Technical means for processing medical information. Complex of technical means of information processing. Optical disc structure

Complex of technical means of information processing Is a set of autonomous devices for collecting, accumulating, transmitting, processing and presenting information, as well as office equipment, management, repair and maintenance and others.

A number of requirements are imposed on the complex of technical means:

Providing solutions to problems with minimal costs, the required accuracy and reliability

Possibility of technical compatibility of devices, their aggregation

Ensuring high reliability

Minimum acquisition costs

Domestic and foreign industry produces a wide range of technical means of information processing, differing in the element base, design, use of various media, operational characteristics, etc.

Technical means information processing are divided into two large groups. These are the main and auxiliary processing tools.

Fixed assets Are tools for automated information processing.

It is known that for the management of certain processes, certain management information is required that characterizes the conditions and parameters of technological processes, quantitative, cost and labor indicators of production, supply, sales, financial activities, etc.

The main means of technical processing include: means for registering and collecting information, means for receiving and transmitting data, means for preparing data, input means, means for processing information and means for displaying information. Below, all these tools are discussed in detail.

Obtaining primary information and registration is one of the laborious processes. Therefore, devices for mechanized and automated measurement, collection and recording of data are widely used. The range of these funds is very extensive. These include: electronic scales, various counters, scoreboards, flow meters, cash registers, machines for counting banknotes, ATMs and much more. This also includes various production recorders, designed for registration and recording of information about business operations on computer media.

· Means of receiving and transmitting information.

Under the transfer of information the process of transferring data (messages) from one device to another is understood. The interacting set of objects formed by data transmission and processing devices is called network ... Combine devices designed to transmit and receive information. They provide the exchange of information between the place of its origin and the place of its processing. The structure of the means and methods of data transmission is determined by the location of information sources and data processing means, volumes and time for data transmission, types of communication lines and other factors. Data transmission facilities are represented by subscriber points (AP), transmission equipment, modems, multiplexers.

Data preparation tools represented by devices for preparing information on machine media, devices for transferring information from documents to media, including computer devices. These devices can sort and correct.

Input aids serve for the perception of data from machine media and input of information into computer systems

Information processing facilities play an important role in the complex of technical means of information processing. Computers can be classified as processing tools, which, in turn, can be divided into four classes: micro, small (mini); large and supercomputers.

Microcomputer are of two types: universal and specialized. Both universal and specialized can be both multi-user - powerful computers equipped with several terminals and operating in a time-sharing mode (servers), and single-user (workstations), which specialize in performing one type of work.

Small computers- work in time-sharing and multitasking modes. Their positive side is reliability and ease of use.

Large computers- (mainfarms) are characterized by large memory capacity, high fault tolerance and performance. Also characterized by high reliability and data protection; the ability to connect a large number of users.

Super-computer Are powerful multiprocessor computers with a speed of 40 billion operations per second.

Server- a computer dedicated to processing requests from all stations on the network and providing these stations with access to system resources and allocating these resources.

Universal server called - server-application.

Powerful servers can be classified as small and mainframe computers. Now the leader is Marshall servers, and there are also Cray servers (64 processors).

Information display facilities are used to output the results of calculations, reference data and programs to computer media, print, screen, and so on. Output devices include monitors, printers, and plotters.

Monitor Is a device designed to display information entered by a user from a keyboard or output from a computer.

a printer Is a device for outputting text and graphic information to paper.

Plotter Is a device for outputting drawings and diagrams of large formats to paper.

Aids- this is equipment that ensures the performance of fixed assets, as well as equipment that facilitates and makes managerial work more comfortable.

The auxiliary means of information processing include office equipment and maintenance and repair tools. Office equipment is represented by a very wide range of tools, from office supplies to means of delivery, reproduction, storage, search and destruction of basic data, administrative and production communications, and so on, which makes the work of a manager convenient and comfortable.

In the modern world, it is very important to receive accurate information on time. The vital activity of people depends on this. For this reason, more and more of the most different devices that collect and process data. What should be understood by these processes?

Procedure for obtaining data from the outside world

The collection of information can be done by a person. And you can use technical means and systems. In such situations, this process will occur in hardware. For example, the user was able to obtain data on train routes on his own, by studying the timetable at the station. He can do the same using his phone or computer.

This suggests that the procedure for collecting information is a rather complex hardware and software complex. What should be understood by such a process? This is the procedure for obtaining any data coming from the outside world. Such information is reduced to a standard form for applied systems. Modern technical devices not only collect data, encode it and display it for review. Information processing also takes place.

Using different ways of working with data. Technology of working with them

Processing should be understood as an ordered process of obtaining the required information from a set of specific data using special algorithms. This procedure can be done in several ways. Distinguish between such means of information processing as centralized, decentralized, distributed and integrated.

