Information Nature Society and Technology. Information in wildlife, society, technology. This material includes sections

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational

Establishment of higher vocational education

"Vladimir State University

Named after Alexander Grigorievich and Nikolai Grigorievich Council

(VLGU)

Department Informatics and information protection.

Test

by discipline " Information Technology in legal activity. "

Performed:

1st year student

groups Zyus-112

correspondence formation

Danilina

Elena Yurievna.

Scientific

leader:

associate Professor of the Department

informatics I.

information protection

Alexandrov A.V.

Vladimir 2013

Topic 1.

The concept of information. Information processes. Information processes in wildlife, society, technology.

Questions and tasks to the topic:

1. Create examples of information (in everyday life, technology, science).

For information at home(Lighting aspect) understand the information about the environment and processes occurring in it, perceived by man or special devices. Example: television and other mass defects, various instructions for use household appliances, books, magazines, just communication in a conversation.

2. Create various examples of information processing.

Processing is a conversion of information with the change of it. content or forms of representation.

Editing text, mathematical calculations, logical conclusions - examples of procedures for changing the content of information.

Surgelation of information, encryption or translation of texts to another language - a change in shape. Coding is also one of the processing options.

Information processing can be done formally, according to the rules or a given algorithm. And can be applied heuristic approachat which it is created new system Actions or openly unknown regular patterns of information studied.

Processing information on the "black box" principle is a process in which the user is important and necessary only input and output information, but the rules for which transformation occurs is not interested in and not taken into account.

The "black box" is a system in which only information at the entrance and the output of this system is available to the outside observer, and the structure and internal processes are unknown.

3. Determine which messages contains for you information:

a) Square of the Pacific Ocean is 179 million square meters. m.

b) Moscow - the capital of Russia.

c) contraindications for use: genetic absence of glucose-6-phosphatehydehydrogenase, tachyritium, collaptic states.

Information contains messages "A", "B". In the option "A" contains objective information, it does not depend on someone's opinion, because Square of the Pacific Ocean - the long-established fact. In the option "B" contains objective, reliable information.

4. To give the following messages to the "important" estimate, "useful", "indifferent", "harmful", "reliable", "false":

a) it rains now.

False information, it does not correspond to reality;

b) Classes on computer science are held every Tuesday.

Helpful informationbecause It must be taken to note not to miss the classes.

Significant information, because Confirmed documented, historically, is a fact.

d) so that parents do not recognize about a two, you need to pull the page from the diary.

This is harmful information, since it contains in itself a motive for negative, incorrect behavior.

5. Create examples of information processes in the plant world.

Seasonal changes in the plant world - result information process. The air and soil temperature, the length of the daylight - the signals of the external environment, meaningful for the survival of the plant. Spring grow leaves. In the fall, they fall apart - these are signals that are perceived by cells of living organisms as information that is processed and affects the exchange physico-chemical processes occurring in a living cell - they control them. Transmission goes within its own living cells (from root to leaves and back).

6. Create examples of information processes in the animal world.

The organization of wildlife, communities and populations is based on the constant exchange of information, the processing of information obtained from inanimate nature. If one of the bees found a rich in the nectar field, then after a while, dozens of members of the bee family rush into this place. It is clear that information is transmitted, and this organizes the community to specific agreed actions.

7. Create examples of information processes in the technique.

In an inanimate nature, it is possible to talk about information processes in relation to the technique when it reacts to some actions of a person.
We are faced with such processes when children play with a controlled toy car or ship. From the transmitting device, the signal "Rotate right" is sent, and the car obediently performs it.

At the end of the XX century, robots were created - automatic mechanisms managed by computers. They are used in enterprises to perform monotonous or dangerous operations. They are applied to work in space, where a person cannot work independently. These robots receive information about the state of the spacecraft and eliminate malfunctions.
For example, to study the surface of Venus in 1990, a special spaceship - "Magellan", which with the help of Radar explored the planet. These radiometry and altimeters obtained by the robot were transmitted to the ground, interesting research was carried out with their help.
On April 10, 2001, the automatic Robot "Lander 2001" launched in the United States to study the surface of Mars. The robot is equipped with special equipment: video cameras for landscape shooting, climate learning devices.
Every day we are faced with examples of using information processes in the art: using the remote control you select television program, change the volume level of the TV, the mode of operation of the VCR, using switches or film keyboard, you set the mode of operation of the microwave oven, automatic washing machine, cell phone. Taking advantage of the metro, we lower the tooth in the turnstile machine, which is checked for compliance. Information about the verification enters a special device that opens the turnstile.

