Presentation on the topic John von Neuman. Presentation on the topic "John von Neumann" zero generation. Mechanical calculators
Important dates in the life of a scientist were born on December 28, 1903 in Budapest. Born December 28, 1903 in Budapest. In 1911, he enters Lutheran gymnasium. In 1911, he enters Lutheran gymnasium. In 1926 he received a doctorate of philosophy in mathematics (with elements of experimental physics and chemistry). In 1926 he received a doctorate of philosophy in mathematics (with elements of experimental physics and chemistry). From 1926 to 1930, John Von Neumann became a privatant in Berlin. From 1926 to 1930, John Von Neumann became a privatant in Berlin.
Important dates in the life of a scientist in 1930 were invited to a teaching office at Princeton University. In 1930, invited to the teaching office at Princeton University. In 1937, von Neumann became a US citizen. In 1937, von Neumann became a US citizen. In 1938, he was awarded the Bochher Prize for his work in the field of analysis. In 1938, he was awarded the Bochher Prize for his work in the field of analysis. In 1930 he married Mariette Köweshi in 1930 married Mariette Köweshi in 1938, the second time married Clara Dan. In 1938, the second time married Clara Dan.
Important dates in the life of a scientist in 1946 proved the theorem on the density of the number of numbers in the dual combined indicative positional viewing systems. In 1946, he proved the theorem on the density of the number of numbers in dual combined indicative positional viewing systems. In 1950, the first successful numerical weather forecast was made. In 1950, the first successful numerical weather forecast was made. In 1957, sick bones. In 1957, sick bones.
John von Neuman and its principles 1. The principle of binary coding: all information is encoded in binary form. 2. Program management principle: The program consists of a set of commands. 3. The principle of uniformity of memory: stored in one memory. 4. Address principle: Memory consists of numbered cells.
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
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Architecture von Neumanana - a widely known principle of joint storage of programs and data in the memory of the computer. When they talk about the architecture of Nimanan, they mean the physical separation of the processor module from program storage devices and data. The formation of the overwhelming majority of computers is based on the following general principles formulated in 1945 by American scientist John von Neumanan. 1. Principle of software management. It follows from it that the program consists of a set of commands that are performed by the processor automatically after each other in a specific sequence. * Sampling of the program from memory is carried out using the command meter. This processor register consistently increases the address of the next command to the next command to the address. 2. The principle of uniformity of memory. Programs and data are stored in the same memory. Therefore, the computer does not distinguish that it is stored in this memory cell - the number, text or command. Over the commands you can perform the same actions as above the data. This opens up a number of opportunities. ** The commands of one program can be obtained as the results of the execution of another program. In this principle, broadcast methods are based - translation of the text of the program from a high-level programming language into a specific machine language. 3. The principle of targeting. Structurally, the main memory consists of renumbered cells; A processor in an arbitrary moment of time is available any cell. Hence the ability to give names to the memory areas, so that the values \u200b\u200bthat are stored in them can subsequently appeal or change them in the process of executing programs using assigned names. Computers built on these principles belong to the Tip-Neumanovsky type.
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Processor Memory Completing commands can be traced according to the scheme: Enter the output Program Data The command meter commands Register UU Operand registers Adder Alu Machine Back Neuman consists of a storage device (memory) - zoom, arithmetic logical device - Alu, control devices - UU, and devices input and output. Programs and data are entered into memory from the input device through an arithmetic and logical device. All program commands are recorded in adjacent memory cells, and processing data may be contained in arbitrary cells. Any program has the last command must be a command of completing the work. From the memory cell, the address of which is stored in the command meter, the next command is selected; The contents of the command counter at the same time increases the command length, the selected command is transmitted to the control device to the command register. Next, the UU decrypts the address field of the command. According to the signals, the UU operands are read from memory and recorded in Allu to special operand registers. The arithmetic and logical device performs the operations specified by the operations on the specified data. From arithmetic logical device, the results are displayed or an output device. The difference between the memory and the output device is that the data is stored in the form, convenient for computer processing, and the output devices do the way as convenient to a person. As a result of the execution of any command, the command counter changes per unit and, therefore, indicates the following program command. All previous steps are repeated until the "Stop" command is reached, but the data may remain in the processor, if the address of the result is not specified.
In 1946, D. von Neuman, Goldstin and A. Berks in
his joint article outlined new
Principles for the construction and functioning of the computer.
In consequence based on these principles
produced
first
two
Generation
computers. In later generations
There were some changes, although principles
Neumanna are relevant today.
1. Using a binary number system in computing machines.
1. Using binaryNetwork Systems B.
Computing machines.
Advantage over a decimal number system
is that devices can be done
simple enough, arithmetic and logical
operations in the binary number system also
It is easy enough.
2. ECM software management
2. Software managementcomputer
The work of the computer is controlled by a program consisting of
Set commands. Commands are performed sequential
For each other. Creating a machine with stored in memory
the program was the beginning of the fact that we are today
We call programming.
3. Computer memory is used not only for storing data, but also programs.
3. Computer memory is not usedOnly for data storage, but also
Programs.
At the same time, the program commands and data are encoded.
in a binary number system, i.e. Their method of recording
same. Therefore, in certain situations above
commands can be performed the same actions as over
data.
4. EU memory cells have addresses that are consistently numbered
4. EU memory cells have addresses,Which sequentially
Numbered
At any time you can refer to any cell.
Memory at its address. This principle opened
Ability to use variables in
Programming.
5. The possibility of conditional transition in the program execution process.
5. The possibility of a conditional transition toThe process of executing the program.
Despite the fact that the commands are executed
consistently in programs can be implemented
The possibility of transition to any segment of the code.
