Classification of technical information processing. Collection and processing of information. Information processing technology. Information processing methods. Useful use of computer in time, determined by the ratio of useful work time and time
For the automated collection of source information, its types and issuing results apply a complex of technical means that must have information, software and technical compatibility, and also be adapted to the conditions of operation.
When selecting technical equipment, the following starting components are taken into account:
the nature and composition of the tasks to be executed;
media and volume of input and output information;
forms and ways of presenting the results obtained;
The consistency and compatibility of the actions of the technical means of various purposes.
The technological process of information support includes consistently involved stages using technical agents established by classification:
information collection tools (source data recorders, collection of information and transformation of information in a form, convenient for remote transmission and further processing);
means of transmitting information in time and space (transmission is carried out by telephone, teletype and facsimile);
means of accumulation and processing of information (microevm or computers issuing information with varying degrees of details and in the desired form for analysis and subsequent implementation);
means for issuing information (printing devices, displays, video terminals that provide the output resulting in-formation on which appropriate management solutions are accepted).
The main technical means of the human-machine system are computers. Modern computers have multifunctionality, a significant amount of memory and a rapid effect when programmed data processing. They become an integral working element of commercial work-nicks. The software and microprocessor support of the computer allows you to operate and manage commercial processes at different levels, exercise information with the participants of trade and economic relations.
The use of the working time fund (taking into account the cost of time for prevention and troubleshooting of the technical means) is 0.9.
When designing technological processes, focus on regimes of their implementation. The implementation mode of the technology depends on the volume and temporary features of the tasks being solved: periodicity and urgency, requirements for speed processing, as well as from the mode of technical means, and primarily computer. Exist: batch mode; Real time mode; time separation mode; regulatory mode; Request; dialog; teleworking; interactive; single-strware; multi-program (multicasting).
Batch mode . When using this mode, the user does not have direct communication with the computer. Collection and registration of information, input and processing do not coincide in time. First, the user collects information by forming it in packets in accordance with the type of tasks or some other sign. (As a rule, these are inoperative tasks, with a long-term validity period of the solution results). After completing the reception of information, it is input and processing, i.e., the processing delay occurs. This mode is used, as a rule, with a centralized method of processing information.
Dialog mode (Required) mode in which it is possible to interact with the computing system during the user's work. Data processing programs are in the memory of the computer constantly, if the computer is available at any time, or within a certain period of time when the computer is available to the user. The user interaction with the computing system in the form of a dialog may be multidimensional and determined by various factors: communication language, active or passive role of the user; Who is the initiator of the dialogue - a user or computer; response time; structure of dialogue, etc. If the initiator of the dialog is the user, then it must have knowledge of working with procedures, data formats, etc. If the initiator is a computer, then the machine itself reports at every step, what to do with a variety of choice features. This method of work is called the "Selection of the menu". It provides support for user actions and prescribes their sequence. At the same time, less preparedness is required from the user.
The dialogue mode requires a certain level of the technical equipment of the user, i.e. The presence of a terminal or PEVM associated with the central computing system of communication channels. This mode is used to access information, computing or software resources. The ability to work in the dialog could be limited in the start time and end of work, and maybe unlimited.
Sometimes distinguished dialog and request Modes, then a disposable appeal to the system is understood as requestently, after which it gives out the answer and disables, and under the dialogue mode, with which the system after the request gives the answer and waits further action User.
Real time mode . Indicates the ability of the computational system to interact with controlled or controlled processes at the rate of these processes. The response time of the computer must satisfy the process of the controlled process or the requirements of users and have minimum delay. As a rule, this mode is used with decentralized and distributed data processing.
Telerage mode give a chance remote user Interact with computing system.
Interactive mode It assumes the possibility of bilateral user interaction with the system, i.e. The user has the ability to influence the data processing process.
Time split mode It assumes the ability of the system to allocate its resources to the group of users alternately. The computing system is so quickly serving each user that the impression of the simultaneous operation of several users is created. Such an opportunity is achieved due to the corresponding software.
Uninware and multi-program modes characterize the ability of the system to work simultaneously on one or more programs.
Regulations It is characterized by a certainty in time of individual user tasks. For example, obtaining the resulting reports at the end of the month, the calculation of the statements of salary accrual for certain dates, etc. Terms of decision are established in advance according to the regulations as opposed to arbitrary requests.
