Standard and applied programs for processing text information. Processing of text information. Processing tabular data

Despite the wide possibilities of using computers to process a wide variety of information, the most popular are still programs designed to work with text. When preparing text documents on a computer, three main groups of operations are used:

1. Input operations allow you to transfer the source text from its external form to electronic form, that is, to a file stored on a computer. Input can be carried out not only by typing using the keyboard, but also by scanning a paper original and then converting the document from a graphic format to a text one (recognition).

2. Editing operations (edits) allow you to change an existing electronic document by adding or deleting its fragments, rearranging parts of the document, merging several files, splitting a single document into several smaller ones, etc.

Input and editing when working on text are often performed in parallel. When entering and editing, the content of the text document is formed.

3. Document preparation specified by formatting operations. Formatting commands allow you to determine exactly how text will appear on a monitor screen or on paper after printing on a printer.

Programs designed to process text information are called text editors (processors).

The entire variety of modern text editors can be divided into three main groups:

1. The first category includes the simplest text editors, which have a minimum of capabilities and are capable of working with documents in regular text format.txt. This group of editors includes the editors included with the Windows operating system. WordPad and very little functional NotePad (Notebook) , and many similar products from other manufacturers ( Atlantis, EditPad, Aditor Pro, Gedit etc.).

2. The intermediate class of text editors includes quite broad capabilities in terms of document design. They work with all standard text files (TXT, RTF, DOC). Such programs include MicrosoftWorks, Lexicon running Windows.

3. The third group includes powerful word processors, such as Microsoft Word or StarOffice Writer. They perform almost all operations with text. Most users use these editors in their daily work.

The main functions of text editors (processors) are:

Entering and editing text characters;

Ability to use different character fonts;

Copying and transferring part of the text from one place to another or from one document to another;

Contextual search and replacement of parts of text;

Setting arbitrary parameters for paragraphs and fonts;

Automatic word wrapping;

Automatic page numbering;

Processing and numbering of footnotes;

Creation of tables and diagrams;

Checking the spelling of words and selecting synonyms;

Construction of tables of contents and subject indexes;

Printing the prepared text on a printer, etc.

Also, almost all word processors have the following functions:

Support for various document formats;

Multi-window, i.e. the ability to work with several documents simultaneously;

Inserting and editing formulas;

Automatic saving of the edited document;

Working with multi-column text;

Ability to work with different formatting styles;

Creation of document templates;

Analysis of statistical information.

Today, almost all powerful text editors are part of integrated software packages designed for the needs of the modern office. For example, Microsoft Word is part of the most popular office suite, Microsoft Office.

Similar MS Office programs - OpenOffice.org Writer, StarOffice Writer, Corel WordPerfect, Apple Pages.

Lecture 23 (2 hours)

23. Tools for processing text information.

Text processing tools

Ms Word 6.0

Create, edit and print documents

Text processing tools

Tools of this class are one of the components of automation of institutional activities in the broadest sense of its understanding, allowing the user to create high-quality documents for various purposes with maximum convenience using, first of all, a PC and appropriate software. Currently, there is a sufficient variety of such systems, ranging from the simplest text editors, focused on working with simple PCs, to specialized publishing systems that ensure the work of a large publishing team using teleprocessing mode and other modern publishing technologies.

However, text information processing tools, despite their very wide range, provide the following basic functions:

Creating and editing a text document, including:

inserting, deleting, copying, moving text in a document, searching and replacing document elements, adding text and graphic information to a document;

Formatting and printing documents with a choice of paper sizes and formats, as well as indicating the number of copies and the output part of the document;

Alignment of the document and/or its individual parts along specified boundaries with automatic processing of line breaks;

Ability to create a document using a standard template;

Use of various fonts of common alphabets, etc.;

- accommodation in the document there are tables, diagrams, drawings, etc., as well as a number of other functions, the composition of which is determined level And appointment specific PS. In this section, we will briefly discuss word processors that are widely used on IBM-compatible PCs to organize the processing of various types of text information, focusing on the most popular packages - Ms Word 6.0 , Word 7.0 , Word 97 companies Microsoft

Elements of working in the package environment Ms Word 6.0

1. General information. Treatment text documents - the most widespread type of applied activity on a computer.

Plastic bag Ms Word 6.0 (in the future simply Word or plastic bag) is a fairly large software system relative to earlier tools of this type.

2. Main window and menu of the package Word . After activating the icon Word Double-clicking the mouse loads the resident part of the package with access to its main window. The main window of the package contains four main fields:

The first line contains the name of the package and the name of the currently active document, as well as buttons for controlling the window visualization mode (enlarge, reduce, reduce to icon), finish working with the package, etc.;

The second line contains the main menu of the package (GMP) and control buttons similar to those mentioned; their detailed description can be found in the package or Windows literature;

The third field is the actual working window of the current document, through which the user not only has the opportunity to view the entire document, but also carry out the process of creating/editing it;

Finally, the fourth line contains reference information on: the current document (page number being viewed, total number of pages, cursor location), current time, package functions used, etc.

In addition to the above, the working window of the document is framed with frames containing pointers , allowing you to move the window around the current document by activating them with the mouse.

Main menu of the package (GMP) contains 9 groups of functions. To select the required package function, activate the corresponding GMP group with a single mouse click, opening a subwindow containing a list of functions.

First of all, the Help group provides not only reference information on all the capabilities of the package, but also offers demo examples that allow you to better understand the basic capabilities of the package and the principles of their use.

Group Window contains two sections: (1) functions (New Window, Arrange All, Split) reorganizing the windows of the package, including dividing windows into subwindows and creating new windows with the same documents; and 2) list of documents, located in the workspace of the package and which can be easily accessed by activating their windows through the corresponding elements of this list. If it is necessary to transfer a certain block of information from an inactive document, a Window sub-window opens, in the list of documents (second section), select the desired document with the mouse, activate it and open the window, and select the required block of information in the right place. Through the Copy function (Ctrl+ C) groupEdit the selected block is copied to system clipboard(SBO; Clipboard), again through the list of documentsWindow - group, the previous window (document) is activated and, using the Paste function (Ctrl+V) of the Edit group, the information stored in the SBO is copied to the desired location in the document.

