stripping and dressing of the victim should be careful, do not cause painful sensations or re-damage;
• to fulfill the necessary measures to save the victim in the order of urgency (restore the permeability of the respiratory tract, if necessary, to carry out artificial respiration, the outer massage of the heart, stop the bleeding, immobilize the place of the fracture, impose a bandage, etc.);
• support the main life functions of the victim before the arrival of the medical worker;
• call health workers or take measures to transport the victim to the nearest therapeutic institution.

1.3. Assist should know:

• basics of work in extreme conditions;
• the main signs of violations of the vital functions of the human body;
• rules, methods, first aid techniques in relation to the peculiarities of a particular accident, a particular person;
• basic ways of carrying and evacuating victims;
• techniques of artificial respiration (the purification of the mouth, the correct position of the head of the victim during artificial respiration, carrying out the artificial respiration "from the mouth to the mouth" or "from the mouth to the nose");
• receptions of the indirect heart massage (the place of arrangement of the hands, the position of the help).

1.4. Assist should be able to:

• quickly and correctly assess the situation, orient in extreme conditions (including in electrical installations, on water, etc.);
• evaluate the condition of the victim, diagnose the appearance, features of the lesion (injuries);
• to determine the type of first aid, the sequence of relevant activities, control their effectiveness, if necessary, is corrected by measures;
• correctly carry out the entire first aid complex, control efficiency, adjust;
• resuscitation measures taking into account the state of the victim;
• temporarily stop bleeding by imposing a harness, a gulling bandage, a finger pressed vessel;
• perform artificial respiration "from mouth to mouth" ("from mouth to nose") and a closed heart massage and evaluate their effectiveness;
• impose bandages, shocks, transport tires during fractures of skeleton bones, heavy bruises;
• immobilize a damaged part of the body with a fracture of bones, severe injury, thermal lesion;
• provide assistance in electric shocks, including in extreme conditions;
• provide assistance in thermal and solar blows, drowning, acute poisoning, vomiting, unconscious state;
• use the primary means when providing first aid, when transferring, loading, transporting the victim;
• determine the need to call emergency medical care, a medical worker;
• evacuate the victim to the passing (unsuitable) transport;
• use first aid aid kit.

1.5. Depending on the affecting factor, injury is divided into:

• mechanical (wounds, bruises, gaps of internal organs, bone fractures, dislocation);
• physical (burns, thermal impact, frostbite, electric shock or lightning, radiation disease, etc.);
• chemical (effects of acids, alkalis, poisoning substances);
• biological (effects of bacterial toxins), mental (fright, shock, etc.).

Depending on the type of injury, use a certain set of measures aimed at salvation, life and health of the victim.

In case of the impossibility of calling a doctor to the scene, it is necessary to ensure the transportation of the victim into the nearest therapeutic institution. You can transport the affected only with satisfactory breathing and a steady pulse. If the condition of the victim does not allow it to transport it, it is necessary to continue to assist.

2. Exemption from electric current (general recommendations)

2.1. With electric shock damage, it is necessary to free the victim of the current as soon as possible, since the severity of the electric travelers depends on the duration of this action.

2.2. Touching the current-carrying parts under voltage causes in most cases an involuntary convulsive cutting of muscles and the overall arousal that can lead to a violation and even to the complete cessation of respiratory and blood circulation bodies.

If the victim holds the wire with his hands, its fingers are so much compressed that it becomes impossible to release the wire from his hands. Therefore, the first action of the help must be immediately disconnecting the part of the electrical installation, which concerns the victim.

Disconnection is performed using switches, switch or other non-disconnecting machine, as well as by removing or retrieving fuses (plugs), plug connector.

2.3. If the victim is at the height, then turning off the installation and thereby exemption from the current may cause it to fall. In this case, it is necessary to take measures warning the fall of the victim or ensuring its safety.

2.4. When the electrical installation is turned off, the electric light can simultaneously go out. In this regard, in the absence of daylight lighting, it is necessary to take care of lighting from another source (enable emergency lighting, battery lights, etc.), taking into account the explosion hazard and fire hazard of the room, without delaying the shutdown of the electrical installation and assistance to the victim.

2.5. If the installation cannot be disabled enough, it is necessary to take other measures to exempt the victim from the current action. In all cases, assisting should not touch the victim without proper precautions, as it is dangerous for life. He must monitor and so that it does not be in contact with the current part and under the tension of the step.

3. Exemption from electrical current voltage up to 1000 V

3.1. To separate the victims of the current-carrying parts or wires, up to 1000 V should be used by the rope, stick, board, or any other dry object that does not conduct an electric current, you can also delay it for clothes (if it is dry and retreats from the body), for example, For the floors of the jacket or coat, behind the collar, avoiding the contact with the surrounding metal objects and parts of the body of the injured, not covered with clothes.

3.2. Having hoping the victims of the legs, providing help should not concern his shoes or clothes without good isolation of their hands, as shoes and clothing can be raw and show electrical current conductors.

3.3. For the isolation of the hands providing assistance, the dielectric gloves should wear or wrap the hand with a scarf, put a cloth cap on her, pull the sleeve, jacket or coat onto it, throw on the affected rubber rug, rubberized matter (raincoat) or just dry matter. You can also isolate yourself, putting onto a rubber mat, a dry board or any non-conductive electrical current litter, a bundle of clothing, etc. When separating the victims of the current-carrying parts, it is recommended to act with one hand, keeping the second in your pocket or behind the back.

3.4. If the electric current passes into the ground through the affected and he convulsively squeezes one current element in his hand (for example, a wire), it's easier to interrupt the current, separating the affected area of \u200b\u200bthe earth (slip the dry board under it, or pull the legs from the ground with a rope, or drag off the clothes) By observing the precautionary measures mentioned above both in relation to itself and in relation to the victim.

You can also reflect the wires with an ax with a dry wooden handle or eat them tool with insulated handles (nipples, passage, etc.).

It is necessary to cut off and snack the wires, that, that is, each wire is separately, it is recommended to stand if possible on dry boards, a wooden staircase, etc. You can use a non-insulated tool by wrapped it with dry matter handle.

4. Exemption from electrical current voltage above 1000 V

4.1. To separate the victims of the current-carrying part, which is under voltage above 1000 V, you should wear dielectric gloves and bots and act a barbell or insulating ticks calculated on the appropriate voltage; At the same time, it is necessary to remember the danger of step voltage, if the current-carrying part (wire, etc.) lies on Earth, and after the release of the affected current, it is necessary to take it out of the danger zone.

4.2. On the power lines, when you cannot quickly disable them from the power points, to release the victim, if it concerns the wires, the wiring should be closed, sketching the flexible non-insulated wire. The wire must have a sufficient section so that it does not overcome when the short circuit current is passed through it.