8. Create examples of information processes in society.

Example: phone, letter, television, internet (mainly social networks) - interpersonal information exchange.

9. Give examples of situations in which the information:

10. Fill out a table:

How is it presented in society? And technician? All these questions can be found in the framework of this article.

The importance of information

Getting and converting data is necessary for the vital activity of any arbitrary organism. Without it, even the simplest unicellular. So, they collect data on temperature, chemical composition of the medium to select the most suitable conditions for its existence. Moreover, living beings can not only perceive the information obtained from the environment through senses, but also to share it. This fully applies to man. Thus, the senses are used to obtain data, which are five, and the exchange is carried out using languages \u200b\u200b(gestures, natural, formal).

Information processes

They can be carried out not only in wildlife (between people and in society in particular). So, humanity created a variety of devices - automata. Their work is closely related to the processes of obtaining, storage and for example, there is such automatic deviceas thermostat. He works with information about the room temperature. Depending on the temperature-tuned temperature regime and the situation that is available now, it can turn on / off the heating devices. Three types of information processes distinguish:

1. Treatment.
2. Broadcast.
3. Storage.

As you can see, the information of living and inanimate nature has a lot of things. It should be said that a person is still more difficult organized than the same technique, although some may be difficult to believe it. Thanks to the senses, we can perceive the data, comprehend them and, combining our experience, knowledge and intuition, take some decisions. They are then embodied in real actions, with which the surrounding world is being changed.

Wildlife Information

This is a very interesting topic. The most significant storage in this case is the genome. It contains data that determine the structure and development of genetic information is transmitted by inheritance. It is stored in DNA molecules. They consist of four components, which are called nucleotides. Together they form a genetic alphabet. If a we are talking About examples it allows you to present it best. Separate areas are responsible for the structure and functioning of specific parts of the body. Genes define the possibilities and predispositions to talents or hereditary diseases. The harder the organism is, the more individual sites can be isolated in DNA molecules. Thus, the human genome has over 20 thousand genes, which contain over 3 billion nucleotide residues. continued with decades. Despite the large-scale use of computer technologies, the main array of work was completed only in zero years. But these are not the only possible examples of environmental information. Let's remember the trees and vegetation at all. By winter, they plunge into sleep, and in the spring wake up. This is the most real transfer of information in the wildlife: vegetation cells feel that conditions are changing, and they begin to turn their activities. Such an example can be given and speaking of animals. So, look at the bears. The transfer of information in the wildlife in this case is manifested in the fact that they are glowing fat, and when colds come into hibernation mode. Here the processes proceed both at the level of the entire body and individual systems. There is one interesting aspect that has information in wildlife. Computer science is the science that studies all the processes related to the data. Now it is mainly understood by the technical direction, and the biological in its framework is almost not considered. To do this, microbiology, biochemistry, biophysics and whole line other sciences that are engaged in the processes in living organisms.

Information in society

Man is a social being. To communicate with other people, you need to exchange data with them. In our society, there are such designations: a message, information, awareness about the state of affairs. What is interesting is that information processes are not an exceptional prerogative of human society. Why does the grass of the grass turn yellow, the leaves fall out and in general, all the vegetation goes into sleep mode for the period of cold? And why in the spring everything is reborn? This is all the result of information processes, which flow in plants. So, their cells can perceive the changes that occur in the external environment and respond to them accordingly.

Information in Technology

Cybernetics is engaged in this direction. In this science, management itself is used to describe the organizational processes in various dynamic systems (in which living organisms may be technical devices). Their vital activity or normal functioning are closely related to the management processes. Therefore, all the necessary processes are supported in the required range of parameter values. These include obtaining, saving, transformation and transmission of information. In any process of this type, two objects always interact - managing and manageable. They are connected by the channel direct and feedback. The first transmit control signals. With their help, the control object is displayed on the required range of parameters. The feedback channel is transferred to the status information and the current state of affairs.