The GMP File group tools are divided into 6 sections according to their functional purpose. The first section contains functions: creating a new one (New; Ctrl+N), opening an existing one (Open; Ctrl+0) and closing the current one ( Close) of the document. When opening an existing file, an Open window opens , whose fields and switches allow you to select the desired file from the proposed list, search for the desired file, determine its format by name extension, etc. The second section contains functions for saving: the current document with updating the source file (Save, Ctrl+S), the current document in a new file and/or in a new format (Save As) and all open files and macros (Save All). The Save As function provides the opportunity not only to save the current document according to the new file specifier, but also in the desired format, determined by a list of 23 acceptable ones, including txt- and WordPerfet - formats. The tools of the third section of the group provide: finding the required file by its specifier (find file); displaying brief help for the current file, if it has been defined for it (Summary Info), and defining standard settings for the document (Templates). The means of the fourth section are associated with ensuring that the current document is printed.

By function Print Preview provides the opportunity to view the file page by page, tracking its formatting in relation to the specified output parameters: page sizes and margins, location of numbering, footnotes, printer type, etc. The Page Setup function opens a window whose fields allow you to determine the size of the output page of the current document when printing, fields and mode of document arrangement on the page, page numbering, etc. Using the Print function (Ctrl+F), a standard Windows Print window opens , allowing you to determine the mode of direct printing of a document (the entire document or its individual pages, printer type, number of copies, etc.).

Facilities fifth File group sections(Add Routing Slip, Send ) ensure the sending of a prepared document by Email to a remote recipient via the system Mail server, and the only Exit function of the sixth section of the group provides exit from the package environment to the Windows environment; In this case, permission is requested to save the current document (Yes), without saving (No) and to cancel exiting (Cancel) from the package.

Creating, editing and printing documents.

After activating the icon Word goes to the main window of the package containing the GMP. If the package has not previously been used under the conditions required by the user, its preliminary configuration is necessary, the main elements of which are as follows. First of all, the font used is determined; For practical reasons, taking into account the assumptions made, it is recommended to select the NTHetvetica/Cyrillic font size 11 and Normal style. This is done using the Font function of the GMP Format group discussed above, and using Default - button, this setting is saved in the batch file normal.dot , making it global for all subsequent use of the package. The installation is usually displayed in the menu bar of the package window.

After this, the page numbering mode of the created document (if required) is determined, which is provided by the Page Numbers function of the Insert group. In this case, the style of numbering can be determined using the Style-function Format - GMP group. The format of the output page of a hard copy of the document is determined by the Page Setup function of the GMP file group, which opens the corresponding window with options and buttons. The Paper Size option selects A4 format (210x297 mm), and the Margims option the dimensions of the fields are determined: Top = Bottom = Left = Right = 2.5 cm and the distance from the bottom edge of the numbering page is Footer = 1.3 cm. The settings made for the Default button are determined global and saved in the batch file normal.dot.

The situation is somewhat more complicated if you need to import objects prepared in the MS-DOS application environment. In this case, for example, the following chain of operations is performed: the current document is reduced to an icon, a delayed exit from Widows to the MS-DOS environment is performed, and the necessary application is launched, in the environment of which the necessary object is created. The resulting object is visualized on the screen or saved in a file format that allows its subsequent use in the Word environment. In the first case, the contents of the screen by PrintScreen - key is copied to the SBO and returned using the Exit command in the Windows environment , and then into the Word environment. This approach is most suitable for graphic-type objects. In the second case, the created file with the object is imported using the considered means of the GMP Insert group. If it is necessary to use Russian-language documents in MS-DOS format in the Word environment of the original version, they must first be converted to Windows format, which is performed, for example, by the Salcombe utility.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on Allbest.ru

Introduction

Bibliography

Introduction

In the second half of the 20th century, humanity entered a new stage of its development. During this period, the transition from an industrial society to an information society began. The process that ensures this transition is called informatization. Informatization is the process of creation, development and universal use of information tools and technologies that ensure the achievement and maintenance of a level of awareness of all members of society, necessary and sufficient for a radical improvement in the quality of work and living conditions in society. At the same time, information becomes the most important strategic resource of society and occupies a key place in the economy, education and culture.

The inevitability of informatization of society is due to the sharp increase in the role and importance of information. The information society is characterized by a highly developed information sphere, which includes human activities in the creation, processing, storage, transmission and accumulation of information.

It is known that a computer is capable of quickly solving complex problems. However, not everyone knows that it solves the problem in strict accordance with a given program. In my work I will talk about text processing packages and the global Internet. After all, with the help of these two complex programs (systems) the life of a modern person is ensured. The majority of workers in the information society (more than 80%) are employed in the information sphere, that is, the sphere of information production and information services.

Society is provided with technical, technological and legal opportunities to access the information it needs almost anywhere in the territory and at an acceptable time (with the exception of military and state secrets, which are precisely specified in the relevant legislative acts).

The scientific foundation of the process of informatization of society is the scientific discipline of computer science. In a broad sense, computer science is the science of information activities, information processes and their organization in human-machine systems. The main branches of computer science are the research and development of information tools and technologies, software and modeling of subject areas.

1. Text processing packages

In modern developed information systems, machine information processing involves sequentially parallel solving computational problems in time. The basics of programming are presented using the BASIC language. Due to its many versions, the main emphasis is on learning programming and working with the program in the QBASIK environment, as the most accessible in Russia and promising from the point of view of professional application of programming skills in the future.

In BASIC you can work not only with numbers, but also with texts. These are qualitatively different types of data, but the principles of working with both of them in a computer are quite general.

The bottom line is that each computer (PC) uses a certain set of symbols to provide information, and in different types of computers (PC) the character sets are different. Each character of such a set in a computer (PC) is represented by a certain number (code), and different types of computers (PC) use different coding methods, that is, different codes are associated with the same character.