Before making the sketch, one end of the wire must be ground (attach it to a grounded metal support, etc.).

For the convenience of sketching on the free end of the conductor, it is advisable to attach the cargo. It is necessary to divert the conductor so that it does not touch people, including helping and affected. If the victim concerns one wire, only this wire is sufficiently ground.

5. First aid to the injured from electric current

5.1. After the release of the affected operation of the electric current, it is necessary to estimate its condition. Signs for which you can quickly determine the condition of the victim, the following:

• consciousness: Clear, absent, broken (injured intensive, excited);
• color of skin and visible mucousse (lips, eyes): pink, blue, pale;
• breathing: Normal, absent, broken (incorrect, surface, hoarse);
• the pulse on the carotid artery: it is well determined (the rhythm is correct or incorrect) is poorly determined, absent;
• pupils: narrow, wide.

5.2. With certain skills, possessing the help for one minute is able to assess the state of the victim and decide, in which volume and the procedure should be assisted.

5.3. The color of the skin and the presence of breathing (on the rise and lowering of the chest) is estimated visually. It is impossible to spend precious time on the attachment of the mirror of the mirror, shiny metal objects. The loss of consciousness also, as a rule, is judged visually, and to finally be convinced of its absence, you can turn to the victim with a question about well-being.

5.4. The pulse on the carotid artery is tested with the pillows of the second, third and fourth fingers, having them along the neck between Kadyk (Adamovo Apple) and the municipal muscle and slightly pressing the spine. Pulse determination techniques on the carotid artery very easy to work on themselves or on their loved ones.

5.5. The width of pupils with closed eyes determine in the following way: The pads of the index fingers are put on the top eyelids of both eyes and, slightly appling them to the eyeball, raise up. At the same time, the eye slot opens and the rounding round is visible on a white background, and in the center of its rounded shape, black pupils, the state of which (narrow or wide) is evaluated by what iris area they occupy.

5.6. As a rule, the degree of violation of consciousness, the color of the skin and the respiratory state can be estimated simultaneously with the tackling of the pulse, which takes no more than 1 minute. The inspection of the pupils can be carried out in a few seconds.

5.7. If the victim does not have consciousness, breathing, pulse, skin-skinned, and pupils are wide (5 millimeters in diameter), we can assume that it is in a state of clinical death and immediately begin to revitalize the body using artificial respiration in the method " mouth "or" mouth to nose "and outdoor heart massage. Do not undress the victim, losing precious seconds.

5.8. If the victim breathes very rarely and convulsively, but his pulse is tested, it is necessary to immediately start making artificial respiration. It is not necessary that during artificial respiration the victim was in a horizontal position.

5.9. Starting a revival, you need to take care of a doctor's call or emergency care. This should not do any help who cannot interrupt its rendering, but someone else.

5.10. If the victim is conscious, but before that was fainting or was unconscious, but with preserved resistant breathing and pulse, it should be put on the litter, for example, from clothes; unbutton clothes shy breathing; create a flow of fresh air; warm the body if cold; Provide coolness if hot; Create a complete peace, continuously observing the pulse and breathing; Remove unnecessary people.

5.11. If the victim is unconscious, it is necessary to observe his breathing and in the event of a respiratory disruption due to the violation of the language, put forward the lower jaw forward, holding my fingers for its corners, and maintain it in such a position until the tongue of the language stops.

5.12. If the injured vomiting it occurs, it is necessary to turn his head and shoulders to left to remove the vomit.

5.13. In no case cannot allow the victim to move, and even more so to continue work, since the absence of visible heavy damage from electric current or other reasons (fall, etc.) does not exclude the possibility of the subsequent deterioration of its condition.

5.14. To transfer the victim to another place only in cases where he or a person providing assistance continues to threaten the danger or when the help of the place is impossible (for example, on the support).

5.15. In no case can not be buried the victim to the ground, as this will only bring harm and lead to the loss of expensive for his rescue minutes.

During the damage to the zipper, the same help is that with electric shock.

The instructions are familiar with:

(signature) (surname, initials)

"____" ____________ 20__

AGREED

Head of Labor Protection Service (Specialist in labor protection or a specialist who is entrusted with these duties)

_______________ _______________________

(signature) (surname, initials)

Head of the Structural Unit (Developer)

_______________ _______________________

(signature) (surname, initials)

It is surrounded by electrical appliances everywhere, and therefore, unfortunately, the situation is not uncommon when you can get an electrician. The effects of electric shock can be very dangerous to health and even the life of the victim, therefore it is very important to know how predetermined assistance in defeating the current.

Among all other injury injuries obtained by electric shock are one of the most dangerous. The degree of danger of such injury depends on force defeatwhich in turn depends on the power electric charge, on the exposure to the charge on the victim, on the nature of the electric current, as well as from the state of the most victim and the places of its contact with the source of the electric current.

For the human body minimally sensitive is the effect of electric current by force 1-1.5 mA in the case of alternating current (frequency 50 Hz) or 5-7 mA - if the current is permanent. The minimum current strength, when exposed to which a person can no longer remove limbs from the current source, is 10-15 mA for AC and 50-80 mA for permanent. Conditional fatal for man It is a threshold of 300 mA for DC and 100 mA for AC for AC - when exposed to an electric current of such force on the body longer than 0.5 with almost 100% of cases, fibrillation of heart muscles occurs.

Electric current damage can lead to the emergence of burns of I-IV degrees of gravity, failures in the work of the heart muscle, failures in the work of the nervous system. If you do not have the first help in time from defeating the current, then the outcome can even be lethal. What are the rules for advantageous assistance in electric worms?

Rules for first aid with electricity damage

The first trial aid with electric shock lesions is always only after the impact of an affecting factor on the victim is eliminated. This means that before assisting, you must definitely disable the source of the electrotock or stop contacting the victim with the current-friendly parts of the electrical appliance.

At the same time, it is important that the rescue itself does not find himself on the site of the victim, so he should mustoke yourself From electric shock, for example, using rubber gloves and shoes on a rubber sole. To touch the victim's bare hands, if it is still in contact with the source of the electric current, in no case cannot be.

After you managed to drag the victim from the current source or turn off the current supply to the electrical appliance, you need call an ambulance. Even if the victim does not have visible damage, it may turn out that the defeat of the current gave the so-called deferred complications, so the inspection of the victim by experts is obligatory.

First aid for lesion to the current depends on the state of the victim.

Quickly evaluate the clinical state of the victim in 15-20 seconds by such signs:

Clear, disturbed or missing consciousness;

Pink, pale or blue lips;

Normal or extended pupils;

Normal, disturbed or missing breathing;

Good, bad or missing pulse.