Using data centers for data processing

Centralized processing implies that there must be a computing center (CC) available. With this method, the initial data is delivered by the user to the CC. After that, he is provided with the result in the form of certain documentation.

A distinctive feature of this method is its complexity. It is difficult enough to establish fast, uninterrupted communication. In addition, there is a large workload of the information center. In addition, the deadlines for completing the assigned tasks are regulated, and it is not always possible to complete them on time. Such information processing is also complicated due to the presence of security measures that prevent possible unauthorized access.

What is the point of a decentralized method?

At the time of the advent of the PC, a decentralized method arose. It provides the ability to automate certain workplace... Today there are 3 types of technologies for such data processing. The first is based on personal computers not combined into local area network... Such information processing technology implies storing data in separate files... In order to get the indicators, it is necessary to overwrite the files on the computer. The negative aspects include the fact that there is no interconnection of tasks. It is impossible to process large amounts of information. In addition, this information processing is characterized by low security against hacking.

The second technology is based on computers that are combined into a local network, which leads to the formation of single data files. However, it will not be possible to cope with a large flow of information in such a situation. The third technology is based on computers connected to a local network, which also includes servers.

Working with large amounts of data

Distributed information processing is based on the fact that functions are divided between different computers that are connected to the same network. This method can be implemented in two ways:

It is necessary to install a computer in each individual node of the network. In such a situation, processing will take place using one or more computers. It all depends on the real capabilities of the system, as well as on the needs.
It is necessary to place most of the various processes within one system. A similar path is used when processing banking information in the presence of branches or offices.

Distributed information processing allows you to operate with data in any volume at a given time. There is a fairly high level of reliability. The time and cost of information transmission is greatly reduced. Systems are more flexible and software development is easier. The distributed method is based on specialized processes. In other words, each computer is designed to solve its own problem.

Using databases for storing and processing information

An integrated way implies the formation information model managed object. In other words, a distributed database is being created. Similar method allows to make the information processing process the most convenient for the user. The database can be used by more than one person at the same time. But a large amount of information requires distribution. Due to this method, you can significantly improve the quality, reliability and processing speed. This is due to the fact that the technique is based on a single information array, which is entered into a computer once.

Methods of information processing have been described above. But by what technical means does this process take place? It is necessary to dwell on this issue in more detail.

What do technical means mean?

Technical means should be understood as a set of autonomous types of equipment that allows collecting, storing, transmitting, processing and outputting data, as well as a set of office equipment, controls, maintenance and repair devices, etc. The following requirements are imposed on all of the above systems:

Technical means based on different methods information processing, must ensure the solution of the problem with the minimum possible loss. It is necessary to achieve maximum accuracy and reliability.
Requires technical compatibility, device aggregation.
High reliability must be ensured.
Purchase costs should be kept to a minimum.

Domestic and foreign industry produces just a huge set of technical means to help process information. They may differ from each other in the element base, design, use of a wide variety of data carriers, as well as operational parameters, etc.

Technical means can be:

Auxiliary.
The main ones.

What is meant by assistive devices?

In the first case, this is the equipment that ensures the performance of the basic tools. Also, auxiliary devices include devices that facilitate the simplification of managerial work. They make it more comfortable. It can be office equipment and maintenance and repair products. Organizational devices include a large number of nomenclature means, from office supplies to devices for delivery, duplication, deletion, retrieval and storage of data. It is about all types of equipment, due to which the activity of the manager becomes easier, more convenient and more comfortable.

What is included in the set of basic types of devices?

Information processing technology can be based on fixed assets. They should be understood as devices aimed at automating work with data. In order to be able to establish control over certain processes, it is required to have some management data. Due to them, it will be possible to characterize the state, parameters of technological processes, quantitative and cost indicators.

The main information processing systems may include:

Devices that record and collect data.
Equipment that receives and transmits data.
Data preparation tools.
Data input, processing and display devices.

Conclusion

This article covered such a topic as the collection and processing of information. It was decided to focus on working with data. This is a rather urgent and complex task that requires high reliability, accuracy and reliability. We hope that this review has helped to understand what the information processing process is.

At any stage of the process, the information collection technology implies the analysis of the data obtained and the assessment of compliance with the topic of the issue. There are a number of factors on the basis of which the collected information is reviewed and analyzed.

What information do you need to collect?
The information collected should cover the range of interests of the target audience.
What are the sources of information?
People: for example, student participants; support staff - teachers, consultants, program staff; faculty; parents, administrators; the use of previously obtained data is allowed.

