Bacteriophages Types and purpose Presentation. Presentation on biology on the topic "Viruses and phages" (grade 10). Phag interaction with a cell

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Bacteriophages (from Lat. Phagos - devouring) - Bacteria viruses, which have the same characteristic features as other viruses. The characteristic properties of the phages, as representatives of the Kingdom of Vira: PHAs - non-cellular forms of life contain one nucleic acid - DNA or RNA They do not have white-oxinterating systems and independent metabolism bond intracellular parasites at the genetic level

Stages of productive infection: 1st stage. Adsorption of phage on a sensitive cell. It occurs in the presence of complementary receptors in the cell wall of bacteria or at the ends of the treads of the phage process. 2nd stage. Penetration of the phage DNA into the bacterial cell. With the help of lysozyme, the hydrolysis of the cell wall section is carried out, the cover of the process is reduced and the inner rod pierces the cage shell. DNA on the channel of the rod penetrates inside. 3rd stage. Intracellular phage development. DNA of bacteriophage directs cellular systems to the biosynthesis of the components necessary for the reproduction of phages. First, there is a synthesis of "early proteins" - enzymes that carry out the replication of DNA, and then "late proteins" - the proteins of the head, the process, etc.

4th stage. Morphogenesis phage. The ripening of the phage is a disassembled process. Phag heads are formed separately: capsid is built around DNA. Independently formed a process: a basal plate is formed, the inner rod is attached to it and dresses the cover. Separately synthesize the threads of the process. Then the components of the phage are combined, forming virions. 5th stage. Lisace bacterial cell and phage yield. Phage lysozyme hydrolyzes the cell wall and performs cell lysis. Bacteriophages go to the environment.

Integrative infection (leases) The phage DNA phage is included in the ring chromosome of the bacterial cell. During the division of the cell profits (integrated phage DNA), the cell genome is replicated and passes into the following generations of bacteria. Bacterial culture, infected with moderate phage, retains vitality and becomes a leased .. Fagal conversion: the process of changing the properties of bacteria, under the action of an additional set of genes made by profaghane into a cell, with the acquisition of toxic properties (for example, the emergence of the ability to form an exotoxin at the pathogens of botulism, diphtheria, scarletins).

Indication and discharge of bacteriophage. At the heart - the principle of joint sowing of the material under study and sensitive to the desired phage of the culture of bacteria - test cultures. The method of enrichment with the "sublets". 1) The material under study is suspended and filtered. Filter and homologous test culture are introduced into a test tube with MPB. Incubate. 2) The contents of the test tubes are released from bacteria (centrifugation, filtration). 3) The filtrate is sown with a test crop on a cup with MPa. Incubate. At the MPA against the background of the growth of bacterial culture, rounded stains appear - negative phage colonies.

Negative Phage Colonies 4) The stain material is transferred to a test tube with MPB, a test culture is added, incubated. Phages, multiplied in bacteria, cause their lysis and a phagelizate containing many phages receive in a test tube. 5) Fagolizat is fully exempt from bacteria.

The use of bacteriophages. 1. To diagnose infectious diseases. a) to determine the species affiliation of the isolated culture of bacteria. b) for phageotype - intraspecific differentiation of pure culture of bacteria. c) in order to indicate the pathogen directly in the material from the patient with the help of RNF (rarely applied).

Phagotying the base of the method of the method of the method: with the help of typical phages differentiate the cultures of one species on the basis of their different sensitivity to the set of such phages, that is, the phageotype is detected, which allows you to identify the source of the disease and the path of its distribution. Phagotyping S. Typhi. The set of typical VI-phages (A, B, C, D, E) is used, each of which is lysed by the culture of certain phagelovars. For typing, the Phag VI-1 is needed, which lies all the abdominal cultures containing VI-antigen, because Only such cultures are suitable for exploration.

Phagotyping S. Typhi. Experience: 1) Bouillon culture fall in the form of droplets on the surface of MPa. 2) typical VI phages, as well as phage VI-1, are applied to dried droplets of culture. Incubate. 3) carry out accounting of the result: the culture must be fully lysed by FAGM VI-1 and certain type phages, which allows to determine its phagelovar (using a table).

2. For the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Antibiotics are widely used for the treatment of infectious diseases, but their improper use causes complications. Bacteriophages are used as alternative therapy. Preparations of bacteriophage are made of virulent bacteriophages of a wide range of action, active against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. They are produced by liquid and lyophilic dried, in the form of tablets, creams, ointments, candles. Before use, it is necessary to determine the phagezensitivity of the causative agent of infection.

The most used preparations of bacteriophages. Self-protein (mixture of phagelisate P.Vulgaris and P.Mirabilis) Staphylococcal bacteriofag bacteriofhage Pseudomonas Aerugine Salmonellic bacteriophage bacteriophage polyvalent (mixture of phagoolisates of staphylococcal, streptococcal, E. coli, p.vulgaris and p.mirabilis)

The titration of bacteriophage according to the grace method 1.0 ml of phage is mixed in a tube with 0.5 ml of bacterial culture and melted MPa was added to the same test tube. All contents poured into a cup with MPa. They are allowed to frozen the upper thin layer and put into the thermostat. When meeting a phage with a bacterium, lysis lasts the last and a negative colony of the phage is formed. Such negative colonies are then calculated to determine the titer. The phage titer is called the number of phage particles in 1 ml of phage preparation.

Fagotypes of bacteria according to the Fisher method The test daily bouillon culture is seeded on the MPa, then conditionally divide the cup on the squares. Each square is applied on one drop of different phages. After a daily incubation in the thermostat, there are squares in which the lysis bacteria is marked. The phageotype of bacterial culture is determined by the type of lysiting phage.

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