After evaluating the state of the victim, it is necessary to choose the correct algorithm for assistance. If there is no breathing and pulse, pupils are expanded, and lips and skin have a blue shade, it indicates the onset of clinical death, it is necessary to immediately begin to resuscitation actions: make artificial respiration and indirect heart massage.

If the breath and the pulse of the victim is there, but they are broken, there is no consciousness, then it is necessary to take measures to render first aid for fainting. If the victim has thermal burns of I-IV degrees of gravity, then act must act in accordance with the rules for the provision of prefigure for burns.

When assuming, the electric shock is important to be a high response rate, clear sequence of actions and clear reason. It is best to call the victim from the current to help others to distribute the responsibilities for its salvation among several people: someone has to call an ambulance, someone - to help transfer the victim, save him from shy clothes, someone - to start artificial Breathing and outdoor heart massage, if required.

The health and life of the victim also depends on the coherence and speed of actions of the rescue, therefore, when first aid, you need to try not to panic. First aid should be rendered until the arrival of the ambulance brigade or until the victim is delivered to the nearest therapeutic institution. Doctors need to be obliged to inform all the measures rendered to the victim, so that they can correctly assess its current state.

Section: Power supply and electrical safety.

Subsection: First aid for accidents.

Part: Provision of first prefigure aid with electric shock.

Saving a human life affected by electric current depends largely on the speed and correctness of the actions of persons providing him. Promotive assistance should be started to render immediately, if possible, at the scene, at the same time, providing medical care.

It should be remembered: Never refuse to help the victim, who has stopped breathing and heartbeat. Only a doctor is entitled to state death.

The first assistance to the injured from the electric current turns out in two stages: the release of the victim of the current and the first prefigible medical care.

Liberation of the victim of the current. If a person struck by a current comes into contact with current parts, it is necessary to quickly release it from the current action, taking precautions at the same time, so that it is not to be in contact with the currently important parts or with the body of the victim, as well as under the tension of the step.

It is best to turn off the installation, and if it is impossible, it is necessary (in the installations up to 1000 c) to reflect the wires with an ax with a wooden handle or to eat them with an insulated handle tool. To disable the line, you can cause its short circuit by sketching the bare wire. The victim can be delayed from the current-carrying part, holding his clothes if it is dry and lags behind the body. At the same time, it is impossible to touch the body of the victim, his shoes, raw clothes, etc. If necessary, to touch the body of the injured assistance must isolate its hands, putting dielectric gloves.

In the absence of dielectric gloves, you need to wrap my hands with a scarf, put on your hands a hat and the like. Instead of the isolation of hands, you can isolate yourself from the ground, putting on the feet rubber galoshes, or put on the rubber mat, board, etc. If the victim is very squeezing with the hands of the wire, you need to wear dielectric gloves and open his hands, flexing each finger separately. If the victim is located on top, shutdown the installation can cause it to fall. In this case, it is necessary to take measures to ensure safety with the possible fall of the victim.
At a voltage above 1000 V - wear dielectric gloves, bots and acting the insulating barbell, drag the wire or the victim from the wire for 8 meters.

Determining the status of the victim.

To determine the status of the victim, it is necessary to put it on the back and check the availability of consciousness; In the absence of consciousness, check the availability of breathing and pulse. The presence of respiration in the victim is determined to the eye on the rise and lowering the chest. The pulse check is carried out on the radial artery at about the base of the thumb. If the pulse is not detected on the radial artery, it is necessary to check it on the carotid artery on the neck with the right and left side of the protrusion of the thyroid cartilage - Adamov Apple. On the absence of blood circulation in the body, you can judge the same as the state of the eye pupil, which is expanding a minute after the heart is stopped. Checking the status of the victim should be carried out quickly for no more than 15-20 seconds.

The first prefigible medical assistance to the victim turns out to be immediately, after being released from the current, here, at the scene.

Sequence of actions to provide first aid at the scene:

If there is no consciousness and there is no pulse on the carotid artery - to proceed to resuscitation;

If there is no consciousness, but there is a pulse on the carotid artery - turn on the belly and clean the oral cavity;

With abundant bleeding - impose harness (alaty blood from the wound follows the fountaining jet, a roller from flowing blood formed over the wound, a large bloody spot on clothes or a puddle of blood near the victim);

If there are wounds - impose bandages;

If there are signs of fractures of the bones of the limbs - to impose transport tires.

In the event of a sudden death of a person:

Ensure the absence of a pulse on the carotid artery;

Free the chest from clothes and unbutton the belt;

Cover with two fingers a mild process;

Strike a fist on the chest;

Start performing resuscitation complex (indirect heart massage- position the palm on the chest so that the thumb is directed at the rescuer.

The depth of priming the chest is at least 3-4 cm. Pressing frequency is 50-100 times per minute; Artificial breathing - pinch the nose of the victim, capture the chin, throw back the head of the victim and make the maximum exhalation in the mouth, two "inhalation" of artificial respiration do after 30 pressing on the sternum)

It is necessary to conduct resuscitation to the victim either before the emergence of independent respiration and independent cardiac activity, or before the arrival of medical workers, or before the signs of biological death.

Signs indicating the biological death of the victim:

Drying corneal eye;

The deformation of the pupil when cautiously compressing the eyeball fingers;

The appearance of body spots.

Signs, testifying to the sudden (clinical) death of the victim:

Lack of consciousness;

The victim being in a state of the coma (there is no consciousness, but there is a pulse):

To make the hand of the victim of his head near his head;

Rotate the injured breasts to his knees;

Clean the mouth of the oral cavity and put pressure on the root of the tongue;

Put on the stomach and attach cold to the head.

In the case of bleeding, the artery must be pressed:

On the limbs - above the place of bleeding;

On the neck and head - below the wound or in the wound.

Harness with dangerous bleeding changes after an hour after overlay and in the future every 30 minutes. The harness imposed on the hip is removed only by order of the medical worker.

The procedure for the first aid assistance to the victim during bleeding from the forearm:

Press the shoulder artery to the shoulder bone above the wound;

Squeeze the victim and put his wounded hand on my shoulder;

Impose harness on the hand raised up and make sure that there is no pulse on the radial artery (when the limb is rapidly removing the harness and impose it again);

Impose a sterile bandage on the wound (you can not rinse with water with water and pour alcohol or any other solutions into the wound);

Insert a note about the overlay time of the harness and check the pulse once again. Lock the hand of a golk.

The procedure for first aid assistance to the victim in the injury of the chest:

Squeeze the victim and press the palm to the wound, close air access to it;

Impose a plaster or scotch;

With the loss of consciousness, give him the "half-sidet" position and follow the state of the pulse and breathing.