Technical means of collecting information: documentation, accounting, supervision

The amount of information required?
Whole population, population examples
Technical means of collecting information
Analysis of documentation, web interface, scanned forms; focus group

Interviews and surveys carried out both face-to-face and by phone

Observations: e.g. events, behavior, activity indicators of participants

Document analysis: for example, program documents, activity journals, student work

Analysis of regularly updated data (for example, accounting system, attendance records)

Pre-testing and post-testing
Literature review
Other existing data sources (e.g. archives and current documentation)

Information collection and processing technologies and the use of various data collection methods are indispensable in solving a number of issues. For example, research may involve collecting information that involves a large number of participants. Follow-up surveys and interviews or focus group work are conducted with a certain number of respondents in order to obtain more detailed and accurate information. Using several different sources of information helps to draw the most informed conclusions. For example, from the point of view curriculum The data collection strategy may include a survey and / or focus group work with students, a survey and / or interviews with faculty members, and an analysis of student behavior and attendance records. Triangulation, or the use of multiple strategies for collecting data from different sources, allows you to more fully explore the assessment issues.

Although the methodology provides for most algorithms for collecting and processing information, a practical approach should also be taken into account. The time, cost and scope of the assessment must be justified. The amount of time required to develop data collection tools (for example, a survey, analysis of the received data, their subsequent processing based on previous ones), directly collecting information and checking it for compliance with the real state of affairs. Budgetary funds should be comparable to the informative value of the result. The scope of a given study often depends on time and budget. For example, if the methodology includes interviews of twenty participants, and financial resources are limited and time is tight, the feasibility of the project becomes questionable.

When designing technological processes, they are guided by the modes of their implementation. The mode of implementation of the technology depends on the volume-time characteristics of the tasks being solved: frequency and urgency, requirements for the speed of message processing, as well as on the operating capabilities of technical means, and primarily computers. There are: batch mode; real-time mode; time sharing mode; routine mode; request; dialog; teleprocessing; interactive; single-program; multiprogram (multiprocessing).

Batch mode... When using this mode, the user does not have direct communication with the computer. Collection and registration of information, input and processing do not coincide in time. First, the user collects information, forming it into packages in accordance with the type of tasks or some other feature. (As a rule, these are tasks of a non-operational nature, with a long-term validity of the results of the solution). After the completion of the reception of information, its input and processing is performed, i.e., there is a processing delay. This mode is used, as a rule, with a centralized method of information processing.

Dialogue mode(query) mode, in which there is a possibility for the user to directly interact with the computing system during the user's work. Data processing programs are permanently in the computer memory if the computer is available at any time, or during a certain period of time when the computer is available to the user. The interaction of a user with a computing system in the form of a dialogue can be multifaceted and determined by various factors: the language of communication, the active or passive role of the user; who is the initiator of the dialogue - the user or the computer; response time; the structure of the dialogue, etc. If the initiator of the dialogue is a user, then he must have knowledge of working with procedures, data formats, etc. If the initiator is a computer, then the machine itself informs at each step what to do with the various possibilities of choice. This method of operation is called “menu selection”. It provides support for user actions and prescribes their sequence. At the same time, less preparedness is required from the user.

Dialogue mode requires a certain level of technical equipment of the user, i.e. the presence of a terminal or PC connected to the central computer system by communication channels. This mode is used to access information, computing or software resources. The ability to work in a dialogue mode can be limited in the time of the beginning and end of the work, or it can be unlimited.

Sometimes a distinction is made between conversational and interrogative modes, then a request is understood as a one-time access to the system, after which it issues an answer and is turned off, and a dialogue mode is a mode in which the system, after a request, issues a response and waits for further user actions.

Real-time mode... It means the ability of a computing system to interact with controlled or controlled processes at the rate of these processes. The response time of the computer must meet the pace of the controlled process or user requirements and have a minimum delay. Typically, this mode is used for decentralized and distributed data processing.

Teleprocessing mode give a chance remote user interact with the computing system.

Interactive mode assumes the possibility of two-way interaction between the user and the system, i.e. the user has the ability to influence the data processing process.

Time sharing mode assumes the ability of the system to allocate its resources to a group of users in turn. The computing system serves each user so quickly that it seems as if several users are working at the same time. This possibility is achieved due to the appropriate software.

Single-program and multi-program modes characterize the ability of the system to work simultaneously on one or several programs.

Regular mode characterized by the certainty in time of individual tasks of the user. For example, receiving summary summaries at the end of the month, calculating payroll sheets by specific dates, etc. The timing of the decision is set in advance by regulation, as opposed to arbitrary requests.

The following methods of data processing are distinguished: centralized, decentralized, distributed and integrated.

Centralized assumes availability. With this method, the user delivers the initial information to the computer center and receives the processing results in the form of resulting documents. A feature of this processing method is the complexity and laboriousness of establishing fast, uninterrupted communication, a large workload of the CC with information (since its volume is large), regulation of the timing of operations, organization of system security from possible unauthorized access.

Decentralized treatment. This method is associated with the advent of personal computers, which make it possible to automate a specific workplace.