IBM-compatible PC types use 256 characters. Each of them is associated with an eight-bit binary number. In the decimal number system, these codes are represented by numbers from 0 to 255.

All these symbols are divided into two groups. The encoding of the characters of the first group, characters with codes 0...127, is made according to the American ASCII standard and is the same in all types of IBM-compatible PCs. This group includes capital letters (codes 65...90), lowercase letters (codes 97...122) of the Latin alphabet, numbers 0...9 (codes 48...57), space (code 32), “empty” (code 0) and so on .

The symbols of the second group in a PC of the type under consideration include symbols of the Russian alphabet (or other national alphabets) and pseudographic symbols.

In different types of IBM-compatible PCs, the encoding of Russian letters quite often differs, which makes these PCs incompatible when using Russian text. Below is a short explanation:

The so-called standard, alternative, etc. are known. encodings of letters of the Russian alphabet. The most common alternative encoding.

In this case, Russian letters have codes:

Capital - 128…159;

Lowercase - 160…175, 224…239.

From the above it follows that in a computer, textual information, like other information, is represented using numbers, and therefore its processing is reduced to operations on numbers.

If we talk about the representation of texts in the BASIC language, it should be emphasized that each version of this language uses a set of characters and their encoding adopted for PCs of the type for which this version is targeted.

The Microsoft QBASIK version of BASIC is tied to IBM-compatible PCs, to the ASCII coding system, and to the coding of Russian alphabet letters adopted in PCs of this type. Versions of BASIC aimed at Russian-made PCs usually use the KOI-7(8) encoding.

I note that in most cases the programmer is not required to know the character encoding system, since the program allows you to enter text into the computer in its usual form. In the program, text is represented as values of text quantities - variables, arrays, and so on.

Electronic information processing technology is a human-machine process of executing interrelated operations that occur in an established sequence in order to transform initial (primary) information into resultant information. An operation is a complex of technological actions performed, as a result of which information is transformed. Technological operations are varied in complexity, purpose, implementation technique, and are performed on various equipment by many performers. In the context of electronic data processing, operations performed automatically on machines and devices that read data, perform operations according to a given program in automatic mode, with human participation, or retain the functions of control, analysis and regulation for the user, predominate.

The construction of the technological process is determined by the following factors: the characteristics of the information being processed, its volume, the requirements for urgency and accuracy of processing, the types, quantity and characteristics of the technical means used. They form the basis for organizing technology, which includes establishing a list, sequence and methods of performing operations, the order of work of specialists and automation equipment, organizing workplaces, establishing time regulations for interaction, and the like.

The organization of the technological process must ensure its efficiency, complexity, reliable operation, and high quality of work. This is achieved by using a systems engineering approach to technology design and solving economic problems. At the same time, there is a comprehensive interconnected consideration of all factors, ways, methods of constructing technology, the use of elements of typification and standardization, as well as the unification of technological process diagrams.

There are the following modes of user interaction with a computer: batch and interactive (query, dialog). My chapter of work is devoted to packages for processing text information, so I will analyze in detail one type of mode: batch.

The batch mode was most common in the practice of centralized solution of economic problems, when a large share was occupied by the tasks of reporting on the production and economic activities of economic objects at different levels of management. The organization of the process in batch mode was built without user access to the computer. Its functions were limited to preparing initial data for a complex of information-related tasks and transferring them to the processing center, where a package was formed, including a computer task for processing, programs, initial, regulatory, pricing and reference data. The package was entered into the computer and implemented automatically without user participation and a set of tasks. In this case, the computer could operate in a single-program or multi-program mode, which is preferable, since parallel operation of the main devices of the machine was ensured. Currently, batch mode is implemented for email.

2. Global computer network Internet

The Internet is a global computer network. It is made up of a variety of computer networks, united by standard agreements on methods of information exchange and a unified addressing system. The Internet uses the TCP/IP family of protocols. They are good because they provide a relatively cheap opportunity to reliably and quickly transmit information even over not very reliable communication lines, as well as build software suitable for working on any equipment.

The addressing system (URL addresses) provides unique coordinates to each computer (more precisely, almost every computer resource) and each Internet user, creating the opportunity to take exactly what you need and transfer it exactly where you need it.

Let me touch on some historical background:

About 20 years ago, the US Department of Defense created a network that was the forerunner of the Internet - it was called ARPAnet. ARPAnet was an experimental network - it was created to support scientific research in the military-industrial sphere, - in particular, to study methods for constructing networks that were resistant to partial damage received, for example, from air bombing and could continue to function normally under such conditions. This requirement provides the key to understanding the principles of construction and structure of the Internet. In the ARPAnet model, there was always communication between the source computer and the destination computer (destination station). The network was supposed to be unreliable: any part of the network could disappear at any moment.

The communicating computers - not just the network itself - also have the responsibility of establishing and maintaining communication. The basic principle was that any computer could communicate peer-to-peer with any other computer.

Data transmission on the network was organized based on the Internet protocol - IP. The IP protocol is the rules and description of how a network operates. This set includes rules for establishing and maintaining communications in the network, rules for handling and processing IP packets, descriptions of network packets of the IP family (their structure, etc.). The network was conceived and designed so that users were not required to have any information about the specific structure of the network. In order to send a message over the network, the computer must place data in a certain “envelope” called, for example, IP, indicate on this “envelope” a specific network address and transmit the resulting packets to the network.

These decisions may seem strange, like the assumption of an "untrusted" network, but experience has shown that most of these decisions are quite reasonable and correct. While the Organization for International Standardization (ISO) spent years creating the final standard for computer networks, users did not want to wait.Internet activists began installing IP software on all possible types of computers. This soon became the only acceptable way to connect disparate computers. This scheme appealed to the government and universities, which had a policy of buying computers from different manufacturers. Everyone bought the computer that he liked and had the right to expect that it would be able to work on a network together with other computers.