The procedure for first aid assistance to the victim when the abdomen is injured:

Lift legs in the knees and unbutton the belt;

Cover the contents of the wound with a clean napkin. Provide peace in the "lying on the back" position;

Attach the napkin, fully covered by the edges of the wound with adhesive plane;

Put on the stomach cold.

Protection against harmful substances in production.

Harmful chemicals

The rapid development of the chemical industry and the chemicalization of the entire national economy led to a significant expansion of production and application in the industry of various chemicals; The range of these substances was also significantly expanded: many new chemical compounds were obtained, such as monomers and polymers, dyes and solvents, fertilizers and pesticides, combustible substances, etc. Many of these substances are not indifferent to the body and, falling into the air. Work premises, directly on working or inside their organism, they may not affect health or normal life activity.

Such chemicals are called harmful. The latter, depending on the nature of their action, are divided into irritating substances, toxic (or - poisons), sensitizing (or allergens), carcinogenic and others. Many of them have at the same time several harmful properties, and above all in one way or another toxic, so the concept of "harmful substances" is often identically identified with "toxic substances", "poisons", regardless of the presence of other properties in them.

Poisoning and diseases arising from the effects of harmful substances in the process of performing work in production are called professional poisoning and diseases.

Causes and sources of harmful substances

Harmful substances in industry can be part of raw materials, ultimate, side or intermediate products of a particular production. They can be three species: solid, liquid and gaseous. The formation of dust of these substances, vapors and gases is possible.

Toxic dust is formed as a result of the same reasons as conventional dust described in the previous section (grinding, combustion, evaporation, followed by condensation), and are released into air through open opening, poorness of dusting equipment, or when crossing them in an open way.

Liquid harmful substances are most often seeping through looseness in the equipment, communications, are sprayed when they are discovered from a single container to another. At the same time, they can get directly on the skin of working and have an appropriate adverse effect, and in addition, to pollute the surrounding exterior surfaces of the equipment and fences that become open sources of their evaporation.

With such contamination, large surfaces of evaporation of harmful substances are created, which leads to a rapid saturation of air in pairs and the formation of high concentrations. The most frequent causes of seeping of liquids from equipment and communications are the separation of gaskets in flange connections, loosely fitted cranes and valves, insufficiently compacted seals, metal corrosion, etc.

If liquid substances are in open containers, from their surface also evaporates and the establishment of the formed vapors in the air of work premises; The greater the open surface of the fluid, the more it evaporates.

In the event that the liquid partially fills the closed container, the formed pairs are saturated to the limit of the unfilled space of this container, creating very high concentrations in it. In the presence of strokes in this container, the concentrated pairs can penetrate the atmosphere of the workshop and pollute it. The output of vapors increases if the container is under pressure.

Massive vapor allocations also occur at the time of filling with the tank with liquid when the fluid is filled. Copy concentrated pairs from the container, which through the open part or looseness go to the workshop (if the closed container is not equipped with a special air terminal out of the workshop). The selection of vapors from closed containers with harmful liquids occurs when the covers or hatches are opened to monitor the process, mixing or loading additional materials, sampling, etc.

If gaseous harmful substances are used as raw materials or are obtained as ready or intermediate products, they, as a rule, stand out in the air of work space only through random loosening in communications and equipment (since if they have them in the devices, the latter cannot even open in short time ).

As mentioned in the previous section, gases can settle on the surface of the dust and together with them for certain distances. In such cases, the places of dust-finding can be simultaneously both gas divisions.

The source of excretion of harmful substances of all three species (aerosol, vapor and gas) is often various heating devices: dried, heating, roasting and smelting furnaces, etc. Harmful substances are formed in them due to combustion and thermal decomposition of some products. The selection of them into the air occurs through the working openings of these furnaces and dried, loosening their masonry (proper) and from the heated material removed from them (molten slag or metal, dried products or burnt material, etc.).

The frequent cause of massive distinguishing distinguishes is the repair or cleaning of equipment and communications containing toxic substances with their opening and even more dismantling.

Some vapor and gaseous substances, standing out into the air and polluting it, are sorbed (absorbed) by separate building materials, such as wood, plaster, brick, etc. over time, such building materials are saturated with these substances and under certain conditions (temperature changes and others. ) themselves become sources of their separation in the air - desorption; Therefore, sometimes even with the full elimination of all other sources of distinguishing, elevated concentrations of them in the air can remain for a long time.

Ways of receipt and distribution of harmful substances in the body

The main routes of receipt of harmful substances in the body are respiratory tract, digestive tract and skin.

The greatest value is the flow of them. through respiratory organs. The toxic dust, couples and gases entered the air are inhaled and penetrated into the lungs. Through the branched surface of bronchiole and alveoli, they are absorbed into the blood. Inhaled poisons have an adverse effect on almost all over the time of operation in a polluted atmosphere, and sometimes even at the end of work, since their suction is still continuing. The poisons received through the respiration organs through the organs throughout the body, as a result of which their toxic action can affect the most varied organs and tissues.

Harmful substances come to the digestion organs during the swallowing of toxic dust, located on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, or by bringing them there with contaminated hands.

The poisons entered into the digestive tract at all of its length absorbed through the mucous membranes into the blood. Basically, suction occurs in the stomach and intestines. The blood entered through the digestive bodies of the poison is directed to the liver, where some of them are delayed and partially neutralize, because the liver is a barrier for applicants through the digestive tract of substances. Just passing through this barrier, the poisons go into common bloodstream and they are spread throughout the body.

Toxic substances with the ability to dissolve or dissolve in fats and lipoids can penetrate the skin when contaminated by the latter with these substances, and sometimes in the presence of their cargo (to a lesser extent). Penetrated through the skin of the poisons immediately enter the overall bloodstream and they are dealt with the body.

We entered the body in one way or another, the poisons can be relatively uniformly distributed over all organs and tissues, having a toxic effect on them. Some of them accumulate mainly in some one tissues and organs: in the liver, bones, etc. Such places of the predominant accumulation of toxic substances are called the Depot of Ida in the body.

For many substances, certain types of tissues and organs are characterized, where they are deposited. Delayed poisons in the depot can be both short-term and longer - up to several days and weeks. Gradually, leaving the depot to the overall bloodstream, they can also have a definite, as a rule, a weak toxic effect. Some unusual phenomena (alcohol intake, specific food, disease, injury, etc.) can cause a faster elimination of poisons from the depot, as a result of which their toxic effect is manifested more pronounced.

The selection of poisons from the body is mainly through the kidneys and intestines; The most volatile substances are also released through the lungs with exhaled air.

Harmful chemicals. Physico-chemical properties of harmful substances

Physico-chemical properties of harmful substances

Physico-chemical properties of harmful substances in the form of dust. same as conventional dust.