Let's look at how this is carried out on the example of regulating the temperature in the room due to air conditioning. As a control facility, a person speaks in this case. Managed is air conditioner. The room is a thermometer, which provides man with data on the magnitude of the temperature. This is a feedback channel. To increase or decrease the temperature, or change the range, a person can turn on or off the air conditioner. This is an example of a direct communication channel. Ultimately a result, the room temperature is maintained in a certain, comfortable for a person, the range. Similarly, you can analyze and work at the computer. A person here again acts as a manager (and a technique - managed) object. Thanks to the senses (such as vision and hearing), information on the state of the computer is obtained by the information output device (monitor or acoustic speakers), which acts as feedback channel. A person analyzes the data obtained and decides on the commission of certain managers. Using information entry devices (mouse or keyboard), which act as a direct communication channel, they are performed relative to the computer. You can see what features of living and inanimate nature has information.

Data perception by man

Separately, it is worth staying at those who provide the greatest interests. Regarding us we can say that the most valuable thing is that we make such highly organized creatures, human thinking is. This is a very developed processing process - on this moment, the best in land. A person can act as a carrier of a large amount of data, which are presented as visual images, various facts, theories, and the like. The entire process of cognition, which almost continuously proceeds, is to obtain and accumulate information.

Science approach

Cybernetics studies technical aspects. In general, this direction is implemented within the framework of computer science, which is engaged in the study of data and all of their characteristics. But the feature of cybernetics is that this science specializes in the management of the processes that occur. It studies the possibility of influencing and cautiously observing the movement of information and its optimization.

Conclusion

As you can see, there is information in wildlife, society, technology, ourselves - wherever you look, you can find it. It is impossible to do without it. And in the absence of part of the information, a person often experiences significant difficulties.

In the wildlife, much more is common than it may seem at first glance. Foliage festivities are connected with them in the fall, germination of colors in spring and other familiar phenomena. The ability to store, transmit and receive information is one of the features of living matter. Without it, normal metabolism is impossible, adaptation to environmental conditions, training, and so on. Information processes in inanimate nature also exist, but differ in several peculiarities and primarily act as a measure of system ordering.

Omnipresent information

What is information? To date, there are several options for determining this term. Each science dealing with information (to such includes all sections of knowledge), uses its understanding. The general definition is rather difficult. Intuitively, every person understands some information and knowledge of the world around the world. In mathematical sciences, data obtained by conclusions are added to them and after solving certain tasks. In physics, information is a measure of the system ordering, it is opposite to entropy and is characteristic of any material objects. In philosophy, it is defined as an intangible form of movement.

Properties

According to most of the wording, information reduces uncertainty, providing information about the world around the world and contributing to the system to one of the set states. It is easy to understand by analyzing the decision-making process. A person often cannot make a choice between several behaviors, until it becomes additional information about the situation. In order for the information to lend to the correct solution, it must have a set of characteristics, these are like:

• compliance;
• utility;
• fullness;
• objectivity;
• accuracy;
• relevance.

The concept of information process

All diverse actions that can be made with information are called information processes. These include obtaining and searching, transmitting and copying, ordering and filtering, protection and archiving.

Information processes in wildlife are found literally at every step. Any body, unicellular or multicellular, constantly receives environmental information that leads to different changes in behavior or internal environment. Without collecting, processing and storing information, it is difficult to imagine the vital activity of any creature. The easiest example is human thinking. In essence, it represents nothing more than the process of constant processing of environmental information, body condition, as well as information stored in memory, and so on.

Information system

Everything in nature proceeds within a certain system. It includes three components:

• transmitter (source);
• receiver (recipient);
• link.

The transmitter can be any organism or the environment. For example, the narrowing or expansion of the pupil occurs under the action of light. The source of information in such a process is the space around a person or an animal. The recipient in this case will be the retina of the eye.

It is called an environment that ensures the delivery of information. A sound or visual wave can act in this capacity, as well as the oscillatory movements of the environment of different nature.