About 10 years after the advent of ARPAnet, Local Area Networks (LANs) appeared, for example, such as Ethernet, etc. At the same time, computers appeared, which began to be called workstations. Most workstations had the UNIX operating system installed. This OS had the ability to work on a network with the Internet Protocol (IP). In connection with the emergence of fundamentally new problems and methods for solving them, a new need arose: organizations wanted to connect to ARPAnet with their local network. Around the same time, other organizations emerged and began creating their own networks using IP-like communication protocols. It became clear that everyone would benefit if these networks could all communicate together, because then users on one network could communicate with users on another network.

One of the most important of these new networks was NSFNET, developed as an initiative of the National Science Foundation (NSF). In the late 1980s, NSF created five supercomputing centers, making them available for use in any scientific institution. Only five centers were created because they are very expensive even for rich America. That is why they should have been used cooperatively. A communication problem arose: a way was needed to connect these centers and provide access to them to different users. An attempt was first made to use ARPAnet communications, but this solution failed when faced with defense industry bureaucracy and staffing problems.

NSF then decided to build its own network based on ARPAnet IP technology. The centers were connected by special telephone lines with a capacity of 56 KBPS (7 KB/s). However, it was obvious that it was not worth even trying to connect all universities and research organizations directly with the centers, because laying such a quantity of cable is not only very expensive, but practically impossible. Therefore, it was decided to create networks on a regional basis. In every part of the country the institutions concerned were to connect with their nearest neighbours. The resulting chains were connected to the supercomputer at one of their points, thus the supercomputer centers were connected together. In such a topology, any computer could communicate with any other by passing messages through its neighbors.

This decision was successful, but the time came when the network could no longer cope with the increased needs. Sharing supercomputers allowed connected communities to use many other things outside of supercomputers. Suddenly, universities, schools and other organizations realized that they had a sea of data and a world of users at their fingertips. The flow of messages on the network (traffic) grew faster and faster until, in the end, it overloaded the computers managing the network and the telephone lines connecting them. In 1987, the contract to manage and develop the network was awarded to Merit Network Inc., which operated the Michigan Educational Network in partnership with IBM and MCI. The old physical network was replaced by faster (about 20 times faster) telephone lines. They were replaced by faster and more networked control machines.

The process of improving the network is ongoing. However, most of these changes occur unnoticed by users. When you turn on your computer, you will not see an advertisement stating that the Internet will not be available for the next six months due to modernization. Perhaps even more importantly, network congestion and improvements have created a mature and practical technology. Problems were solved, and development ideas were tested in practice.

Use email only. This method allows you to receive and send messages to other users and nothing more. Through special gateways you can also use other services provided by the Internet. These gateways, however, do not allow interactive operation, and can be quite difficult to use.

Remote terminal mode. You connect to another computer connected to the Internet as a remote user. Client programs that use Internet services are launched on the remote computer, and the results of their work are displayed on the screen of your terminal. Since terminal emulation programs are mainly used for connection, you can only work in text mode. Thus, for example, to view WEB sites you can only use a text browser and will not see graphic images.

Direct connection. This is the basic and best form of connection when your computer becomes one of the Internet nodes. Using the TCP/IP protocol, it communicates directly with other computers on the Internet. Access to Internet services is carried out through programs running on your computer.

Traditionally, computers connected directly to the Internet through local networks or dedicated connections. In addition to the computer itself, additional network equipment (routers, gateways, etc.) is required to establish such connections. Since this equipment and connection channels are quite expensive, direct connections are used only by organizations with a large volume of transmitted and received information.

An alternative to a direct connection for individuals and small organizations is to use telephone lines to establish temporary connections (dial up) to a remote computer connected to the Internet.

Discussing various ways to access the Internet, she argued that a direct connection is the main and best. However, it is too expensive for an individual user. Working in remote terminal mode significantly limits the user's capabilities.

A compromise solution is to use the SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) or PPP (Point to Point Protocol) protocols. In what follows, the term SLIP/PPP will be used to refer to SLIP and/or PPP - they are similar in many aspects.

SLIP/PPP enables the transmission of TCP/IP packets over serial links, such as telephone lines, between two computers. Both computers run programs that use TCP/IP protocols. Thus, individual users have the opportunity to establish a direct connection to the Internet from their computer, having only a modem and a telephone line. By connecting via SLIP/PPP, you can run WWW, email clients, etc. directly on your computer.

What is the difference between a SLIP/PPP connection and remote terminal mode? To establish both a SLIP/PPP connection and remote terminal mode, you need to call another computer directly connected to the Internet (provider) and register on it. The key difference is that with a SLIP/PPP connection, your computer receives a unique IP address and communicates directly with other computers using the TCP/IP protocol. In remote terminal mode, your computer is just a device for displaying the results of a program running on the provider’s computer.

Network software needs 32-bit IP addresses to establish a connection. However, users prefer to use computer names because they are easier to remember. Thus, a means is needed to resolve names to IP addresses and vice versa.

When the Internet was small, this was easy. Each computer had files that described the correspondence between names and addresses. Changes were made to these files from time to time. Currently, this method has become obsolete, since the number of computers on the Internet is very large. The files have been replaced by a system of name servers, which keep track of matches between names and network addresses of computers (in fact, this is only one of the services provided by the name server system). It should be noted that a whole network of name servers is used, and not just one central one.

Name servers are organized in a tree, corresponding to the organizational structure of the network. Computer names also form a corresponding structure. Example: The computer name is BORAX.LCS.MIT.EDU. This is a computer installed in the Laboratory of Computer Science (LCS) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). For that. To determine its network address, theoretically, it is necessary to obtain information from 4 different servers. First, you need to contact one of the EDU servers that serve educational institutions (to ensure reliability, each level of the name hierarchy is served by several servers). On this server you need to get the addresses of the MIT servers. On one of the MIT servers you can get the address of the LCS server(s). Finally, on the LCS server you can find out the address of the BORAX computer.

Each of these levels is called a domain. The full name BORAX.LCS.MIT.EDU is therefore a domain name (as are the domain names LCS.MIT.EDU, MIT.EDU, and EDU).

Fortunately, there is actually no need to contact all of the listed servers every time. The software installed on the user contacts the name server in its domain, and it, if necessary, contacts other name servers and provides in response the final result of converting the domain name to an IP address.