If solid, but soluble harmful substances are used in production in the form of solutions, their physicochemical properties will largely be similar to the properties of liquid substances.

When, harmful substances enter the skin and mucous membranes, the superficial tension of the fluid or solution, the consistency of the substance, chemical affinity with fats and lipoids covering the skin, and the ability to dissolve fats and lipoids, has the greatest hygienic value from physicochemical properties.

Substances of liquid consistency and liquid with a small surface tension when entering skin cover or mucous membranes are well wetted and contaminated by a larger area, and, on the contrary, liquids with a large surface tension, thick consistency (oily) and solids, hitting the skin, More often on it in the form of droplets (if they are not rubbed) or dust (solids), contacting the skin on a limited area. Thus, substances with small surface tension and liquid consistency are more dangerous or thick consistency and with a large surface tension.

Substances close to their chemical composition to fat and lipoids, when entering the skin relatively quickly dissolve in fats and lipoids of the skin and together with them pass through the skin inside the organism (through its pores, swing and sweat glands). Many liquids have the ability to dissolve fats and lipoids themselves and due to this relatively quickly penetrate the skin. Consequently, substances possessing these properties are of greater danger than others with opposite physicochemical properties (with equal other conditions).

In contacting the contamination by harmful pairs or gas in the air, the volatility of substances, the elasticity of its vapor, the boiling point, the proportion, chemical composition have a volatility.

The volatility of substances call the ability to evaporate a certain amount of time per unit of time at a given temperature. The volatility of all substances is compared with the vulgarity of the ether under the same conditions adopted per unit. The substances with a small volatility are slower than the air than substances with high volatility, which can relatively quickly evaporate, creating high concentrations of them in the air. Consequently, substances with increased volatility represent a greater danger than with small. With increasing temperature of the substance, its volatility increases.

An important hygienic value is elasticity or pressure of a pair of toxic fluid, that is, the saturation limit of air at a certain temperature. This indicator is expressed, as well as air pressure, in millimeters of a mercury pillar. For each liquid, the elasticity of steam for certain temperatures is the value constant.

The degree of possible saturation of the air in pairs depends on this value. The higher the elasticity of the steam, the greater the saturation and the higher the concentrations can be created when evaporating this fluid. With increasing temperature, the elasticity of steam increases. This property is especially important to consider with long-term evaporation of toxic substances, when the selection of vapors occurs until the air is completely saturated, which is often observed in closed, poorly ventilated rooms.

The boiling point that is permanent for each substance also determines the relative risk of this substance, since evaporation of it depends on the usual temperature conditions of the workshop. It is known that the most intense vaporization, that is, evaporation, occurs when boiling when the fluid temperature rises to this constant value.

However, a gradual increase in liquid evaporation occurs as its temperature approaches the boiling point. Consequently, the lower the boiling point of the substance, the smaller the difference between the last and normal temperature of the workshop, the closer the temperature of this substance (if it is additionally cooled or not heated) to its boiling temperature, so above and its evaporation. Thus, the substances with low boiling point are of greater danger than high-boiling.

The specific weight of the substance is one of the factors determining the distribution of the vapor of this substance in the air. The pairs of substances with the specific weight less than the specific weight of the air under the same temperature conditions rise into the upper zone, therefore, passing through a relatively thick layer of air (when highlighting vapors in the lower zone), they quickly mixed with it, polluting significant spaces and creating the highest concentrations in The upper zone (if there is no mechanical or natural hood from there).

With a specific gravity of substances, more specific air weighting pairs accumulate mainly in the lower zone, creating the highest concentrations there. However, it should be noted that this last pattern is often disturbed when the heat generation occurs or the pairs themselves are highlighted in heated form. In these cases, despite the large proportion, convection flows of heated air pairs are lined up in the upper "zone and also contaminate air. This patterns must be considered when placing jobs at different levels of the workshop and with exhaust ventilation equipment.

Some of the above physical properties of substances has a significant impact of the state of the external environment, and above all meteorological conditions. For example, an increase in air mobility enhances the evaporation of liquids, an increase in temperature increases the elasticity of vapors and enhances the evaporation, the latter contributes to the latter.

The most significant hygienic value is the chemical composition of harmful substances. The chemical composition of the substance determines its main toxic properties: various substances in their chemical composition have different toxic effects on the body both in character and strength. A strictly defined and consistent dependence between the chemical composition of the substance and its toxic properties is not established, but some connection between them can be installed.

Thus, in particular, the substances of one chemical group, as a rule, are largely similar to the nature of their toxicity (benzene and its homologs, a group of chlorinated hydrocarbons, etc.). This sometimes makes it possible to approximately judge the nature of the toxic effect of some new substance in the similarity of the chemical composition. Inside the individual groups similar to the chemical composition of substances, some regularity in changing the degree of their toxicity, and sometimes in the change in the nature of the toxic effects are also revealed.

For example, in the same group of chlorinated or other haloid-substituted hydrocarbons as the number of hydrogen atoms substituted by halides increases, the degree of toxicity of substances increases (tetrachloroethane is toxic than dichloroethane, and the last toxic than chloride ethyl); The addition of nitro or amino groups to aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylene) instead of the hydrogen atom give them completely different toxic properties.

The identified certain relationships between the chemical composition of substances and their toxic properties were allowed to approach the approximate estimate of the degree of toxicity of new substances on the basis of their chemical composition.

Harmful chemicals. The effect of harmful substances on the body

The effect of harmful substances on the body

Harmful substances can have local and overall effect on the body. The local action is most often manifested in the form of irritation or chemical burns of the place of immediate contact with poison; Typically, there is a skin cover or mucous membranes of the eyes, upper respiratory tract and oral cavity. It is a consequence of the chemical effects of an irritant or toxic substance on the living cells of the skin and mucous membranes. In a light form, it is manifested in the form of redness of the skin or mucous membranes, sometimes in their swelling, sensation of itch or burning; In more severe cases, painful phenomena are more pronounced, and changing the skin or mucous membranes can be up to their ulceration.

The general effect of the poison occurs when it penetrates into blood and distribution throughout the body. Some poisons have specific, that is, the electoral action on certain organs and systems (blood, liver, nervous tissue, etc.). In these cases, penetrating into the body in any way, the poison affects only a certain organ or system. Most of the poisons have a general-toxic effect or action simultaneously into several organs or systems,

The toxic effect of poisons can manifest itself in the form of acute or chronic poisoning - intoxication.

Acute poisoning arises due to a relatively short effects of significant quantities of harmful substance (high concentrations) and is characterized, as a rule, the rapid development of painful phenomena - intoxication syptoms.