Distributed way data processing is based on the distribution of processing functions between different computers included in the network. This method can be implemented in two ways: the first involves the installation of a computer at each network node (or at each level of the system), while data processing is carried out by one or more computers, depending on the real capabilities of the system and its needs at the current time. The second way is to place a large number of different processors within the same system. This way is used in systems for processing banking and financial information, where a data processing network is needed (branches, offices, etc.). The advantages of the distributed method: the ability to process any amount of data in a given time frame; a high degree of reliability, since if one technical device fails, it is possible to instantly replace it with another; reducing the time and cost of data transmission; increasing the flexibility of systems, simplifying the development and operation of software, etc. The distributed method is based on a set of specialized processors, i.e. each computer is designed to solve certain problems, or tasks of its level.

Integrated method of information processing. It provides for the creation of an information model of a managed object, that is, the creation of a distributed database. This method provides maximum user convenience. On the one hand, databases are shared and centrally managed. On the other hand, the amount of information and the variety of tasks to be solved require the distribution of the database. Integrated information processing technology improves the quality, reliability and speed of processing, because processing is carried out on the basis of a single information array entered into the computer once. A feature of this method is the technological and time separation of the processing procedure from the procedures for collecting, preparing and entering data.

A set of technical means for information processing is a set of autonomous devices for collecting, accumulating, transmitting, processing and presenting information, as well as office equipment, management, repair and preventive maintenance and others. A number of requirements are imposed on the complex of technical means:

Providing solutions to problems with minimal costs, the required accuracy and reliability

Possibility of technical compatibility of devices, their aggregation

Ensuring high reliability

Minimum acquisition costs

Domestic and foreign industry produces a wide range of technical means of information processing, differing in the element base, design, use of various media, operational characteristics, etc.

Technical means of information processing are divided into two large groups. it the main and subsidiary processing means.

Auxiliary tools are equipment that ensures the operability of fixed assets, as well as equipment that facilitates and makes managerial work more comfortable. The auxiliary means of information processing include office equipment and maintenance and repair tools. Office equipment is represented by a very wide range of tools, from office supplies to means of delivery, reproduction, storage, search and destruction of basic data, administrative and production communications, and so on, which makes the work of a manager convenient and comfortable.

Fixed assets are tools for automated information processing. It is known that for the management of certain processes, certain management information is required that characterizes the conditions and parameters of technological processes, quantitative, cost and labor indicators of production, supply, sales, financial activities, etc. The main means of technical processing include: means for registering and collecting information, means for receiving and transmitting data, means for preparing data, input means, means for processing information and means for displaying information. Below, all these tools are discussed in detail.

Obtaining primary information and registration is one of the laborious processes. Therefore, they are widely used devices for mechanized and automated measurement, collection and data logging. The range of these funds is very extensive. These include: electronic scales, various counters, scoreboards, flow meters, cash registers, machines for counting banknotes, ATMs and much more. This also includes various production recorders, designed for registration and recording of information about business operations on computer media.

Means for receiving and transmitting information. The transfer of information refers to the process of transferring data (messages) from one device to another. The interacting set of objects formed by devices for transmitting and processing data is called a network. They combine devices for transmitting and receiving information. They provide the exchange of information between the place of its origin and the place of its processing. The structure of the means and methods of data transmission is determined by the location of information sources and data processing means, volumes and time for data transmission, types of communication lines and other factors. Data transmission facilities are represented by subscriber points (AP), transmission equipment, modems, multiplexers.

Data preparation tools represented by devices for preparing information on machine media, devices for transferring information from documents to media, including computer devices. These devices can sort and correct.

Input Means serve for the perception of data from machine media and input of information into computer systems

Information processing tools play an important role in the complex of technical means of information processing. Computers can be classified as processing tools, which, in turn, can be divided into four classes: micro, small (mini); large and supercomputers. Microcomputer are of two types: universal and specialized.

Both universal and specialized can be both multi-user - powerful computers equipped with several terminals and operating in a time-sharing mode (servers), and single-user (workstations), which specialize in performing one type of work.

Small computers- work in time-sharing and multitasking modes. Their positive side is reliability and ease of use.

Large computers- (mainfarms) are characterized by large memory capacity, high fault tolerance and performance. Also characterized by high reliability and data protection; the ability to connect a large number of users.

Super-computer Are powerful multiprocessor computers with a speed of 40 billion operations per second.

Server- a computer dedicated to processing requests from all stations on the network and providing these stations with access to system resources and allocating these resources. A generic server is called a server-application. Powerful servers can be classified as small and mainframe computers. Now the leader is Marshall servers, and there are also Cray servers (64 processors).

Information display facilities are used to output the results of calculations, reference data and programs to computer media, print, screen, and so on. Output devices include monitors, printers, and plotters.

Monitor Is a device designed to display information entered by a user from a keyboard or output from a computer.

a printer Is a device for outputting text and graphic information to paper.

Plotter Is a device for outputting drawings and diagrams of large formats to paper.