The domain system stores not only information about names and addresses of computers. It also stores a large amount of other useful information: information about users, mail server addresses, etc.

Application layer protocols are used in specific application programs. Their total number is large and continues to constantly increase. Some applications have been around since the very beginning of the internet, such as TELNET and FTP. Others appeared later: HTTP, NNTP, POP3, SMTP.

The TELNET protocol allows the server to treat all remote computers as standard text-type "network terminals." Working with TELNET is like dialing a telephone number. The user types something like telnet delta on the keyboard and receives an on-screen invitation to log into the delta machine. The TELNET protocol has been around for a long time. It is well tested and widespread. Many implementations have been created for a wide variety of operating systems.

The FTP protocol (File Transfer Protocol) is as widespread as TELNET. It is one of the oldest protocols in the TCP/IP family. Just like TELNET, it uses TCP transport services. There are many implementations for different operating systems that work well together. An FTP user can call several commands that allow him to view the directory of a remote machine, move from one directory to another, and copy one or more files.

The SMTP protocol (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) supports the transfer of messages (email) between arbitrary nodes on the Internet. With mechanisms for mail staging and mechanisms for improving delivery reliability, SMTP allows for the use of a variety of transport services.

The SMTP protocol provides both grouping of messages to the same recipient and multiplication of several copies of a message for transmission to different addresses. Above the SMTP module is the mail service of a specific computer. In typical client programs it is mainly used to send outgoing messages.

The HTTP protocol (Hyper text transfer protocol) is used to exchange information between WWW (World Wide Web) servers and programs for viewing hypertext pages - WWW browsers. Allows the transmission of a wide range of various information - text, graphic, audio and video. Currently in a stage of continuous improvement.

POP3 (Post Office Protocol, version 3) allows email client programs to receive and transmit messages from/to mail servers. It has quite flexible capabilities for managing the contents of mailboxes located on the mail node. In typical client programs it is mainly used to receive incoming messages.

Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) allows news servers and client programs to communicate - distribute, query, retrieve and transmit messages to newsgroups. New messages are stored in a centralized database, which allows the user to select messages of interest. It also provides indexing, linking, and deletion of outdated messages.

Servers are network nodes designed to serve requests from clients - software agents that retrieve information or transmit it to the network and work under the direct control of users. Clients provide information in a form that is understandable and user-friendly, while servers perform service functions for storing, distributing, managing information and issuing it at the request of clients. Each type of service on the Internet is provided by corresponding servers and can be used using corresponding clients.

The WWW service, the World Wide Web, provides the presentation and interconnection of a huge number of hypertext documents, including text, graphics, sound and video, located on various servers around the world and interconnected through links in documents. The emergence of this service greatly simplified access to information and became one of the main reasons for the explosive growth of the Internet since 1990. The WWW service operates using the HTTP protocol.

To use this service, browser programs are used, the most popular of which are currently Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer.

"Web browsers" are nothing more than viewing tools; they are modeled after a free communications program called Mosaic, created in 1993 at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of California. Illinois to facilitate access to the WWW. What can you get using WWW? Almost everything that is associated with the concept of "working on the Internet" - from the latest financial news to information about medicine and healthcare, music and literature, pets and houseplants, cooking and automotive business. You can book air tickets to any part of the world (real, not virtual), travel brochures, find the necessary software and hardware for your PC, play games with distant (and unknown) partners and follow sports and political events in the world. Finally, with the help of most programs with access to the WWW, you can also access newsgroups (there are about 10,000 of them in total), where messages are posted on any topic - from astrology to linguistics, as well as exchange messages by e-mail.

Thanks to WWW browsing tools, the chaotic jungle of information on the Internet takes the form of familiar, neatly designed pages with text and photographs, and in some cases even video and sound. Attractive home pages immediately help you understand what information is coming next. There are all the necessary headings and subheadings, which can be selected using scroll bars just like on a regular Windows or Macintosh screen. Each keyword is connected to corresponding information files through hypertext links. And don’t let the term “hypertext” scare you: hypertext links are about the same as a footnote in an encyclopedia article that begins with the words “see also...” Instead of flipping through the pages of a book, you just need to click on the desired key word (for convenience, it is highlighted on the screen in color or font), and the required material will appear in front of you. It is very convenient that the program allows you to return to previously viewed materials or, by clicking the mouse, move on.

E-mail - electronic mail. Using E-mail, you can exchange personal or business messages between recipients who have an E-mail address.

Your email address is indicated in the connection contract. The email server on which the mailbox is created works like an ordinary post office that receives mail. An electronic mail address is the equivalent of a rented PO Box at a post office. Sent messages are immediately sent to the addressee specified in the letter, and incoming messages wait in the PO box until they are collected. It is possible to send and receive email from anyone with an email address. The SMTP protocol is mainly used to transmit messages, and POP3 is used to receive messages.

You can use a variety of programs for working with E-mail - specialized ones, for example Eudora, or built into a Web browser, for example Netscape Navigator.

Usenet is a worldwide discussion board. It consists of a collection of conferences ("newsgroups") whose names are organized hierarchically according to the topics discussed. Messages (“articles” or “messages”) are sent to these conferences by users using special software. After sending, messages are sent to news servers and become available for reading by other users.

You can send a message and view the responses to it that will appear in the future. Since many people read the same material, reviews begin to accumulate. All messages on the same topic form a “thread” [in Russian the word “topic” is also used in the same meaning]; thus, although the responses may have been written at different times and mixed in with other messages, they still form a coherent discussion. You can subscribe to any conference, view the headers of messages in it using a news reader, sort messages by topic to make it easier to follow the discussion, add your own messages with comments and ask questions. To read and send messages, use news readers, such as the built-in Netscape Navigator browser - Netscape News or Internet News from Microsoft, supplied with the latest versions of Internet Explorer.

FTP is a method of transferring files between computers. Continued software development and the publication of unique text-based information sources ensure that the world's FTP archives remain a fascinating and ever-changing treasure trove.