The following data processing methods differ: centralized, decentralized, distributed and integrated.
Centralized Ensure the presence. In this method, the user delivers the source information to the WC and receive the results of the processing in the form of effective documents. A feature of such a processing method is the complexity and complexity of the establishment of fast, uninterrupted communication, a large loading of the MC information (because its volume is large), the regulation of the operations of operations, the organization of system security from possible unauthorized access.
Decentralized treatment. This method is associated with the appearance of PC, which gives you the opportunity to automate specific workplace.
Distributed method Data processing is based on the distribution of processing functions between different computers included in the network. This method can be implemented in two ways: the first suggests installing a computer in each node of the network (or at each system level), while data processing is carried out by one or more computers depending on the real capabilities of the system and its needs at the current time. The second way is to place a large number of different processors within one system. This path is used in banking and financial information systems, where the data processing network is necessary (branches, branches, etc.). Advantages of a distributed method: the ability to process any amount of data on specified time; High degree of reliability, since if one technical means fails, it is possible to instantly replace it to another; reduction of time and data transmission costs; Improving system flexibility, simplifying the development and operation of software, etc. Distributed method is based on a complex of specialized processors, i.e. Each computer is designed to solve certain tasks, or tasks of its level.
Integrated Method of processing information. It provides for the creation of an information model of a managed object, that is, the creation of a distributed database. This method provides maximum convenience for the user. On the one hand, the database includes collective use and centralized management. On the other hand, the amount of information, the variety of tasks solved require database distribution. The technology of integrated information processing allows you to improve the quality, accuracy and processing speed, because Processing is performed on the basis of a single information array, one-entered computer. A feature of this method is the separation of technologically and the time of processing procedures from procedures for collecting, prepare and entering data.
A complex of technical information processing is a combination of autonomous devices for collecting, accumulating, transferring, processing and presenting information, as well as instruments of office equipment, management, repair and preventive and others. A number of requirements are imposed to a complex of technical means:
Ensuring solving problems with minimal costs required accuracy and accuracy
The possibility of technical compatibility devices, their aggregativeness
Ensuring high reliability
Minimum costs For acquisitions
The domestic and foreign industries produces a broad nomenclature of technical means of processing information that differ in the element base, constructive execution, using various carriers of information, operational characteristics, etc.
Technical means Information processing is divided into two large groups. it maintenance and auxiliary Processing tools.
Aciders are equipment that ensures the performance of fixed assets, as well as equipment facilitating and making managerial work more comfortable. Admission tools include office equipment and repair and preventive measures. The office equipment is represented by a very wide range of funds, from stationery products, to means of delivering, reproduction, storage, search and destruction of basic data, means of administratively production communications and so on, which makes the work of the managerial and comfortable and comfortable.
Fixed assets are labor tools for automated processing of information. It is known that certain management information is needed to manage those or other processes, which characterizes the states and parameters of technological processes, quantitative, cost and labor indicators of production, supply, sales, financial activities, etc. The main technical processing tools include: Means of registration and collecting information, data reception and data means, data preparation tools, input tools, information processing tools and information display tools. Below, all of these funds are considered in detail.
Obtaining primary information and registration is one of the time-consuming processes. Therefore, widely used devices for mechanized and automated measurement, collection and data registration. The nomenclature of these funds is very extensive. These include: electronic scales, a variety of meters, scoreboard, flow meters, cash registers, banknotes accounts, ATMs and much more. This also includes various production recorders intended for registration and fixation of information about business operations on machine carriers.
Means of reception and transfer of information. The transmission of information is understood as the process of sending data (messages) from one device to another. The interacting set of objects, formed data transmission and processing devices, is called a network. The devices intended for transmitting and receiving information. They provide the exchange of information between the place of its occurrence and the place of processing. The structure of the means and methods of data transmission methods is determined by the location of sources of information and data processing tools, volumes and time transmission time, types of communication lines and other factors. Data transfer tools are represented by subscriber points (AP), transmission equipment, modem, multiplexers.
Data preparation tools Presented with information preparation devices on machine media, devices for transmitting information from documents to media, including computer devices. These devices can extend and adjust.
Input tools serve to perceive data from machine media and entering information in computer systems
Information processing tools Play a crucial role in the complex of technical information processing. Computers can be attributed to the processing tools that, in turn, divide into four classes: micro, small (mini); Large and super email. Micro EUM. There are two species: universal and specialized.