In the development of sharp poisoning, several stages distinguish. The initial period of intoxication is a long-term - characterized, as a rule, by some nonspecific phenomena, sometimes even weakly.

Activities for the prevention of professional poisoning and diseases should be directed primarily to the maximum elimination of harmful substances from production by replacing them non-toxic or at least less toxic products. It is also necessary to eliminate or maximize toxic impurities in chemical products, for which in the approved standards for these products it is advisable to indicate the limits of possible impurities, that is, their hygienic standardization.

In the presence of several types of raw materials or technological processes to obtain the same product, it is necessary to give preference to those materials containing less toxic substances or the available substances have the lowest toxicity, as well as the processes in which toxic substances or the latter are not distinguished toxicity.

Special attention should be paid to the use of the production of new chemicals, the toxic properties of which have not yet been studied. Among such substances may also be highly toxic, so the possibility of professional poisoning is not excluded. In order to avoid this, all newly developed technological processes and newly obtained chemicals should simultaneously study with hygienic positions: to assess the risk of excretion of the harm and toxicity of new substances. All innovations and envisaged preventive measures must be coordinated with local sanitary supervision authorities.

Technological processes using or the possibility of formation of toxic substances should be able to be continuous to eliminate or reduce to a minimum excretion of harm at intermediate stages of the technological process. For the same purpose, it is necessary to use the most sealed technological equipment and communications in which toxic substances may be. Special attention should be paid to maintaining tightness in flange compounds (apply stripping resistant to this substance), in closing hatches and other working openings, gland seals, samplers.

If leakage or knocking out of vapors and gases from the equipment is found, urgent measures must be taken to eliminate the existing stuff in equipment or communications. To load raw materials, as well as unloading finished products or by-products containing toxic substances, you should use sealed feeders or closed pipelines so that these operations are made without opening equipment or communications.

Air supplied during the loading of tanks with toxic substances should be discharged by special pipelines (air) beyond the workshop (as a rule, to the upper zone), and in some cases, when extruded out, especially toxic substances are subjected to pre-purification from harmful substances or neutralization, disposal, and so Further.

The technological mode of operation of equipment with the content of toxic substances in it is expedient - to maintain it so that it does not contribute to the enhancement of the excretion of the harm. The greatest effect in this respect provides maintenance of some discharge in the devices and communications, in which even in the case of a tightness impairment, air from the workshop will be absorbed into these devices and communications and prevent the release of toxic substances from them. It is especially important to maintain the discharge in the equipment and apparatus that have constantly open or lean closed working openings (ovens, dried, etc.).

At the same time, the practice shows that in Tex cases, when, under the terms of the technology, it is necessary to maintain inside the devices and in communications a particularly high pressure, knocking out of such devices and communications or is not observed completely or it is quite negligible. This is explained by the fact that with significant leaks and knocking, high pressure drops sharply and disrupts the technological process, that is, without proper tightness it is impossible to work.

Technological processes related to the possibility of harmful discharge should be maximized and automated, with remote control. This will eliminate the danger of direct contact of workers with the toxic substances (skin pollution, overalls) and remove jobs from the most dangerous zone of the location of the main technological equipment.

Significant hygienic importance are timely planning and preventive repair and cleaning of equipment and communications.

The cleaning of technological equipment, containing substances, should be performed mainly without its opening and dismantling or, at least, with a minimum of the volume and time of the opening (purge, flushing, cleaning through the gland seals, etc.). Repair of such equipment is appropriate to carry out on special, isolated from the overall room stands equipped with reinforced exhaust ventilation. Before dismantling the equipment as for delivering it to the repair stand, so the idle repair in place must be released its completely from the content, then blow it well or rinse to complete removal Rests of toxic substances.

If it is impossible to complete the separation of harmful substances into the air, measures of sanitary equipment must be used and, in particular, ventilation. The most appropriate and greater hygienic effect is the local exhaust ventilation, removing harmful substances directly from the source of their selection and not allowing them to spread around the room. In order to increase the efficiency of local exhaust ventilation, it is necessary to maximize the sources of distinguishing of the harm and exhaust from these shelters.

Experience shows that to prevent the knockout of harmful substances, it is necessary that the exhaust to provide air drums through open openings or looseness in this shelter at least 0.2 m / s; With extremely and especially dangerous and volatile substances for a greater guarantee, the minimum supply speed increases to 1 m / s, and sometimes more.

Community ventilation is applied in cases where there are scattered sources of harmful discharges, which are practically difficult to fully equip local suction, or when local exhaust ventilation for any reason does not provide full capturing and removing the distinguished harmfulness. It is usually equipped in the form of suns from the maximum accumulation of harm with the compensation of the air removed by the influx of the outer air supplied, as a rule, into the working area. This type of ventilation is calculated to dilute the workmen that stand out into the air to safe concentrations.

To combat toxic dust, found out of general technological and sanitary and technical measures, are also used in the previous section of anti-high ventilation activities.

Harmful chemicals. Prevention of professional poisoning and diseases

Prevention of professional poisoning and diseases

The planning of industrial buildings in which harmful allocations are possible, their architectural and construction design and placement of technological and sanitary equipment should provide, first of all, the preferential entry of both natural and artificial means of fresh air on the main jobs in the service area. To do this, it is advisable to place similar production in miniature buildings with opening window openings for the natural entry into the workshop of the outer air and with the location of the areas of service and stationary workplaces mainly in the outer walls.

In cases of possible allocation of particular toxic substances, jobs are placed in closed consoles or isolated control corridors, and sometimes the most dangerous equipment for gas supplies equipment is isolated. To exclude the danger of combined action on working multiple toxic substances, it is necessary to make the production sections with different intimidations from each other from each other, as well as areas where there are no harmful sections. At the same time, the distribution of the inflow and exhaust ventilation air should provide for a steady subpoint in clean, less contaminated by harmful discharges and discharge in more ridden.

For the inner cladding of floors, walls and other surfaces of work premises, such construction materials and coatings should be selected that would not sorbitize toxic pairs or gases in the air and would not be permeable for liquid toxic substances. With respect to many toxic substances, oil and perchlorvinyl paints, glazed and metala tiles, linoleum and plastic coatings, reinforced concrete and other are equipped with such properties.

Above are outlined only general principles recovery of working conditions when working with harmful substances; Depending on the hazard class, the latest use of them in each specific case may be different, and some of them also recommended a number of additional or special events.

For example, sanitary standards for the design of industrial enterprises (CH 245 - 71) when working with harmful substances 1 and 2 hazard classes, it is required to place technological equipment that can distinguish these substances in isolated cabins with remote control from remote controls or operator zones. In the presence of "substances of 4 hazard class substances allowed by air seats in adjacent premises and even partial recycling of it if the concentration of these substances: does not exceed 30% of the MPC; if there are substances 1 and 2 of the hazard classes, air recirculation is not allowed and the blocking is provided Local exhaust ventilation with work equipment.