Architecture von Nimanana
Architecture von NimananaComputer generations - history of the development of computing
Computers Generation - HistoryDevelopment of computing technology
Zero generation. Mechanical calculators
Zero generation.Mechanical calculators
Accounting machine Blaise Pascal,
1642 This car could
Perform only operations
addition and subtraction.
First generation. Computers on electronic lamps (194x-1955)
FIRST GENERATION. Computers onElectronic lamps (194x-1955)
Speed: Several tens of thousands
operations per second.
Features:
Since the lamps have essential dimensions and
There are thousands of them, then the cars had huge sizes.
As a lot of lamps and they have a property
braid, then often the computer was idle due to
Search and replace the lamp failed.
Lamps highlight a large amount of heat,
Consequently, computing machines require
Special powerful cooling systems.
Second generation. Computers on the transistors (1955-1965)
Second generation. Computers onTransistors (1955-1965)
Speed: hundreds of thousands of operations in
give me a sec
First computer on
TX transistors became a prototype for
Computers DEC PDP branches,
that can be considered
Computer generators
industry, because a phenomenon appeared
Mass selling machines. DEC Releases
The first minicomputer (with the size of
cupboard). Fixed appearance
Display.
Third generation. Computers on integrated circuits (1965-1980)
Third generation. Computers onIntegrated circuits (1965-1980)
Speed: Millions of operations per second.
The integrated circuit is
ELECTRONIC SHOPTED ON SILRICTED
crystal. Thousands fit on this scheme
transistors.
There was a problem of compatibility issued
Models (software under them).
For the first time a lot of compatibility attention
Held IBM.
Fourth generation. Computers on large (and super-high) integrated circuits (1980- ...)
Fourth generation. Computers onLarge (and superbound) integral
Schemes (1980- ...)
Speed: hundreds of millions of operations per second.
There was an opportunity to post on one crystal not
one integral scheme, and thousands. Speed
Computers increased significantly.
In the late 70s - the beginning of the 80s was popular
Apple's computer developed by Steve Jobs and
Steve wedge. Later in mass production was
Launched Personal Computer IBM PC on the processor
Slide 2.
The first computer first computer was built in 1943-1946 at the school-electrician engineers Mura Pennsylvania University and was named Eniak (according to the first letters of the English name - electronic digital integrator and calculator). Background Neumanov suggested its weares how to modify Enica to simplify its programming. But in creating the following machine - Edvak (electronic automatic computing with discrete variables) von Neumann took more active part. He developed a detailed logic scheme of the machine into which the structural units were not physical elements of chains, but idealized computing elements. The use of idealized computing elements has become an important step forward, as it allowed to separate the creation of a fundamental logic scheme from its technical embodiment. Also, von Neuman offered a number of engineering solutions. Background Neumanov proposed to use as elements of memory not a delay line, but an electron beam tube (electrostatic memorable system), which should have increased high speed. At the same time, it was possible to handle all the discharges of the Irawan word in parallel. This car was named Joniak - in honor of the background of Nymanan. With the help of Joniak, important calculations were carried out when creating a hydrogen bomb.
Slide 3.
Von Neuman suggested a data adjustment system to improve the reliability of the systems - the use of duplicate devices with a choice of binary result to the largest number. Von Neumanova worked a lot on self-reproduction of automata and was able to prove the possibility of self-reproduction of a finite automaton, which had 29 internal states. Of the 150 works of Nimanan, only 20 concern the problems of physics, the rest are equally distributed among pure mathematics and its practical applications, including the theory of games and computer theory.
Slide 4.
Innovative works on computer theory
Neumanu belongs to innovative works on computer theory associated with the logical organization of computers, problems of operation of machine memory, imitation of randomness, problems of self-reproducing systems. In 1944, Neumann joined the group of Mokley and Eckert, occupied by the creation of the ENIAC machine, as a consultant for mathematical issues. Meanwhile, the group began developing a new model, EDVAC, which, unlike the previous one, could store programs in their internal memory. In 1945, Neumanu published a preliminary report on the EDVAC car, which describes the machine and its logic properties itself. The architecture of the computer described by Neumann was called Nymanovskaya, and thus he was attributed to the authorship of the entire project. It subsequently resulted in a trial of the right to patent and led to the fact that Ecker and Mokley left the laboratory and founded their own firm. Nevertheless, the "architecture of Nimanana" was based on all subsequent models of computers. In 1952, Neuman has developed the first computer using programs recorded on a flexible carrier, Maniac I.
Slide 5.
One of the utopian ideas of Nimanana, to develop which he offered to use computer calculations, was an artificial climate warming on Earth, for which the dark paint of polar ice was pretended to reduce the reflection of solar energy. At one time, this proposal was seriously discussed in many countries. Many ideas von Neumanna have not yet received proper development, for example, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe relationship of the complexity of the complexity and ability of the system to self-reproduction, on the existence of a critical level of complexity, below which the system is degenerated, and above the ability to reproduce . In 1949 it comes out "On the rings of operators. The theory of decomposition."
Slide 6.
In 1956, the Atomic Energy Commission awarded Nimanan Prize Enrico Fermi for an outstanding contribution to computer theory and practice. John von Neumann was awarded the highest academic honors. He was elected a member of the Academy of Exact Sciences (Lima, Peru), the Academy of Decilcoi (Rome, Italy), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, Lombard Institute of Sciences and Literature, the Netherlands Royal Aquance of Sciences and Arts, the US National Academy, Honorary Doctor Many US universities and other countries.