You are unlikely to find commercial programs in FTP archives, since license agreements prohibit their open distribution. But you will find shareware and publicly available software. These are different categories: public domain programs are truly free, while shareware requires you to pay the author if, after a trial period, you decide to keep the program and use it. You will also encounter so-called free programs; their creators retain copyright, but allow their creations to be used without any payment.

To view FTP archives and obtain files stored on them, you can use specialized programs - WS_FTP, CuteFTP, or use the WWW browsers Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer - they contain built-in tools for working with FTP servers.

Remote Login - remote access - working on a remote computer in a mode where your computer emulates the terminal of the remote computer, i.e. You can do everything (or almost everything) that you can do from a regular terminal on the machine with which you have established a remote access session.

The program that handles remote sessions is called telnet. telnet has a set of commands that control the communication session and its parameters. The session is ensured by the joint operation of the software on the remote computer and yours. They establish a TCP connection and communicate via TCP and UDP packets.

The telnet program is included with Windows and is installed along with support for the TCP/IP protocol.

A proxy ("near") server is designed to store information that is frequently accessed by users on the local system. When you connect to the Internet using a proxy server, your requests are initially directed to this local system. The server retrieves the required resources and provides them to you, while simultaneously storing a copy. When you access the same resource again, a saved copy is provided. This reduces the number of remote connections.

Using a proxy server can slightly increase access speed if the communication channel of your Internet provider is not efficient enough. If the communication channel is powerful enough, the access speed may even decrease somewhat, since when retrieving a resource, instead of one connection from the user to the remote computer, two are made: from the user to the proxy server and from the proxy server to the remote computer.

A few technical details:

The term “TCP/IP” usually refers to everything related to the TCP and IP protocols. It covers an entire family of protocols, application programs, and even the network itself. The family includes protocols UDP, ARP, ICMP, TELNET, FTP and many others. TCP/IP is an internetworking technology. The IP module creates a single logical network.

The TCP/IP protocol architecture is designed for an integrated network consisting of separate heterogeneous packet subnets connected to each other by gateways, to which heterogeneous machines are connected. Each of the subnetworks operates in accordance with its own specific requirements and has its own nature of communication media. However, it is assumed that each subnet can accept a packet of information (data with the appropriate network header) and deliver it to a specified address in that particular subnet. The subnet is not required to guarantee mandatory packet delivery and have a reliable transmission protocol. This way, two machines connected to the same subnet can exchange packets. When it is necessary to transmit a packet between machines connected to different subnets, the sending machine sends the packet to the appropriate gateway (the gateway is connected to the subnet just like a regular node). From there, the packet is routed along a specific route through a system of gateways and subnets until it reaches a gateway connected to the same subnet as the receiving machine; there the packet is routed to the recipient. The problem of packet delivery in such a system is solved by implementing the Internet Protocol IP in all nodes and gateways. The internetwork layer is essentially the basic element in the entire protocol architecture, providing the ability to standardize upper-layer protocols. informatization internet mail access

Now about data streams:

A driver is a program that directly interacts with a network adapter. A module is a program that interacts with a driver, network applications, or other modules. The network adapter driver, and possibly other modules specific to the physical data network, provide a network interface to the TCP/IP family of protocol modules.

The name of a block of data transmitted over a network depends on what level of the protocol stack it is at. The block of data that the network interface deals with is called a frame; if the data block is between the network interface and the IP module, then it is called an IP packet; if it is between an IP module and a UDP module, then it is a UDP datagram; if between an IP module and a TCP module, then - a TCP segment (or transport message); Finally, if the data block is at the level of network application processes, then it is called an application message.

These definitions are, of course, imperfect and incomplete. In addition, they change from publication to publication.

The possibilities of the Internet are as wide as a person can only imagine. Network technology has already seriously established itself as the best source of information in the West and is rapidly developing in the countries of the former Soviet Union. For example, in Russia last year the Internet developed by 400%, in Ukraine - only 300%. Today there are more than 10,000 registered users in our country and this number is constantly growing. According to the opinion and deep conviction of Microsoft CEO Bill Gates, the world community, approaching the end of the 20th century, is rapidly moving towards an inevitable degeneration into the network in 5-10 years. Therefore, it is especially important today to turn our attention to this technological perspective and try to do everything possible to integrate the Internet into the field of education.

Bibliography

1. Vigdorchik G.V., Vorobyov A.Yu. “Fundamentals of assembly programming for SM computers”, M, 1987

2. Wirth N. “Algorithms and data structure”, M, 1990

3. Yusupova R.M. “Issues of applied informatics”, St. Pete., 1993

4. Kosyrev V.P. "Economic informatics and computer technology", M, 1996

5. Zaydinov O.D. “Global information networks. Internet", M, 2009

6. Lyakhovich V.F. "Fundamentals of Computer Science", ed. "Phoenix", 1996

Posted on Allbest.ru

Similar documents

The concept of "information". Interactivity. Information search. The Internet as the main means of interactive information search. History of the creation of the Internet. Access to the Internet. Search resources. Types of search engines. Email.

course work, added 02/15/2007

Creation of the Internet information network and e-mail. Hypertext transmission process and protocol. Internet browser program. Using the latest DSL technology. Data transfer rate. Wireless networks using radio channels.

abstract, added 04/22/2011

Theoretical foundations of Internet technologies and basic Internet services. Familiarization with the possibilities of connecting to the Internet. Basic network services. Principles of searching for information on the WWW. Review of modern Internet browsers. Programs for online communication.

course work, added 06/18/2010

The Internet is a powerful global means of exchanging information. Classification of information sources on the Internet. Electronic mail is one of the types of information services provided by computer networks. Concept and features of teleconference on the Internet.

presentation, added 04/18/2012

The number of people using the World Wide Web. Development of the Interneting Project. Data transfer standard. Possibilities of hypertext links. Transfer files of any type over the network. The main advantages of email. Searching for information on the Internet.

presentation, added 12/03/2013

The purpose of the global computer network Wide Area Networks. The history of the creation of the Internet, ways to connect a computer to it. Searching for information, doing business and distance learning. Structure of ARPANET, NSFNET networks. Internet protocols and addresses.

test, added 02/24/2014

History of the development of global networks. Internet hardware. Addressing, communication channels, software. Internet communications and information services. Email, direct communication forums. Using data retrieval tools.

test, added 01/06/2017

Problems solved by small businesses using Internet resources. Methods and schemes for connecting to the Internet. Organization of access to information and requirements for network management technology. Calculation of the total costs of developing a software product.

thesis, added 10/17/2013

Purpose of a database management system. Data transmission in computer networks: information transmission scheme, characteristics of information transmission channels. Information resources that the Internet contains. Electronic mail is an information service of a computer network.

test, added 04/26/2009

The Internet is a global telecommunications network of information and computing resources that serves as the physical basis for the World Wide Web. History of the emergence and development of the Internet, basic services. What are web browsers, their characteristics.