All of the above measures are mainly aimed at preventing the air pollution of the working premises of toxic substances. The criterion for the effectiveness of these activities is to reduce the concentrations of toxic substances in the air of the work premises to their extremely permissible values \u200b\u200b(MPC) and below. For each substance, these values \u200b\u200bare different and depend on their toxic and physicochemical properties. The basis of their establishment is the principle that the toxic substance at the level of its maximum permissible concentration should not have any adverse effects on working, detected by modern methods of diagnosis, with an unlimited period of contact with it. In this case, a certain reserve coefficient is usually envisaged for more toxic substances.

To control the condition of the air environment, the organization of measures to eliminate the detected hygienic disadvantages and, if necessary, to provide first aid in poisoning on large chemical, metallurgical and other enterprises, special gas carriers have been created.

For a number of harmful substances, especially 1 and 2 hazard classes, automatic gas analyzers have been developed and began to be used, which can be signed with a recording instrument that register concentrations throughout the change, day, etc., as well as with sound and light signal notifying the exceedment of the MPC, with the inclusion of emergency ventilation.

In cases of the need to carry out any work at the concentrations of toxic substances exceeding their maximum permissible values, somehow: the elimination of accidents, repair and dismantling equipment, etc., it is necessary to use individual protective equipment.

To protect the skin, hands usually use rubber or polyethylene gloves. From the same materials, breakers and aprons are made to prevent the wetting of overalls toxic fluids. In some cases, the cover of the hands of hands can be protected from toxic fluids with special protective ointments and pastes that are lubricated before work (pastes of Cheeot, Cellis, various walks, etc.), as well as so-called biological gloves. The latter are a thin layer of the film that is formed during the drying of the volatile deficient special compositions of the collodia type. Eyes are protected from splashes and dust of irritating and toxic substances using special glasses with a tightly adjacent soft rim.

If you get potent substances to the skin or mucous membrane shells, the oral cavities must be immediately riveted with water, and sometimes (with alkali eating eating or strong acids) and neutralizing the neutralizing solution (for example, acid - weak alkali, and alkali acid).

With contamination of the skin, difficult or coloring substances can not be washed off with different solvents used in industry, since most of them in. It has toxic substances, therefore they themselves can irritate skin cover or even penetrate it causing a general toxic effect. For this purpose, special detergents should be used, such as Paste Rachmanov, etc. At the end of the change, workers should take a warm shower and change clothes into clean home clothing; In the presence of highly toxic and impregnating clothes of substances, it is necessary to warm up to complete linen.

In those production, where, after conducting and clearly compliance with all preventive measures, there is still a certain risk of possible exposure to toxic substances, the benefits and compensation are provided that are provided for by the norms depending on the nature of production.

When entering the work on which there is a danger of contact with toxic substances, workers undergo a preliminary medical examination, and during operation with chronic action substances - a periodic medical examination.

Control of the content of harmful chemicals in the air of the working areaHarmful factors of the production environment of chemical origin.

Requirements included in the document "Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of the factors of the working environment and the employment process. Criteria and classification of working conditions ", establish the procedure for monitoring the content of harmful chemicals and aerosols mainly fibrogenic action in the air of the working area.

The manual determines the choice of places (points) of air sampling of the working area, the frequency of their selection, the procedure for evaluating the measurement results.

To determine the presence of harmful substances in the air, express and indication methods are used. The basis of the rapid method is based on rapid chemical reactions with a change in filler color in transparent glass tubes.

With the indicative method of determining the most hazardous substances, the property of some chemical reagents is used to instantly change the color under the action of even insignificant concentrations of only certain chemicals or chemical compounds.

To control the concentration of harmful substances in the workplace, use the sampling method in the respiratory zone. Quantitative and qualitative analysis is made using chromatographs or gas analyzers. The actual values \u200b\u200bof the concentration of harmful substances are compared with MPC standards.

Protection against the harmful effects of chemicals The harmful factors of the production environment of chemical origin.

The main measure of protection against the harmful effects of chemicals on the working zone working in the conditions of possible pollution is a systematic control of the content of these substances in the working environment. In the event that the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area exceeds the PDC, adopt special organizational and technical measures to prevent poisoning.

Organizational measures include the mandatory use of individual protective equipment (special protective clothing, shoes, mittens, helmets, gas masks and respirators, protective glasses, protective facial shields, neutralizing pastes and ointments to protect and clean the skin). For example, persons engaged in working with eaten gasoline should be provided by chlorvinyl aprons, gloves, rubber boots. To work with timber, processed antiseptics, workers without workwear and protective equipment (tarpaulin jackets, trousers, rubber boots, mittens) are not allowed.

With features professional activity Employees, when there are no technical and organizational capabilities to reduce the concentration of harmful and hazardous chemicals in the air to a safe level, the working conditions are assessed by the criteria that gives the "Guide to the hygienic assessment of the factors of the working environment and the employment process. Criteria and classification of working conditions. "

Classes of working conditions are established depending on the type of harmful substance of the chemical nature and the multiplicity of the exceedment of its MPC in the air of the working area. For workers who are constantly in the zone of isolation of poisonous substances have been established protection measures for restricting the time of stay in a dangerous or harmful environment (short-range working day, interruptions, additional leave, abbreviated experience for retirement).

The government approved a list of harmful and hazardous substances, when working with which preliminary and periodic medical examinations of employees are required. The frequency (timing) of inspections in medical and preventive institutions has been established.

Technical measures include: sealing equipment and communications, automatic control of the air environment, a device of natural and artificial ventilation, alarm, remote control, Installing safety signs.

Special tanks are applied to transport chemically harmful liquid substances. Technological processes of loading hazardous substances, their plums or squeezing from tanks, as well as flushing and passing tanks are carried out by methods that exclude the contact of workers with harmful substances.

For transportation to the place of loading and in the process of loading bulk materials, conveyors and elevators should be applied; For powder dusting materials (cement, lime, etc.) - pneumatic transport or conveyors using dust devices. For liquid hazardous substances - pipelines that exclude the seeping of these substances.

In case of emergency situations, a person may be short-lived, but with a significant excess of MPC, the effects of harmful and hazardous chemicals. On allowable concentrations in places emergency work It is not necessary to speak. The protection of employees is carried out by the mandatory use of personal protective equipment and the normalization of the permissible work time in the zone of the accident.

Harmful biological factors and their sources are harmful biological factors of the production environment.

Harmful biological factors: pathogenic microorganisms, living cells and disputes - causative agents of infectious diseases that can cause contamination of people or animals.