And universal and specialized can be both multiplayer - powerful computers equipped with multiple terminals and functioning in time separation mode (servers) and single-user (workstations) that specialize in performing one type of work.
Small EUM. - Work in time separation mode and in multitasking mode. Their positive side is reliability and simplicity.
Large EUM. - (Meinferm) are characterized by a large amount of memory, high fault tolerance and performance. Also characterized by high reliability and data protection; The ability to connect a large number of users.
Super-Evm. - These are powerful multiprocessor computers with speed of 40 billion operations per second.
Server - A computer allocated for requesting queries from all network stations and representing these stations access to system resources and distributing these resources. The universal server is called - server-application. Powerful servers can be attributed to small and large computers. Now the leader are Marshall servers, as well as there are Cray servers (64 processor).
Information display tools Use to display the results of calculations, reference data and programs for machine media, print, screen, and so on. Output devices include monitors, printers and plotters.
Monitor - This is a device designed to display information entered by a user with a keyboard or a computer displayed.
Printer - This is an output device for paper media textual and graphic information.
Plotter - This is a device for the output of drawings and schemes of large formats on paper.
Technology - This is a complex of scientific and engineering knowledge implemented in the work of labor, sets of material, technical, energy, labor factors of production, the methods of their connection to create a product or service that meet certain requirements. Therefore, the technology is inextricably linked with the engineering of production or non-productive, primarily the management process. Management technologies are based on the use of computers and telecommunications technology.
According to the definition adopted by UNESCO, information technology - this is a complex of interrelated, scientific, technological and engineering disciplines that study the methods of effective organization of people employed by processing and storing information; computational technique and methods of organization and interaction with people and manufacturing equipment. Their practical applications, as well as related social, economic and cultural problems associated with all these. Information technologies themselves require complex preparation, large initial costs and high technology. Their introduction should begin with creating mathematical support, the formation of information flows in systems for training specialists.
The purpose of the management information technology is to meet the information needs of all without exception of employees of the company dealing with decision-making. It can be useful at any control level.
This technology is focused on working in the management information system environment and is used at the worst structure of solved tasks, if they are compared with tasks solved using information technology data technology.
The management information technology is ideal for meeting the similar information needs of employees of various functional subsystems (divisions) or levels of management of the firm. The information they supplied contains information about the past, present and probable future firm. This information has a form of regular or special management reports.
For decision-making at the management control level, information must be represented in an aggregated form, so that the trends in the data change, the causes of the deviations that have arisen and possible solutions have been viewed. At this stage, the following data processing tasks are solved:
· Evaluation of the planned state of the control object;
· Estimation of deviations from the planned state;
· Detection of causes of deviations;
· Analysis of possible solutions and actions.
Information technology management is aimed at creating various types of reports.
Regular Reports are created in accordance with the established schedule determining the time of their creation, such as a monthly sales analysis of the company.
Special Reports are created at the requests of managers or when something unplanned in the company occurred. And those and other types of reports may have the form of summarizing, comparative and emergency reports.
IN summating Reports The data is combined into separate groups, sorted and presented in the form of intermediate and final results according to individual fields.
Comparative Reports contain data obtained from various sources or classified by various features and used for comparison purposes.
Emergency Reports contain data exclusively (emergency) character.
The use of reports to support management turns out to be particularly effective when implementing the so-called management, but deviations. Departure management assumes that the main content of the data managed by the manager should be deviating the state of the economic activity of the company from some established standards (for example, from its planned state). When using the principles of the Deviation Management Principles, the following requirements are imposed on the reports:
· The report should be created only when the deviation happened
· The report in the report must be sorted by the value of the critical value for this deviation of the indicator;
· All deviations are desirable to show together so that the manager could catch the existing connection between them;
· The report needs to show, quantitative deviation from the norm.
Main components
Input information comes from operating level systems. Output information is formed as management Reports in Convenient for making a solution. The contents of the database using the appropriate software are converted to periodic and special reports entering specialists involved in decision-making in the organization. The database used to obtain this information should consist of two elements:
1) data accumulated on the basis of an assessment of operations conducted by the company;
2) plans, standards, budgets and other regulatory documents defining the planned state of the management facility (divisions of the company).
When implementing information technology, a company must be selected one of the two main concepts reflecting the current views on the existing structure of the organization and the role of computer processing information in it.