Storing, processing and transmitting texts is an area in which computers have been used very widely and for quite a long time.

Computer typing and editing have become the main method of preparing texts for writers, journalists and students. Working with text using a computer is much more convenient than writing by hand or typing, if only because it is much easier to make any changes to the finished text.

Electronic copying of texts - both on computer media and transmission over computer networks - has become a powerful engine of freedom of speech throughout the world. Any opinion, any message, presentation of any idea has now become possible to disseminate quickly and widely, and this does not require an expensive and cumbersome printing house.

Text Document is an information block containing text as basic information. But a text document does not always contain only text. It may contain additional information, such as tables of contents, links, headings, different types of fonts, as well as graphics, tables, etc.

The main text input tool is the keyboard. There are text recognition systems that allow you to convert text printed on paper into electronic form, as well as voice input systems that should ensure that any dictation is understood (however, at the moment this is a very difficult technical task).

Entering text into a computer and changing it is called editing, and programs that allow you to enter and change text are called text editors. Any test editor allows you to: enter text from the computer keyboard; change already entered text (for example, correct typos, enter new words or phrases, delete existing ones, etc.); save text in a file, as well as read previously saved text.

Programs that allow you to work not only with text, but also with additional information are called word processors. They allow you to see the document as it will be printed. This display of a document is calledWYSIWYG(from English " What You See Is What You Get"-"what you see is what you get").

As a rule, word processors are included in so-called office software suites. Having studied the principles of working with any one word processor, we will be able to work with any other.

There are several well-known office software suites. Most common Microsoft Office . It includes the most famous programs - word processor Microsoft Word (Figure 40), table processor – Microsoft Excel and others. Office Suite created by the company Microsoft . This is the largest American software company; it owns, in particular, the operating system Windows.

Figure 40 – Interface from Microsoft Word 2007

However, several problems arise here: the main ones are price and dependence on a foreign manufacturer. Legal use Microsoft Office is very expensive. Cheap CDs are considered illegal and their distribution is prohibited by law. The package does not have these shortcomings OpenOffice. org . It is free, which means that it can be legally copied and even sold, as well as studied and modified. So, the Russian version was prepared by the Russian team. There are versions OpenOffice. org for all modern operating systems, not just for Windows . It can be used under control Linux or other freely distributed operating system and on computers iMac. In the OpenOffice package. org word processor included OpenOffice. orgWriter.

Let's consider and compare the main capabilities of word processorsMicrosoft Word 2007 And OpenOffice. org Writer 3.0 .

Word processors allow you to insert pictures, formulas, audio and video files, spreadsheet files, presentations and other objects. This capability is based on "object embedding and linking" technology ( OLE– Object Linking and Embedding), which allows you to create complex documents from different types of data, ensure joint operation of several applications when preparing one document, copy and transfer objects between applications.

A word processor is a multifunctional word processing program (with elements of desktop publishing capabilities).

Let's briefly describe interface window processor OpenOffice. org Writer . An icon menu is a row of icons that duplicate frequently used operations that are also available in the main menu. The rulers are located above the window and to the left of the document. Using the coordinate ruler, which is located above the window, you can change paragraph indents, typesetting line length and column width. The status bar is located at the bottom edge of the window OpenOffice. org Writer . During the process of entering data, it displays information about the position of the input cursor, etc. On the monitor screen, text can be presented at different scales and in different forms; the “View” menu is responsible for this. In general, the interface window OpenOffice. org Writer can be compared to a window Word 2003.

The main replacement of menus and toolbars in Word 2007 serves as a “tape”. It is designed to make commands easier to access and consists of tabs associated with specific goals or objects. Each tab, in turn, consists of several groups of interconnected controls. Compared to menus and toolbars, the ribbon contains significantly more content - buttons, collections, dialog box elements, etc.

In addition to the standard set of tabs that are displayed on the “ribbon,” there are two more types of tabs that are displayed in the interface depending on the task being performed. Contextual tools allow you to work with an element that is highlighted on the page, such as a table, image, or graphic object. When you click on such an element, a color-coded set of contextual tabs related to it appears next to the standard tabs. Tabs applications replace the standard set of tabs when you go to certain views or content modes, such as Preview.

Along with tabs, groups and commands, in Word 2007 Menus and toolbars familiar to users from previous versions are used Word. For example, the button Microsoft Office " located in the upper left corner of the application Word serves to call up a menu for working with files (commands “Create”, “Open”, “Save”, etc.) and a menu that allows you to set various parameters for the word processor . Quick Access Toolbar by default located in the upper left part of the application window Word and is designed for quick access to the most frequently used functions. The Quick Access Toolbar can be customized by adding new commands to it. Dialog box buttons are small icons that may appear in some groups. By clicking such a button, the corresponding dialog box or task pane opens, containing additional parameters associated with this group.

Editing text in a word processor consists of deleting, adding, copying and moving text fragments, as well as checking spelling using keyboard keys or an icon menu. There are two types of copying and moving sections of text: manually and using the clipboard. Clipboard- This is an area of RAM in which cut or copied text or graphics are temporarily stored. Copying or moving sections of text toWordare performed using the menu commands: “Home/Cut” or “Home/Copy” and the “Home/Paste” command. Copying or moving sections of text toOpenOffice. org Writerare performed using the menu commands: “Edit/Cut” or “Edit/Copy” and the “Edit/Paste” command.