Basic information processes

The whole set of actions that can be made with information are combined into several categories:

• broadcast;
• storage;
• collection;
• treatment.

Computer is a great example of information processes. It receives data and, processing them, issues the necessary information or changes the operation of the system, searches for the necessary facts according to the specified criteria, serves as a source, then receiver information. The prototype of the computer is human brain. It also constantly interacts with the information flow, however, the processes flowing in its depths are repeatedly exceeded by the complexity of those characteristic of the machine.

Some Nuances of Information Transfer

As mentioned above, information processes in wildlife occur in a system consisting of a source, channel and receiver. During the transmission process, the data in the form of a set of signals across the channel falls to the recipient. In this case, the physical meaning of the signals is often not identical to the meaning of the message. For proper interpretation of information, a consistent set of rules and agreements is used. They are necessary for the same understanding of the content of the message at all stages of working with it. Such rules include decoding and other similar systems, rules for reading road signs, alphabets, and so on.

On the example of any language it is easy to notice that the meaning of the information is curled not only on the characteristics of the signals, but also on their location. In this case, the meaning of the same transmitted message each time can be somewhat modified depending on the peculiarities of the recipient. If the information is transmitted to a person, their interpretation is determined by different factors, from its life experience to a physiological state. In addition, the same message can be transmitted different ways, Using various alphabets, language systems or communication channels. So, focus on something can be possible with the help of "Attention!", The use of red or several exclamation marks.

Noise

The study of information processes includes and studying such a thing as noise. It is believed that if the message does not bear useful information, then it carries noise. It can be determined not only absolutely useless from a practical point of view of information, but also messages consisting of signals that the recipient is not able to interpret. The noise can also be called the data that has lost the relevance. That is, any information over time or by virtue of different circumstances can turn into noise. In no less likely the return process. For example, the text in Icelandic will be useless for a person who is not familiar with him and acquires meaning in the event of a translator or dictionary.

Man and society

Information processes in society are not fundamentally different from those on other levels of the organization. Storage, transfer and processing of information in society is carried out through special social institutions and mechanisms. One of the functions of society is to broadcast knowledge. It is ensured by transferring information from generation to generation. In a sense, this process is similar to copying hereditary material.

Information processes in society provide its cohesion. The lack of transfer of accumulated knowledge, including the norms and laws, leads to the separation of the unified formation on individuals acting only on the basis of biologically laid downwards.

Storage and processing

In society, as in a separate organism, it is difficult to submit to the transfer of information without storing it. Databases, libraries, archives and museums contain a huge number of information. Often, before passing them to students, teachers are engaged in processing information. They classify, filter the data, choose individual facts according to the training program and so on.

The story knows several fundamental changes related to the processing of information and leading to an increasing accumulation of knowledge. This include the invention of writing, typography, computer, opening of electricity. The invention of the computer has become a logical consequence of knowledge accumulation. The computer is able to accommodate and handle huge arrays of information, save them and transmit without loss.

Wildlife phenomena: examples of information processes

Information coming from the environment is able to perceive not only people. Animals and plants, individual cells and microorganisms capture signals and react to them in one way or another. Feed falling in the fall and the growth of shoots in the spring, the adoption of a certain pose of the dog when the opponent approaches the release of the necessary substances into the cytoplasm of the amoeba ... All these phenomena of wildlife are examples of changes in the system after information admission.

In the case of plants, the source of information becomes the environment. Information transmission is also carried out between tissue cells. For the animal world is characterized by sharing information and individuals to individuals.

One of the key moments in wildlife is the transfer of hereditary information. In this process, the source (DNA and RNA) can be solved, the alphabet with the set of rules for its reading (genetic code: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine), information processing phase (DNA transcription) and so on.

Cybernetics

The topic "Information processes" is one of the leading in cybernetics. This is a science of management and communication in society, wildlife and technology. The founder of cybernetics is Norbert Wiener. The study of information processes in this science is necessary to understand the peculiarities of the management of a particular system. In cybernetics allocate the managing and managed object. They are communicated through direct and feedback. From the control object (for example, a person), signals (information) are received to the managed (computer), as a result of which the latter produces some actions. Then, on the feedback channel, information about the changes occurred is received.