Technology - is a complex of scientific and engineering knowledge, implemented in methods of labor, sets of material, technical, energy, labor factors of production, ways of combining them to create a product or service that meets certain requirements. Therefore, technology is inextricably linked with the mechanization of production or non-production, primarily the management process. Management technologies are based on the use of computers and telecommunications technology.

According to the definition adopted by UNESCO, information technology - is a complex of interrelated scientific, technological and engineering disciplines that study methods of effective organization of the work of people involved in the processing and storage of information; computing technology and methods of organizing and interacting with people and production equipment. Their practical applications, as well as related social, economic and cultural problems. Information technology itself requires complex training, high initial costs and high technology. Their introduction should begin with the creation of software, the formation of information flows in the systems of training specialists.

The purpose of information technology management is to meet the information needs of all employees of the company, without exception, dealing with decision-making. It can be useful at any level of government.

This technology is focused on working in the environment information system management and is used with the worst structuredness of the tasks to be solved, when compared with the tasks solved with the help of information technology of data processing.

Information technology management is ideally suited to meet the similar information needs of employees of different functional subsystems (departments) or levels of management of the firm. The information they provide contains information about the past, present and probable future of the company. This information takes the form of regular or ad hoc management reports.

To make decisions at the level of management control, information should be presented in an aggregated form, so that trends in data change, the reasons for deviations that have arisen and possible decisions are visible. At this stage, the following data processing tasks are solved:

· Assessment of the planned state of the control object;

· Assessment of deviations from the planned state;

· Identification of the reasons for deviations;

· analysis possible solutions and action.

Information technology management aims to create different types of reports.

Regular reports are generated according to a set schedule that determines when they are generated, for example, a monthly analysis of a company's sales.

Special reports are created at the request of managers or when something unplanned happened in the company. Both those and other types of reports can take the form of summarizing, comparative and extraordinary reports.

V summarizing in reports, data are combined into separate groups, sorted and presented as subtotals and final totals for individual fields.

Comparative reports contain data obtained from various sources or classified according to various criteria and used for comparison purposes.

Emergency the reports contain data of an exclusively (extraordinary) nature.

The use of reports to support management proves especially effective when implementing so-called management, but deviations. Deviation management assumes that the main content of the data obtained by the manager should be the deviations of the state of the company's economic activities from some established standards (for example, from its planned state). When using the principles of variance management in the company, the following requirements are imposed on the reports generated:

A report should only be generated when a deviation has occurred

· Information in the report should be sorted by the value of the critical indicator for the given deviation;

It is advisable to show all deviations together so that the manager can grasp the existing connection between them;

· The report must show the quantitative deviation from the norm.

Main components

Input information comes from systems at the operational level. The output information is formed in the form management reports v form convenient for making a decision. The content of the database is transformed with the help of appropriate software into periodic and ad-hoc reports that are sent to the specialists involved in decision-making in the organization. The database used to obtain the specified information must consist of two elements:

1) data accumulated on the basis of an assessment of the operations carried out by the firm;

2) plans, standards, budgets and other regulatory documents that determine the planned state of the object of management (division of the firm).

When introducing information technology into a company, it is necessary to choose one of two basic concepts that reflect the prevailing points of view on the existing structure of the organization and the role of computer information processing in it.

The first concept focuses on the existing structure of the company. Information technology adapts to the organizational structure, and there is only a modernization of working methods. Communications are poorly developed, only jobs are being rationalized. There is a distribution of functions between technical workers and specialists. The degree of risk from the introduction of new information technology is minimal, since the costs are insignificant and the organizational structure of the company does not change.

The main disadvantage of such a strategy is the need for continuous changes in the form of information presentation, adapted to specific technological methods and technical means. Any operational solution "gets bogged down" at various stages of information technology.

TO merits strategy can be attributed to the minimum degree of risk and cost.

The second concept i am targeting future structure of the company. The existing structure will be modernized.

This strategy assumes the maximum development of communications and the development of new organizational relationships. The productivity of the organizational structure of the company increases, since data archives are rationally distributed, the volume of information circulating through the system channels decreases, and a balance is achieved between the tasks being solved.

Its main disadvantages include:

· Significant costs at the first stage associated with the development of a general concept and examination of all divisions of the company;

The presence of psychological tension caused by anticipated changes in the structure of the company and, as a result, changes in the staffing table and job responsibilities

The advantages of this strategy are:

· Rationalization of the organizational structure of the company;

· Maximum employment of all employees;

· High professional level;

· Integration of professional functions through the use of computer networks.

The new information technology in the company should be such that the levels of information and the subsystems that process it are linked together by a single array of information. In this case, two requirements are imposed. First, the structure of the information processing system must correspond to the distribution of powers in the firm. Secondly, the information within the system must function in such a way as to adequately reflect the levels of control.