Text formatting contains the ability to select the following parameters: font, paragraph, fill, lists, frames, style, etc. The font parameters, in turn, include: typeface (drawing), style, size (point). Each typeface has its own name, for example, Arial, Times New Roman, Tahoma. Fonts can be straight or italic. Italic fonts are most often called italics. Vertical font size is measured in “points”; one point is equal to 1/72 of an inch – approximately 0.353 mm. A 10-point font—called 10-point font—is often used in books. The typewriter printed the text with 14 point size, and this font size is often used today when composing various documents.

Text formatting V OpenOffice. org Writeris done using the “Format/Characters/Font” menu, and inWordusing the Home/Font menu.

The text can be located in several columns. Menu "Format/Columns" inOpenOffice. org Writerbrings up a dialog box in which you can select the number of columns, the width and spacing for each, set them to be the same width, or set the width of each. The “Apply” button will allow you to format not the entire text, but only the selected part. Page Layout/Columns menu inWordallows you to do the same.

The word processor allows split document into two sections or more, if you need to set different page formatting parameters (margins, paper size, page orientation - portrait or landscape) for different sections. To do this inOpenOffice. org Writerthe "Insert/Section" command is used before and after the section being formatted, and inWord team "Insert/Page Break". By default, formatting is applied to the entire document.

Paragraph– this is the part of the text between two presses of the Enter key. The paragraph has several customization options. Its formatting makes it possible to set paragraph indentation, otherwise known as “red line”, indentation on the right and left, spaces before and after the paragraph, and line spacing. When formatting a paragraph, it is not necessary to first select it; it is enough that the cursor is located at any point in the paragraph. Paragraph formatting VOpenOffice. org Writeris done using the “Format/Paragraph” menu, and inWordusing the Home/Paragraph menu.

Styledesign is a named set of settings for design parameters (font, paragraph). If you need to format a paragraph, you most often use a ready-made style or the “Format/Styles” menu inOpenOffice. org Writeror the menu command “Home/Styles” inWord.

The Word word processor is equipped formula editor MS Equation, which allows you to create formula expressions and insert them into text when you select the “Insert/Formula” menu item. INOpenOffice. org WriterThis can be done with the “Insert/Object/Formula” command.

To work with tables use the "Table" menu inOpenOffice. org Writerand the Insert/Table menu in Word. When working with a table, you can change its parameters (height and width of cells), add and delete columns, rows and cells, as well as edit the contents of each table cell, which may contain text, numbers, formulas or pictures.

OpenOffice. org Writerallows you to create own drawings using the “Drawing” toolbar (“Insert/Toolbars/Drawing”), Word using the “Insert/Shapes/New Canvas” command.

In addition to your own drawings, word processors allow you to embed ready-made images into documents using the “Insert/File” command inOpenOffice. org Writer and the “Insert/Drawing” menu item in Word.

It is convenient to create in a large document using a word processor table of contents. This tool allows you to quickly navigate through the text by selecting one of the items on the first page of the document. To do this, select the “Insert/Table of Contents and Indexes” menu inOpenOffice. org Writer. To create a heading style in the table of contents, use the Format/Styles/Styles and Formatting menu. To update the table of contents, use the “Update field/Update entire” command in the context menu. Word uses the Links/Table of Contents commands.

For conservation document created in a word processor, you must click the button with the image of a floppy disk on the icon menu panel or use the “File/Save” menu. The "File/Save As" command allows you to save the file under a new name in Word, and the button " Office/Save" or "Office/Save" And "Office/Save as" VOpenOffice. org Writer.

Authors and developers text processing software do not stand still, periodically creating new and improved versions of their products. In particular, a version is already available to users Microsoft Office Word 2010, which has a “ribbon” interface, but adds commands for image processing and improving text effects (for example, glow, reflection, shadows).

There are also other text editors, for example: StarWriter, Bred, Crypt Edit, KeyNote, Squall Pro, TextViewer, WinVi . They, as a rule, occupy less disk space and are most often distributed free of charge, but have a smaller set of functions (for example, image editing), but their capabilities are quite sufficient for typing and editing small text data.

APPLIED INFORMATICS

LECTURE NOTES

for bachelors in the direction 150900 – “Technology, equipment and automation of mechanical engineering production”

and students of specialties:

151001 “Mechanical Engineering Technology”

150401 “Design of technical and technological complexes”

151002 “Metalworking machines and complexes”

151003 “Tool systems for mechanical engineering production”

full-time education

Tula 2005
Lecture 1 (2 hours)

Classes of the most typical software tools

Elements of working in the Ms Word 2000 environment

Create, edit and print documents

Customizing Ms Word 2000 Toolbars

Acrobat program

INTRODUCTION

For the mass computer user, the greatest interest is precisely application software(PPO), which allows you to directly solve problems from its subject areas. Taking into account the diversity of problems solved on a computer and the corresponding software, we will consider classes most typical software(PS) aimed at wide application.

Currently, computers are widely used in administrative management. One of these areas of application of computers is e electronic office. This is a system for automating the work of an institution, based on the use of computer technology and communications. It usually includes components such as:

text editors;
graphic editors and graphic libraries (for obtaining diagrams, diagrams, graphs, etc.);
spreadsheets;
database management systems;
integrated software packages;
electronic notebooks;
electronic calendars with a schedule of business meetings, meetings, etc.;
electronic filing cabinets that provide cataloging and searching for documents (letters, reports, etc.) using a computer;
automatic telephone directories that you can scroll through on the screen, move the cursor to the desired number and connect.

These PS largely determine the main directions applied computer science. In this regard, the following classes of PS were selected: processing text, tabular And graphic information; numerical And symbolic computing; DBMS, SUBZ And expert systems, and computer telecommunications.

Let's look at the general characteristics of the tools in these groups based on their most typical representatives, with an emphasis on tools that operate primarily on IBM-compatible PCs.