First concept Focus on existing Firm structure. Information technology adapts to the organizational structure, and only modernization of work methods occurs. Communications are weakly developed, only jobs are rationalized. The distribution of functions between technical workers and specialists occurs. The degree of risk from the introduction of new information technology is minimal. Since the costs are insignificant and the organizational structure of the company does not change.
The main disadvantage of such a strategy is the need for continuous changes in the form of information that adapted to specific technological methods and technical means. Any operational decision "jits" at various stages of information technology.
TO advantages Strategies include minimal risk and costs.
Second concept I am focused on future Firm structure. The existing structure will be upgraded.
This strategy involves the maximum development of communications and the development of new organizational relationships. The productivity of the organizational structure of the firm increases, since the data archives are rationally distributed, the amount of information circulating on system channels is reduced and a balance between solved tasks is achieved.
To its main disadvantages should be attributed:
· Significant costs at the first stage associated with the development of a general concept and examination of all divisions of the company;
· The presence of psychological tensions caused by the estimated changes in the structure of the company and, as a result, changes in staff schedule and official duties
The advantages of this strategy are:
· Rationalization of the organizational structure of the company;
· Maximum employment of all employees;
· High professional level;
· Integration of professional features through the use of computer networks.
The new information technology in the firm should be such that the levels of information and subsystem, its machining, bind to each other with a single array of information. In this case, two requirements are presented. First, the structure of information processing system must comply with the distribution of powers in the firm. Secondly, information inside the system should function so that it is enough to fully reflect control levels.
To support new business mechanisms, adequate market relations of the NIT should be developed. In particular, in modern conditions, banking and investment activities are subjected to changes, taxation is being improved, new types of management activities and market entities appear, which requires effective application information technologies.
Banking systems. The development and improvement of banking structures generates the need for new services of financial institutions. The decentralization of the banking system leads to a fundamentally new organization that requires the development of the concept of comprehensive informatization of individual institutions to improve the efficiency of their own functioning, as well as to interact with each other, with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and with foreign partners. Banking information technologies should ensure sufficient efficiency in organizing calculations. In addition, this scope of banking activity is the most laborious, contains a large amount of calculations and is characterized as a routine.
The use of imitation modeling to build banking technologies is one of the most promising approaches to solving strategic problems. The banker can imitate bank financial performance, evaluate the effectiveness and consequences of decisions made and thus identify their policies in the financial market. This area is closely adjacent to the development of expert systems focused on both the bank's clients and in banking specialists.
The organization of communication between banks of Russia remains an extremely important issue of informatization of banking activities. The existing paper technology usually requires 2-3 days to transfer money. At the same time, the delay can be due to both the form of the organization of calculations and the state of communications. The introduction of the NIT can contribute to the exit from this crisis. Since independently developed and upgraded software complexes are too expensive, the role of organizations specializing in banking technologies and capable of solving banking problems is comprehensive. Appeated products called "banking platforms", giving, from the point of view of a single unified functional base, the overall solution of all banking tasks will determine the quality standards and functionality automated systems Processing banking information.
Stock technology. Experience has shown that the design of stock computer complexes is a logical, time-consuming and time-lasting work requiring the high qualifications of all specialists involved in its implementation. Designing such complexes is traditionally based on intuition, expert estimates, expensive experimental checks of the functioning of the complex and practical experience. In addition, with an increase in the number of users of exchange technology, the role of high performance of its functioning is enhanced, which significantly depends on the design ideology.
The introduction of modern exchange information technologies into practice should contribute to improving the economic efficiency of the Exchange by expanding the scope of its country's regions, accelerating the turnover of working capital, involvement in the stock exchange process of mass suppliers, intermediaries and buyers, to ensure the possibility of active making not only large-scale, but also Middle and little large-scale transactions in the mass number, automation of labor-intensive and prolonged routine processes, collecting applications from brokerage firms for the purchase and sale of a computer method, holding automated trading (calculation of the course, conclusion of transactions, design of trading contracts and clearing calculations) Single rules to protect the interests of the investor, equal rights of all bidders, etc.