To support new economic mechanisms, BAT that is adequate to market relations should be developed. In particular, in modern conditions, banking and investment activities are subject to changes, taxation is improving, new types of management activities and market entities appear, which requires effective applied information technologies.

Banking systems. The development and improvement of banking structures gives rise to the need for new services of financial institutions. Decentralization of the banking system leads to a fundamentally new organization, requiring the development of a concept of comprehensive informatization of individual institutions to improve the efficiency of their own functioning, as well as to interact with each other, with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and with foreign partners. Banking information technologies must ensure sufficient efficiency in organizing settlements. In addition, this area of banking is the most labor-intensive, computationally intensive, and routine.

The use of simulation modeling to build banking technologies is one of the most promising approaches to solving strategic problems. A banker can imitate the financial performance of a bank, assess the effectiveness and consequences of decisions made and thus determine his policy in the financial market. This area is closely related to the development of expert systems focused on both bank customers and banking specialists.

The organization of communication between the banks of Russia remains an extremely important issue of informatization of banking activities. Existing paper technology usually takes 2-3 days to transfer money. In this case, the delay may be due to both the very form of organizing settlements and the state of communications. The introduction of BAT can help to overcome this crisis. Since independently developed and modernized software systems are too expensive, the role of organizations specializing in banking technologies and capable of solving banking problems in a complex manner is increasing. The emerging products, called "banking platforms", which provide, from the point of view of a single unified functional base, a common solution to all banking problems, will define quality standards and functionality automated systems processing of banking information.

Exchange technologies. Experience has shown that the design of exchange computer systems is a logically complex, laborious and time-consuming work that requires high qualifications of all specialists involved in its implementation. The design of such complexes is traditionally based on intuition, expert assessments, expensive experimental tests of the functioning of the complex, and practical experience... In addition, with an increase in the number of users of exchange technology, the role of high performance of its functioning, which significantly depends on the design ideology, increases.

The introduction of modern exchange information technologies into practice should help to increase the economic efficiency of the exchange by expanding the scope of its activities in the regions of the country, accelerating the turnover of working capital, involving mass suppliers, intermediaries and buyers in the exchange process, ensuring the possibility of active execution of not only large-scale, but also medium- and small-scale transactions in mass quantities, automation of labor-intensive and lengthy routine processes, collection and analysis of orders from brokerage firms for purchase and sale by computer, conducting automated trading (calculating the rate, concluding transactions, executing trading contracts and carrying out clearing settlements) according to uniform rules that ensure the protection of the investor's interests, equal rights of all trading participants, etc.

Management technologies. In market conditions, all production management procedures are filled with new content. Any production is associated with flows of both internal and external information. Among the variety of incoming information, a manager needs only strictly certain information to make a decision, and all the rest are information noise. In addition, most of the information does not arise where it is needed, therefore, the ability to overcome this distance is of great importance for the successful solution of emerging problems. The resolution of the communication problem affects the speed of information flow and its timeliness, which contributes to more efficient operation of the enterprise. This far from complete range of problems reveals the need to build a special control information system that contributes to their optimal solution... Currently, there are two main approaches to the construction of such systems. These are MIS-systems (Management Information Systems), which at the right time in the "most convenient form, taking into account the generally accepted principle of economy, provide the manager with information about the past, present and future in accordance with the situation that has arisen. The second approach is based on DSS-systems (Decision Support Systems) , which are focused on the intellectual support of decision-making processes and aim to support the decisions made.

The principle of selective distribution of information assumes the systematization of information in accordance with the following requirements:

· Information should correspond to the level of management, which is expressed in its enlargement and compaction when moving from the lower to the upper level;

The information should be appropriate to the nature of management and be consistent with the set of management objectives, i.e. information is provided for each level of management to enable all the functions of the management process to be performed. For example, at the analysis stage, not only current, but also past and forecast data are used, the actual values are compared with the planned ones, and the reasons for the deviations that have arisen are identified.

Marketing technologies. A comprehensive study of marketing information flows requires the analysis of large amounts of information of a commercial and statistical nature. Marketing information technology is a set of procedures and methods designed to organize promising and ongoing marketing research.

Tax information systems. The transformation of the tax system necessitates a modification, and sometimes a radical restructuring of the relevant information technologies. Since the tax system of modern Russia has no analogues, in solving the problem of informatization of the activities of tax services, one should not count on borrowing foreign software and mathematical products. Therefore, if effective technologies for collecting and processing the necessary information have been created for the implementation of the official tax policy, then such a policy, no matter how successful and promising it may be, is doomed to failure. Reform ideologists who want to stimulate production and capital accumulation through a fair distribution of the tax burden need to clearly understand the possibilities of BAT.

Among the main directions of the concept of informatization of the tax system, it is advisable to single out:

· Creation of a unified integrated information and analytical system designed to service tax services;

· Development of a modern communication network that provides information exchange both within the system and with external objects;

· Preparation of cedars in a new information environment.