Cybernetic processes are associated with vital activity of any living organism. Management principles lie and at the heart of public, as well as computer Systems. Actually the concept of cybernetics was born in the search process general approach to the analysis of the activities of living organisms and different cars and awareness of the similarity of the behavior of society and natural communities.

Thus, information processes in wildlife are one of the characteristics of organisms of any level of complexity. They are complemented by direct and feedback principles and contribute to maintaining the constancy of the internal environment and a timely response to changes in the surrounding world. Information processes in an inanimate nature (with the exception of automata created by man) are single-stage. An important noteworthy of their difference is the information transferred from the source, it disappears from it. In the wildlife and automata of such a phenomenon is not observed. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the transmitted information is still preserved in the source.

The concept of information process is used by various sciences. It can be called interdisciplinary. The theory of information is currently applicable to explain the most different processes.

Information processes in wildlife are common much more than it may seem at first glance. Foliage festivities are connected with them in the fall, germination of colors in spring and other familiar phenomena. The ability to store, transmit and receive information is one of the features of living matter. Without it, normal metabolism is impossible, adaptation to environmental conditions, training, and so on. Information processes in inanimate nature also exist, but differ in several peculiarities and primarily act as a measure of system ordering.

Omnipresent information

What is information? To date, there are several options for determining this term. Each science dealing with information (to such includes all sections of knowledge), uses its understanding. The general definition is rather difficult. Intuitively, every person understands some information and knowledge of the world around the world. In mathematical sciences, data obtained by conclusions are added to them and after solving certain tasks. In physics, information is a measure of the system ordering, it is opposite to entropy and is characteristic of any material objects. In philosophy, it is defined as an intangible form of movement.

Properties

According to most of the wording, information reduces uncertainty, providing information about the world around the world and contributing to the system to one of the set states. It is easy to understand by analyzing the decision-making process. A person often cannot make a choice between several behaviors, until it becomes additional information about the situation. In order for the information to lend to the correct solution, it must have a set of characteristics, these are like:

• compliance;
• utility;
• fullness;
• objectivity;
• accuracy;
• relevance.

The concept of information process

All diverse actions that can be made with information are called information processes. These include obtaining and searching, transmitting and copying, ordering and filtering, protection and archiving.

Information processes in wildlife are found literally at every step. Any body, unicellular or multicellular, constantly receives environmental information that leads to different changes in behavior or internal environment. Without collecting, processing and storing information, it is difficult to imagine the vital activity of any creature. The easiest example is human thinking. In essence, it represents nothing more than the process of constant processing of environmental information, body condition, as well as information stored in memory, and so on.

Information system

All examples of information processes in nature occur within a certain system. It includes three components:

• transmitter (source);
• receiver (recipient);
• link.

The transmitter can be any organism or the environment. For example, the narrowing or expansion of the pupil occurs under the action of light. The source of information in such a process is the space around a person or an animal. The recipient in this case will be the retina of the eye.

Communication channel is called an environment that provides information delivery. A sound or visual wave can act in this capacity, as well as the oscillatory movements of the environment of different nature.

Basic information processes

The whole set of actions that can be made with information are combined into several categories:

• broadcast;
• storage;
• collection;
• treatment.

Computer is a great example of information processes. It receives data and, processing them, issues the necessary information or changes the operation of the system, searches for the necessary facts according to the specified criteria, serves as a source, then receiver information. The prototype of the computer is the human brain. It also constantly interacts with the information flow, however, the processes flowing in its depths are repeatedly exceeded by the complexity of those characteristic of the machine.

Some Nuances of Information Transfer

As mentioned above, information processes in wildlife occur in a system consisting of a source, channel and receiver. During the transmission process, the data in the form of a set of signals across the channel falls to the recipient. In this case, the physical meaning of the signals is often not identical to the meaning of the message. For proper interpretation of information, a consistent set of rules and agreements is used. They are necessary for the same understanding of the content of the message at all stages of working with it. Such rules include deciphering the Alphabet of Morse and other similar systems, the rules for reading road signs, alphabets, and so on.