Management technologies. In the conditions of the market, all production management procedures are filled with new content. Any production is associated with streams of both internal and external information. Among the variety of incoming information, a manager for making a solution is needed only strictly defined, and all other are informational noise. In addition, most of the information arises not where they need it, therefore, the ability to overcome this distance acquires great importance to successfully solve problems. The resolution of the problem of communication has an impact on the rate of receipt of information and its timeliness, which contributes to more efficient work of the enterprise. This far from the full range of problems refuses the need to build a special management information system that promotes them optimal decision. Currently, there are two main approaches to building such systems. This is a MIS system, which, by the desired point of time in "the most convenient form, taking into account the generally accepted principle of efficiency, provide the necessary information about the past, present and future in accordance with the situation. The second approach is based on DSS systems (DecisionSupportsystems) who are focused on intellectual provision Decision management processes and aimed at supporting decision-made decisions.
The principle of election distribution of information involves systematizing information in accordance with the following requirements:
· Information must comply with the level of control, which is expressed in its enlargement and seal when moving from the bottom to upper level;
· Information must meet the character of management and comply with the set of management goals, i.e. For each control level, information is provided that allows you to perform all the functions of the control process. For example, at the analysis stage, not only current, but also past and forecast data are used, the actual values \u200b\u200bare compared with the planned and caused causes of the deviation.
Marketing technology. A comprehensive study of marketing information flows requires the analysis of large arrays of commercial and statistical information. Marketing information technology is a set of procedures and methods intended for organizing promising and current marketing research.
Tax information systems. The transformation of the tax system causes the need for modifications, and sometimes in the cardinal restructuring of the relevant information technologies. Since the tax system of modern Russia has no analogues, then in solving the problem of informatization of tax services, it is not necessary to rely on borrowing foreign software and mathematical products. Therefore, if effective data collection and processing technologies have been created for the implementation of the official tax policy, then such a policy, whatever successful and promising, is doomed to fail. The ideologists of reforms wishing to stimulate the production and accumulation of capital to stimulate the equitable distribution of the tax burden, it is necessary to clearly present the possibilities of the NIT.
Among the main directions of the concept, the informatization of the tax system is advisable to allocate:
· Creating a unified comprehensive information and analytical system designed to maintain tax services;
· Development of a modern communication network that provides information exchange both within the system and with external objects;
· Preparation of cedar in the new information environment.
The basic principles of informatization of tax services are proposed:
· Comprehensiveness and systematic system of informatization, its subordination to the solution of the tasks facing the tax service currently and in perspective;
· Activity in providing user information needs;
· Preamy and continuity in informatization;
· Distribution of storage and processing of information;
· Compatibility of system-wide and specialized data banks in the entrance, output and basic tasks;
· Providing a user with convenient access to information within its competence; Disposable input of information and multiple, multipurpose use; Providing the required confidentiality of information
Complex of technical information processing - This is a combination of autonomous devices for collecting, accumulating, transferring, processing and presenting information, as well as instruments of office equipment, management, repair and preventive and others.
A number of requirements are imposed to a complex of technical means:
· Ensuring solving problems with minimal costs, necessary accuracy and reliability
· The possibility of technical compatibility of devices, their aggregativeness
· Ensuring high reliability
· Minimum purchase costs
The domestic and foreign industries produces a broad nomenclature of technical means of processing information that differ in the element base, constructive execution, using various carriers of information, operational characteristics, etc.
Technical means of processing information are divided into two large groups. These are the main and auxiliary means of processing.
Fixed assets - It is a labor tool on automated information processing.
It is known that certain management information is needed to manage those or other processes, which characterizes the states and parameters of technological processes, quantitative, cost and labor indicators of production, supply, sales, financial activities, etc.
The main technical processing tools include: Means of registration and collecting information, data reception and data means, data preparation tools, input tools, information processing tools and information display tools. Below, all of these funds are considered in detail.
· Obtaining primary information and registration It is one of the time-consuming processes. Therefore, devices for mechanized and automated measurement, collecting and registering data are widely used. The nomenclature of these funds is very extensive. These include: electronic scales, a variety of meters, scoreboard, flow meters, cash registers, banknotes accounts, ATMs and much more. This also includes various production recorders intended for registration and fixation of information about business operations on machine carriers.
· Means for receiving and transferring information.
Under the transmission of information It is understood as the process of sending data (messages) from one device to another. The interacting set of objects, generated data transmission and processing devices, is called network . Combine devices intended for transmitting and receiving information. They provide the exchange of information between the place of its occurrence and the place of processing. The structure of the means and methods of data transmission methods is determined by the location of sources of information and data processing tools, volumes and time transmission time, types of communication lines and other factors. Data transfer tools are represented by subscriber points (AP), transmission equipment, modem, multiplexers.