The following are proposed as the basic principles of informatization of tax services:

· The complexity and consistency of informatization, its subordination to the solution of problems facing the tax service at the present time and in the future;

· Activity in meeting the information needs of users;

· Phasing and continuity in carrying out informatization;

· Distributed storage and processing of information;

· Compatibility of system-wide and specialized data banks for input, output and basic tasks;

· Providing the user with convenient access to information within his competence; one-time input of information and its multiple, multipurpose use; ensuring the required confidentiality of information

Technical means of information processing are divided into two large groups. These are the main and auxiliary processing tools.

Aids are equipment that ensures the operability of fixed assets, as well as equipment that facilitates and makes managerial work more comfortable. The auxiliary means of information processing include office equipment and maintenance and repair tools. Office equipment is represented by a very wide range of tools, from office supplies to means of delivery, reproduction, storage, search and destruction of basic data, administrative and production communications, and so on, which makes the work of a manager convenient and comfortable.

Obtaining primary information and registration is one of the laborious processes. Therefore, devices for mechanized and automated measurement, collection and recording of data are widely used. The range of these funds is very extensive. These include: electronic scales, various counters, scoreboards, flow meters, cash registers, machines for counting banknotes, ATMs and much more. This also includes various production recorders, designed for registration and recording of information about business operations on computer media.

Means for receiving and transmitting information. The transfer of information refers to the process of transferring data (messages) from one device to another. The interacting set of objects formed by devices for transmitting and processing data is called a network. Combine devices designed to transmit and receive information. They provide the exchange of information between the place of its origin and the place of its processing. The structure of the means and methods of data transmission is determined by the location of information sources and data processing means, volumes and time for data transmission, types of communication lines and other factors. Data transmission facilities are represented by subscriber points (AP), transmission equipment, modems, multiplexers.

The means for preparing data are represented by devices for preparing information on computer media, devices for transferring information from documents to media, including computer devices. These devices can sort and correct.

Input means are used to perceive data from machine media and enter information into computer systems.

Information processing facilities play an important role in the complex of technical information processing facilities. Computers can be classified as processing tools, which, in turn, can be divided into four classes: micro, small (mini); large and supercomputers. Micro computers are of two types: universal and specialized.

Small computers- work in time-sharing and multitasking modes. Their positive side is reliability and ease of use.

Large computers- (mainfarms) are characterized by large memory capacity, high fault tolerance and performance. Also characterized by high reliability and data protection; the ability to connect a large number of users.

Super-computer Are powerful multiprocessor computers with a speed of 40 billion operations per second.

Server is a computer dedicated to processing requests from all stations on the network and providing these stations with access to system resources and distributing these resources. A generic server is called a server-application. Powerful servers can be classified as small and mainframe computers. Now the leader is Marshall servers, and there are also Cray servers (64 processors).

Information display facilities are used to display calculation results, reference data and programs on computer media, print, screen, and so on. Output devices include monitors, printers, and plotters.

A monitor is a device designed to display information entered by a user from a keyboard or output from a computer.

A printer is a device for outputting text and graphic information to paper.

A plotter is device for outputting drawings and diagrams of large formats on paper.

18. Power and energy of a three-phase circuit and methods of its measurement.

19. Disconnection of the electrical circuit by contact devices. Extinguishing the magnetic field when the contacts are opened.

20. Digital methods for measuring electrical energy and power on alternating current.

21. Performance characteristics of the asynchronous motor. IM efficiency and power factor.

22. Client / server technology. Functions and options of client / server technology.

23. Electromechanical systems measuring instruments... Accuracy class. Absolute and relative measurement errors.

24. Types of DC and AC electromagnets, Purpose and principle of operation.

25. Losses of power and energy in lines and transformers. Measures to reduce them.

26. Building a system project using IDEF - technology.

27. Electric circuits with mutual inductance. Consonant and counter-inclusion. How can the coefficient of magnetic coupling be brought closer to unity?

28. Selection of the number and rated power of transformers and autotransformers of step-down substations, taking into account permissible overloads.

29. The method of symmetrical components. Decomposition of three-phase unbalanced voltages and currents into forward, reverse and zero sequence.

30. The device and principle of operation of a synchronous machine in the mode of the engine generator and reactive power compensator.

31. Functions and principles of construction of ACS for energy saving of energy facilities.

32. Transient processes (PP) in linear electrical circuits with lumped parameters. Initial conditions and laws of commutation. Time constant PP.

33. The choice of economic cross-sections of wires of overhead lines and current-carrying conductors of the CL.

34. Electromotive force and electromagnetic moment of the machine direct current.

35. Instrumental environment BPwin. Analysis of the functional organization of the enterprise.

36. Basic concepts and relationships for magnetic circuits. Analogy of electrical and magnetic circuits. Electromagnet and its pulling force.