One of the main sources of harmful biological factors on railway transport are the zones of the sanitation of the wagons after the transportation of the patient. Economic and commercial connections of our country with foreign countries Made this problem quite serious. Periodically, loads from regions with dysfunctional epidemiological and epizootic (the presence of mass livestock) atmosphere began to arrive.

In this case, the animals themselves and animal products (leather, fur, etc.) can be harmful factor. For employees who have contact with causative agents of infectious diseases, working conditions can be attributed to class 3.3.

By railway Biological harmful substances of plant origin are also transported.

Measures preventing infection Harmful biological factors of the production environment.

Organizational measures to prevent infection during loading, unloading, sorting, customs inspection and transportation of biological dangerous goods include: regulatory documents and rules for transportation by rail transportation substances, supervision of transportation of sanitary and epidemiologically significant cargo, development of emergency cards, regulation of work of border sanitary control Points, organization of disinfection and flushing stations for disinfection of wagons, packaging and cargo.

Organizational measures for protecting working are hygienic rationing and the use of individual protection products.

The MLC microorganisms in the air of the working area are governed by the document "Guide to the hygienic assessment of the factors of the working environment and the employment process. Criteria and classification of working conditions. " Classes of working conditions are established depending on the content of the working zone of the biological factor in the air.

The criterion is the multiplicity of exceeding MPC (in the absence of technical and organizational opportunities to reduce their maintenance in the air).

The use of individual protective equipment includes the use of special protective clothing, shoes, mittens, hats; to protect the respiratory organs - gas masks and respirators; To protect the eyes - protective glasses.

Technical measures for protecting working include: equipment and drugs for disinfection, disinsection (destruction of harmful insects and ticks with the help of chemical and biological agents), deratization (extermination of rodents that are sources or carriers of infectious diseases, such as plague), fender devices, automatic control Air Wednesday, Application of natural and artificial ventilation, alarm, remote control, safety signs.

Electric current has a thermal, electrolytic, biological and mechanical effect on a person.

Thermal The effect of current is manifested by burns of individual parts of the body, heating to high temperature of the organs, which causes significant functional disorders in them.

Electrolytic The impact in the decomposition of various organism fluids (water, blood, lymphs) on the ions, resulting in a violation of their physicochemical composition and properties.

Biological The effect of the current is manifested in the form of irritation and excitation of the tissues of the body, a convulsive cutting of the mouse, as well as disorders of internal biological processes.

The effect of electric current on a person leads to injuries or death of people.

The salvation of a person's life, which produced under tension, in most cases depends on how quickly the victim will be released from the current parts, and how quickly he will be assisted.

Basic ways to stop exposure of electric current On the affected are (Fig. 1):

• disconnecting the electrical circuit or equipment (switch or other switching device);
• tastening the victim for clothes; Removing the wire from the body;
• open or overrubing wires (dry board, stick, bar, ax, shovel with wooden handle, etc. On both sides of the victim).

If this methods are impossible to terminate the effect of current on the affected, it is impossible to trigger the protective devices (fuses, automata) by intentional short circuit on the line, sketching any metal objects or grounding of the electrical installation phase, while connecting itself to the wires or other metallic subjects.

If you turn off the electrical installation is quickly impossible, measures should be taken to exemption (separation) of the victims of the current parts, to which it touches. To do this, we need to wear rubber gloves in your hands (when they are lacking wrapped your hands with a dry cloth), isolate yourself from the ground with a rubber rug (a dry board, tarpaulter in several layers), take the victims of the clothes and free from the current-carrying parts.

Fig. 1. Ways to exemption from the electrical current: A - Tasking for clothes; b - removal of the wire from the body; A - Rubbing wires

If the victim strongly squeezes the wires of the wire or tires, break the hands of the victim, flexing each finger separately. When separating the victim victim from electrical installation above 1 kV, be sure to use dielectric gloves, bots, rods, clamshes.

If the victim fell to the voltage, working at a height (when the current is turned off, it may fall), measures should be taken to prevent its fall or deeper safe.

Free the victim should be careful that, first, do not apply additional injuries, and, secondly, not to get under the voltage. In any case, when you first touch the victim, it is necessary to protect yourself from possible damage to the current (using regular or infidental protective agents), since the actual source of lesion can not always be detected, or there may be several and not all of them will be disconnected.

If the defeat occurred as a result of the fall of the wire per person, it is possible to release it from the current by discarding the wire with an operational barbell or dry stick, board. It should be remembered that in electrical installations with a voltage of above 1 kV, it is necessary to use dielectric gloves and bots.

The human body depends on the strength of the current passing through it. Current force 0.05 A passing through the human body is dangerous for his life. Touching the body parts can cause body burns in the place of touch and even paralysis of respiratory organs and hearts.

The degree of lesion depends on the electrical resistance of the human body, which in the normal state is equal to several tens of thousands. Depending on the humidity of the skin, the skin temperature, the size of the surface of contact with the current-handing details electrical resistance The human body varies from 500 Ohm to 0.5 MΩ. Therefore, the voltage even in 40 V is considered life-threatening.

If the exposure time of electric current per person is less than 0.1 s, then the body can withstand the current into several amps. A longer exposure to current can lead to death. For an alternating current of industrial frequency (50 Hz), a safe value is a current by force 0.01 A. The current by force 0.015 A causes a person painful sensations. Current strength of 0.05 A is considered to be already life-threatening, and the current by force 0.1 A leads to death. A constant electric current is safe up to 0.05 A. Current, the frequency of which is above 150-200 kHz, less dangerous for the body than the current industrial frequency.

First aid after the release of the victim of the current

First aid measures after the release of the victim of the current depend on its condition. If the victim breathes and is in consciousness, it should be put in a comfortable position, unzipped clothes on it and cover, ensuring that the doctor comes full of peace. At the same time, even if a person feels satisfactory, it is impossible to let him get up, since after electric shock, the possibility of the subsequent deterioration of the state of the person does not exclude.

When a person is unconscious, but he remains steady breathing and pulse, it should be given to sniffing the ammonia alcohol, be lost to cologne, spray face with water and ensure peace before the doctor's arrival. Local damage should be processed and closed with a bandage, like in burns.

If the victim breathes badly or does not breathe at all, then immediately begin to carry out artificial respiration (12-15 blows per minute) and an indirect heart massage (on one blowing 4-5 pressure in the sternum area with an effort 50 kg for an adult). It follows them until independent breathing and pulse appear. After consciousness comes to the victim, it must be made abundantly (water, tea, compote); You should not give alcoholic beverages and coffee. The patient should heat heat.

Revive the victim from the current, burling it into the ground, it is strictly prohibited.