· Data preparation tools presented with information preparation devices on machine media, devices for transmitting information from documents to media, including computer devices. These devices can extend and adjust.
· Input tools serve to perceive data from machine media and entering information in computer systems
· Information processing tools Play a crucial role in the complex of technical information processing. Computers can be attributed to the processing tools that, in turn, divide into four classes: micro, small (mini); Large and super computer.
Micro EUM. There are two species: universal and specialized. And universal and specialized can be both multiplayer - powerful computers equipped with multiple terminals and functioning in time separation mode (servers) and single-user (workstations) that specialize in performing one type of work.
Small EUM. - Work in time separation mode and in multitasking mode. Their positive side is reliability and simplicity.
Large EUM. - (Meinferm) are characterized by a large amount of memory, high fault tolerance and performance. Also characterized by high reliability and data protection; The ability to connect a large number of users.
Super-Evm. - These are powerful multiprocessor computers with speed of 40 billion operations per second.
Server - A computer allocated for requesting queries from all network stations and representing these stations access to system resources and distributing these resources.
Universal server. called - server application.
Powerful servers can be attributed to small and large computers. Now the leader are Marshall servers, as well as there are Cray servers (64 processor).
· Information display tools Use to display the results of calculations, reference data and programs for machine media, print, screen, and so on. Output devices include monitors, printers and plotters.
Monitor - This is a device designed to display information entered by a user with a keyboard or a computer displayed.
Printer - This is an output device for paper media textual and graphic information.
Plotter - This is a device for the output of drawings and schemes of large formats on paper.
Auxiliary means - This is an equipment that ensures the performance of fixed assets, as well as equipment facilitating and making managerial work is more comfortable.
Admission tools include office equipment and repair and preventive measures. The office equipment is represented by a very wide range of funds, from stationery products, to means of delivering, reproduction, storage, search and destruction of basic data, means of administratively production communications and so on, which makes the work of the managerial and comfortable and comfortable.
System unit it consists of a housing with a power supply and a motherboard (system) board. The power supply converts alternating current into a constant low voltage current. The power supply power depends on how the number of additional devices that do not have their own power supply can be connected to the system unit.
Motherboard - The main part of the computer, with which other elements are combined. This is a big printed circuit boardwhere the system and local tires, microprocessor, RAM, additional chips and slots for connecting additional devices are located. motherboards Unified by sizes (currently most common AT, ATX, LPX, NLX).
System tire designed to transfer information between the central processor and other components of the computer. In modern computers, EISA, PCI, PCMCIA, AGP tires are used. Tires are divided into synchronous, where data is transmitted, respectively, to the clock frequency (RSI), and asynchronous, where data is transmitted to arbitrary moments of time (EISA).
CPU (Central Processing Unit - CPU) is a large integrated circuit implemented on one semiconductor crystal, which is intended for software managed information processing. Depending on the type of instructions that are performed, the CISC microprocessors and RISC (Reduce Instruction Set Computer) differ. The first microprocessors were CISC processors. In RISC processors, instructions are used for the same length, which are easier and faster.
The bit content of the microprocessor determines how many bits of information are processed in it in one clock. The first microprocessor Intel 4004, which appeared in 1971 p., It was chosy-increasing and had a clock frequency of 750 kHz. With the development of processors, their clock frequency, the discharger of the registers and the external data bus increases, improves the decoding of commands. Modern Pentium III computers have a clock frequency of 450 MHz and above.
RAM it happens dynamic or static. Dynamic type RAM is an arbitrary memory (Dynamic Random Access Memory, Dram). Each bit of such memory is represented as the presence or absence of charge on the condenser formed in the structure of the semiconductor crystal. Static memory (STATIC RAM - SRAM) As an elementary cell uses a static trigger consisting of several transistors. This memory has high speed, but it is more expensive.
By way of accessing data, memory is divided into synchronous and asynchronous. Dynamic memory chips are performed in various housings: SIMM (SINGLE IN LINE MEMORY MODULE), DIMM (DUAL IN LINE MEMORY MODULE). SDRAM is synchronized with a system timer that controls the central processor. SDRAM II (DDR DOUBLE DATA RATE) uses more accurate internal synchronization, which doubles the speed of access.