37. Standards of the user interface. Principles of transition to a new IP.

38. Equations of the electromagnetic field in integral and differential form of recording for the low frequency region.

39. Passwords and their strength. A set of registers to support the memory protection mechanism.

40. Magnetic materials, their properties and characteristics. Hysteresis losses and eddy currents. Methods for measuring the hysteresis loop of a ferromagnetic core.

41. Purpose, device, principle of operation, symbols of logic elements.

42. Diagrams of external networks of power supply systems of enterprises. Schemes of interdepartmental networks.

43. Types of threats and attacks on operating system... Security models in Unix and Windows 2000.

44. Different types of equations of a quadripole. Parameter systems and their relationship. Parameters of the T - and L - shaped equivalent circuit of a four-terminal network and their experimental determination.

45. Main step-down substations, deep input substations (high voltage).

46. CASE - BPwin, Erwin products. Linking process models and data.

47. Chains with distributed parameters. Long line equations and their solution in the steady state. Under what conditions is there no reflection of the incident wave?

48. Determination of the center of electrical loads. Selecting the location of the GSP, TP and RP.

49. Databases and principles of their construction. Basic concepts of relational databases.

50. Equations of Laplace and Poisson. Boundary conditions at the interface between media with different electrical and magnetic properties.

51. Load characteristic and efficiency of the transformer.

52. Determination of the design loads of different stages and elements of power supply systems.

53. Types and quantitative characteristics of operational dispatch information.

54. Complete system equations of the electromagnetic field in integral and differential notation.

55. Parameters and characteristics of thyristors. Types of thyristors. Thyristor control methods. IGBTI - power transistors.

56. Medium voltage distribution points, workshop transformer substations.

57. Evaluation of the quality of transmission of operational - dispatch information.

58. Magnetic flux and its continuity. The law of total current in integral and differential form of recording. Scalar and vector magnetic potentials.

59. Load capacity of transformers. Permissible and emergency overloads.

60. Information systems in energy saving.

61. Energy of magnetic and electric fields. Transmission of electrical energy through a two-wire line.

62. Electrodynamic resistance of electrical devices. Electrodynamic efforts.

63. Information exchange, system and networks of information exchange in energy saving.

64. An integrated method for calculating alternating sinusoidal current circuits. Consider an example.

65. Regulation of the speed of an asynchronous motor by changing the frequency of the supply voltage and the number of pole pairs.

66. Objectives of energy saving and energy audit: quantitative and qualitative indicators.

67. Problems of information security. Modern methods of information protection.

68. Frequency characteristics of passive two-port networks.

69. The device and principle of operation of the transformer. The use of a transformer to match the load.

70. Three-phase circuits. The purpose of the neutral wire in three-phase circuits. What happens in a three-phase circuit when one of the phases is broken?

71. The main indicators characterizing the controlled electric drive. Frequency-controlled electric drive.

72. Characteristics of the environment of industrial premises of industrial enterprises and its impact on the design of shop networks.

73. Information exchange, system and networks of information exchange in energy saving.

74. Electromagnet and its pulling force.

75. Generators and DC motors: independent, parallel and mixed excitation. Mechanical characteristic of a DC motor.

76. The device, the principle of operation of thyristors. Types of thyristors.

77. Information Basics EPS control (messages, information, signal, interference, coding).

78. Magnetically soft and magnetically hard materials, field of application.

79. Regulation of speed, current and torque of an electric drive with independent excitation direct current motors.

80. Frequency voltage converters for regulating the frequency of rotation of the blood pressure.

81. Modeling of workflow and information processing.

82. Measurement of direct and alternating current. Measurement of high currents and voltages.

83. Block diagram of an electric drive with speed stabilization on the IM shaft.

84. Types and designs of shop TP.

85. Technology of work in the environment of distributed data processing.

86. Transmission of electrical energy through a two-wire line.

87. Modes of operation of asynchronous electric drives.

88. Measuring current and voltage transformers. Measurement of power and energy in AC circuits. Why is it impossible to open the secondary winding of the current transformer during operation?

89. The main processes of information transformation. Definition of an information system (IS).

90. Power balance in electrical circuits.

91. Power and electromagnetic torque and mechanical power of an induction motor.

92. Coefficients characterizing load graphs.

93. Variants of client / server technology.

94. Series connection of magnetically coupled coils. What does mutual inductance depend on? Experimental determination of mutual inductance.

95. The process of self-excitation of a direct current generator. Starting the engine in operating mode.

96. Requirements for power supply systems of industrial enterprises. Power supplies and power supply requirement.

97. Administrative policies. Firewalls, their purpose and functions.

98. Laplace and Poisson equations for electrostatic field.

99. Operation of a synchronous machine in the generator and engine mode.

100. Requirements for the grounding device.

101. Standards of the user interface. Principles of transition to a new information system.

I approve:

Head Department of Technical and Electrical Engineering A.P. Popov