On the example of any language it is easy to notice that the meaning of the information is curled not only on the characteristics of the signals, but also on their location. In this case, the meaning of the same transmitted message each time can be somewhat modified depending on the peculiarities of the recipient. If the information is transmitted to a person, their interpretation is determined by different factors, from its life experience to a physiological state. In addition, the same message can be transmitted in different ways using various alphabets, language systems or communication channels. So, focus on something can be possible with the help of "Attention!", The use of red or several exclamation marks.

Noise

The study of information processes includes and studying such a thing as noise. It is believed that if the message does not bear useful information, then it carries noise. It can be determined not only absolutely useless from a practical point of view of information, but also messages consisting of signals that the recipient is not able to interpret. The noise can also be called the data that has lost the relevance. That is, any information over time or by virtue of different circumstances can turn into noise. In no less likely the return process. For example, the text in Icelandic will be useless for a person who is not familiar with him and acquires meaning in the event of a translator or dictionary.

Man and society

Information processes in society are not fundamentally different from those on other levels of the organization. Storage, transfer and processing of information in society is carried out through special social institutions and mechanisms. One of the functions of society is to broadcast knowledge. It is ensured by transferring information from generation to generation. In a sense, this process is similar to copying hereditary material.

Information processes in society provide its cohesion. The lack of transfer of accumulated knowledge, including the norms and laws, leads to the separation of the unified formation on individuals acting only on the basis of biologically laid downwards.

Storage and processing

In society, as in a separate organism, it is difficult to submit to the transfer of information without storing it. Databases, libraries, archives and museums contain a huge number of information. Often, before passing them to students, teachers are engaged in processing information. They classify, filter the data, choose individual facts according to the training program and so on.

The story knows several fundamental changes related to the processing of information and leading to an increasing accumulation of knowledge. Such information revolutions include the invention of writing, typography, computer, opening of electricity. The invention of the computer has become a logical consequence of knowledge accumulation. The computer is able to accommodate and handle huge arrays of information, save them and transmit without loss.

Wildlife phenomena: examples of information processes

Information coming from the environment is able to perceive not only people. Animals and plants, individual cells and microorganisms capture signals and react to them in one way or another. Feed falling in the fall and the growth of shoots in the spring, the adoption of a certain pose of the dog when the opponent approaches the release of the necessary substances into the cytoplasm of the amoeba ... All these phenomena of wildlife are examples of changes in the system after information admission.

In the case of plants, the source of information becomes the environment. Information transmission is also carried out between tissue cells. For the animal world is characterized by sharing information and individuals to individuals.

One of the key moments in wildlife is the transfer of hereditary information. In this process, the source (DNA and RNA) can be solved, the alphabet with the set of rules for its reading (genetic code: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine), information processing phase (DNA transcription) and so on.

Cybernetics

The topic "Information processes" is one of the leading in cybernetics. This is a science of management and communication in society, wildlife and technology. The founder of cybernetics is Norbert Wiener. The study of information processes in this science is necessary to understand the peculiarities of the management of a particular system. In cybernetics allocate the managing and managed object. They are communicated through direct and feedback. From the control object (for example, a person), signals (information) are received to the managed (computer), as a result of which the latter produces some actions. Then, on the feedback channel, information about the changes occurred is received.

Cybernetic processes are associated with vital activity of any living organism. Management principles lie and at the heart of public, as well as computer systems. The actual concept of cybernetics was born in the process of finding a common approach to the analysis of the activities of living organisms and various automata and awareness of the similarity of the behavior of society and natural communities.

Thus, information processes in wildlife are one of the characteristics of organisms of any level of complexity. They are complemented by direct and feedback principles and contribute to maintaining the constancy of the internal environment and a timely response to changes in the surrounding world. Information processes in an inanimate nature (with the exception of automata created by man) are single-stage. An important noteworthy of their difference is the information transferred from the source, it disappears from it. In the wildlife and automata of such a phenomenon is not observed. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the transmitted information is still preserved in the source.

The concept of information process is used by various sciences. It can be called interdisciplinary. The theory of information is currently applicable to explain the most different processes.