A dynamic RAM is used in the video memory, which has a number of features: access is carried out sufficiently large blocks, the data overwriting occurs without interrupting the reading procedure.
BIOS (Basic Input / Output System) - a special microcircuit that contains a set of I / O programs with which the operating system and application programs can interact with computer devices at the physical level; computer testing program and its devices, which starts when the computer is turned on; SETUP program to change the parameters that determine the computer configuration.
Information storage devices
Information drives are intended for long storage Large information. This type of memory, in contrast to the operational, energy-independent, i.e. Information is not lost after turning off the power of the computer. The maintenance of information storage devices are based on different principles (magnetic, optical, etc.). The cost of storing the unit of information on them is significantly lower compared to the RAM, and the volume of media that are used in these devices is much more, but the access time to information in them is even more. There are storage drives with replaceable and unchanged carriers. The reliability of saving information on non-removable media is much larger, and the access time is less.
To integrate information storage devices, special interfaces have been developed, from which today the most popular IDE (Small Computer System Interface).
The SCSI interface was developed in 1970 p. You can connect up to eight devices to the bus, including the main SCSI controller. The SCSI controller has its own BIOS, which controls the eight-anniosal SCSI bus, freeing the central processor.
The IDE interface was proposed in 1988. The controller functions are implemented in the electronic part of the device. Data exchange can be carried out both through the central processor (Rio Programmed Input / Output) and directly (DMA - Direct Memory Access).
Streamers - Magnetic ribbons drives. They are commonly used to create archived copies of large volume and have built-in data compression tools.
Hard drive drives - These are devices with unchanged nash. They are often called hard drives. They contain a mechanical drive, record reading heads for multiple media and a controller that provides the operation of the device and transmit data. The magnetic properties of the carrier discs are used to record information.
Hard drive drives differ from each other primarily by their capacity and speed of work. The speed of the disk is characterized by two indicators: access time on disk and read speed and write data to disk.
When reading or writing short blocks of data located in different parts of the disk, the speed of operation is determined by the data access time, and when reading or recording large data blocks is much more important. bandwidth Disc exchange path.
Drives on interchangeable disks: drives for floppy disks "and 5.25" - FDD (FLOPPY DISK Drive), magneto-optical disks - mod (Magneto-Optical Disk), CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD (Digital Versatile Disk). They allow you to transfer information from one computer to another and draw archive copies of the information contained on the hard disk.
It should be noted that the access time and speed of read-by-apice depend not only from the device itself, but also on the parameters of the entire exchange path with the disk: from the speed of the disk controller, the system tire and central processor Computer.
Keyboard it is the main information entry device to the computer. This is a combination of mechanical sensors that perceive keystrokes and closing a certain electrical circuit. Many types of keyboards have been developed, which differ mainly on ergonomic qualities. Additional devices can be embedded in the keyboard, such as a microphone. The most common two types of keyboards are most common: with mechanical and membrane switches. Technology based on membrane switches is considered more progressive, although there is no special advantage.
Mouse and trekball - this is coordinate devices Entering information into a computer. They have two or three control buttons, but the third button is practically not used. In addition, Dvoknova Mouse can have a special wheel for quick viewing of multi-page information. Completed both mechanical mice and optical, which make it possible to achieve greater accuracy. There are three methods of connecting the mouse: through a serial som port, PS / 2 port and uSB port. IN trekball it is not moving a housing, but only its ball, which allows to increase the accuracy of the cursor control and does not require additional space to work. Trackballs are usually used in portable computers.
Scanner - This is a device with which information from paper media is entered into the computer. The optical scanner resolution determines the size of the elements that the scanner transmits without distortion. The resolution depends on the number of elements used per unit length in the light-sensitive element line and from the step of moving the scanning device. It is measured in DPI - the number of dots per inch.
All models of scanners can be divided into manual, tablet, rolled and drum. Manual scanners should be moved by hand to the material that is scanned. In the tablet scanners, the scan head moves along the image using a stepper motor. Roll scanners stretch images through the scanning device. Drum scanners use a photoelectron multiplier as a photosensitive element.
In addition, scanners are divided into single-pass, what is used by three lineups for simultaneously obtaining information about the three main colors, and triprokhidnі, which in one pass information about some one color. The color discharge of the scanner is determined by the number of bits used to store information about color. Modern scanners use at least 24 bits (8 bits per color).
To communicate with the computer, the scanners use serial and parallel ports, as well as SCSI and USB interfaces.
Electronic tablet - The coordinate converter is used mainly for CAD tasks.
Joystick - Analog lever device for entering coordinate information. It is used almost only in games and simulators.
Information in management
Commercial activities
In the market conditions, information is one of the most important elements of the commercial management of the trading enterprise. Informational support from the market position is a completely new thing, and therefore its targeted development is required.
Informational support includes receipt, transmission, processing, accumulation and implementation of output information. The whole chain is associated with multi-stage promotion, analysis and systematization of information. With information, the composition and structure of the necessary information are established. Two types of source information are allocated: information characterizing all parties to the activity of the trading enterprise; Information on the state of the market and the external environment, as well as administrative, executive, regulatory information, classifiers and codifiers. Sources of concentration of mass and analytical information are given in Table. 5.1.
Table 5.1 Sources of focusing source information
Means 1Mass01 Ye.
Legislative and Government Materials: Laws, Resolutions, Regulatory and Regulatory Acts
Official state statistics
Specialized news agencies
Industry Magazines Periodic Information Editions
Marketing research of goods markets
Manufacturers, Intermediaries
Competitions, Snoons of Commercial Structures
Trade and industrial exhibitions Practical conferences
All functioning information is integrated into a single information base, or in the information system. Distinguish vertical and horizontal integration: the vertical is directed to vertical information flows; Horizontal - on horizontal. The advantage of integrated information is as follows:
Scattered information flows and blocks are combined into a single information array;
The likelihood of allowable errors in the processed information is reduced;
The rate of processing and exchange of information increases;
The efficiency of using the resulting information increases.
The following requirements are presented to information:
accuracy -must be argued and complete when it is received and issuing;
reliability -must constantly accumulate in sufficient and updated;
operational- must be concrete and high quality to ensure timely acceptance of commercial solutions;
systemativity -its fee should be carried out continuously and systemically;
comprehensiveness -must reflect the activities of a trading enterprise, as well as data on the market and external environment.
The high dynamism of the developing consumer market requires the use of modern technical means, creating and operating the information system. Currently, personal computers are widely used on shopping enterprises, including in the commercial service, therefore one of the tasks of designing information support is to create an automated technology for obtaining and processing information that has the following advantages:
»Unification of technical means and software, providing for the solution of commercial tasks of various levels based on the logic of procedures;
"Adaptation and phased expansion of the possibilities of used technical means;
»Ensuring centralized accumulation, processing and issuing multifunctional information in really set time;
"High efficiency of technology:" Man -Ma-.
The information system formed at the proper level allows you to solve commercial issues throughout the way of promoting goods from the field of production in the scope of final consumption. At the same time, it is carried out both phased and end-to-end management of commercial processes of a trading enterprise that meets the requirements of the commodity market.
Technical means for collecting, processing and issuing information
To automate the collection of source information, its processing and issuing results, a complex of technical means is used to have information, software and technical compatibility, and be adapted to the conditions of operation.
When selecting technical equipment, the following source components are taken into account:
The nature and composition of the tasks to be executed;
Media and volume of input and output information;
Forms and ways of presenting the results obtained;
The consistency and compatibility of the actions of the technical means of various purposes.
The technological process of information support includes consistently involved stages using technical tools established by classification:
information collection tools(initial data recorders, collecting and converting information to the form, convenient for remote transmission and further processing);
information and space transfer tools(transmission is carried out through telephone, teletype and facsimile);
means of accumulation and processing of information(microevm or computers issuing information with varying degrees of detail and in the desired form for analysis and subsequent implementation);
information issuing information(Printing devices, displays, video terminals providing output resulting information on which appropriate management solutions are accepted).
The main technical means of the human-machine system are computers. Modern computers have multifunctionality, a significant amount of memory and fast
ry action during programmed data processing. They become an integral working element of commercial workers. The software and microprocessor support of the computer allows you to operate and manage commercial processes at different levels, exercise information with the participants of trade and economic relations.
The required amount of technical means can be calculated by the formula
where Q. -the amount of work to be fulfilled with the help of a technical means;
GG- performance / -go technical means; In - planned working time fund; K M is the coefficient of use of the working time fund.
The use of the working time fund (taking into account the time spent on the prevention and troubleshooting of the technical means) is 0.9.