Presentation Perspective geoinformation systems in the Armed Forces. "Geoinformation systems" performed Ermushin Eduard. Functionality GIS

Geoinformation systems What is GIS?

• Geoinformation systems (GIS) - systems of collecting, storage, processing, access, analysis, interpretation and graphic visualization of spatial data. GIS is based on geo information technologies (GIS-technologies), i.e. Information technologies processing and presenting spatially distributed information.

Composite parts GIS

• Working GIS includes five key components: hardware, software, data, performers and methods. Hardware. This is a computer running GIS. Currently, GIS is working on various types of computer platforms, from centralized servers to individual or connected desktop networks.
• Software GIS contains functions and tools necessary for storing, analyzing and visualizing geographic (spatial) information. Key components of software products are: tools for entering and operating with geographic information; Database Management System (DBMS or DBMS); spatial queries, analysis and visualization tools (display); Graphic user interface (GUI or GUI) for easy access to tools.
• Data. This is probably the most important component of GIS. Spatial position data (geographic data) and related tabular data can be collected and prepared by the user itself, or purchased from suppliers on a commercial or other basis. In the process of control of spatial data, GIS integrates spatial data with other types and data sources, and can also use the DBMS used by many organizations to order and support the data available at their disposal.
• Performers. Widespread use of GIS technology is impossible without people who work with software products And develop plans for their use in solving real problems. GIS users can be both technical experts developing and supporting the system and ordinary employees (end users), which GIS helps to solve current daily affairs and problems.
• Methods. The success and efficacy (including economic) use of GIS largely depends on the proposed plan and rules of work, which are compiled in accordance with the specifics of the tasks and the work of each organization.

How does GIS work?

• GIS stores information about the real world in the form of a set of thematic layers, which are combined on the basis of a geographic location. This simple, but very flexible approach has proven its value in solving a variety of real tasks: to track the movement of vehicles and materials, a detailed display of the actual situation and planned activities, modeling global atmospheric circulation.
• Any geographic information contains information about the spatial position, be it a binding to geographic or other coordinates, or links to the address, postal code, the constituency or population census district, the identifier of the land or forest area, the name of the road, etc. When using such links to automatically determine the location or locations of the object (objects), a procedure called geocoding is applied. With it, you can quickly determine and look at the map where the object you are interested in or a phenomenon, such as the house in which your friend live or is the organization you need, where an earthquake or flood occurred, which route is easier and faster to get to the item you need or at home.

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Thing:informatics and ICT.

Program section:Building and studying information models.

Type of lesson:studying a new material, a study lesson.

Type of lesson: combined.

Equipment:computer class, projector, digital board, lesson abstract, description practical work, Avia and spaceports of the city of Smolensk, School, School, Space Space of the Smolensk Region.

Software: Operational windows system, Opera, microsoft program POWER POINT, DELPHI, SMOLENSK STREET PROGRAM, PRESENTATION TO TERMOR Geoinformation systems .PPSprepared by the teacher.

Objectives lesson:

• Educational -to acquaint students with segain information systems, with the receptions of the search and means of navigating geo-information systems, with the value of space shots in the creation of GIS, form the skills of students to work with space shots.
• Developing -develop the cognitive interest of students, the ability to apply the knowledge gained in practice, instilling research skills.
• Educational -increase the level of information culture and social adaptation of students, to educate interest and love for a small Motherland - Smolensk region.

Lesson plan:

Part I. (1 hour)

1. Organizing time.
2. Preparatory independent work .
3. Actualization of reference life.
4. Explanation of the new material and primary consolidation of knowledge .
5. Performing practical work.

Part II.(2 hours)

1. Practical work:

   - creation of GIS;
   - Filling GIS.

2. Task at home.

Stroke I lesson

1. Organizational moment

Teacher. The topic of the lesson "Geoinformation systems". In the first lesson, you will get acquainted with geoinformation systems, search techniques and navigation means in geo information systemsah, on the next, create a simple GIS.

Slide 1.

2. Preparatory independent work

- At first, each of you works for 5 minutes on your own.

1 The student is preparing for the answer on the "Information Models". The remaining students are divided into groups and, using search engines, are preparing for answering questions:

1 group - "What is geographic information systems";
2 Group - "Types of geographic information systems";
3 Group - "GIS" structure;
4 Group - "Application GIS".

3. Actualization of reference knowledge

Slide 2.By filling out the scheme, tell about information models.

The student answers the Slide question.

Teacher. Give examples of information models for the Smolensk region.

Students(Possible options for answers). Slide 3. .

• Graphic:
  • physical card, administrative division map of the Smolensk region, etc.;
  • graphics of average monthly temperatures, employment employment, etc.;
  • gas pipeline scheme, electrical networks and etc.;
  • tree administrative division area.
• Table:
  • graduate databases;
  • the results of passing the exam and others.
• Mathematical:
  • salary calculation;
  • calculation of utility bills and others.
• Verbal

After the answers of students, the teacher reads: Smolensk region ( Smolenshchina)

• subject Russian Federation, It is part of the Central Federal District.
• It borders from the Moscow, Kaluga, Bryansk, Pskov and Tver regions of Russia, as well as with the Mogilev and Vitebsk regions of Belarus.
• Area - 49 778 km?.
• Population - 0.966 million people (for 2010).
• Regional Center - City Smolensk, distance to Moscow - 365 km on the road.
• Educated - September 27, 1937 in the territory of the Western region. He was awarded the Order of Lenin (1958), in 1985 he was awarded the title city-hero.

4. Explanation of the new material

Teacher. We have already talked about the fact that one of the types of graphic information models are geographical maps. Currently it is impossible to imagine without a computer that has given a new life cards - cards have become digital. Geo-information modeling is based on the creation of multilayer electronic cards, in which the support layer describes the geography of a certain territory, and each of the others is one of the aspects of the state of this territory. Various layers of objects can be displayed on the geographic map: cities, roads, airports, etc. Geoinformation modeling is associated with

Geographic information systems or GIS.

We will provide the word of the group who worked on the question "What GIS".

Slide 4. What is GIS?

Teacher.An unambiguous brief definition of this phenomenon is enough to give enough. The guys led not one definition.

Geographic Information System (GIS) - This is the possibility of a new look at the world around us.

Geoinformation system- This is a system intended for collecting, storing, analyzing spatial data and related information.
The term is also used in a narrower sense - GIS as a tool (software product), allowing users to search, analyze and edit digital cards as well additional information About objects, such as the height of the building, address, number of tenants.

GIS (Geographical Information System) -this is a modern computer technology for mapping and analyzing real-world facilities, as well as events taking place on our planet, in our life and activities.
This technology combines traditional operations working with databases, such as request and statistical analysis, with the benefits of full visualization and geographical (spatial) analysis that the map provides. Not only geographical, but also statistical, demographic, technical and many other types of data can be applied to the GIS cards and apply a variety of analytical operations to them.

These features are distinguished by GIS from other information systems and provide unique opportunities for its use in a wide range of tasks related to the analysis and forecast of phenomena and events of the surrounding world, with comprehension and allocation of major factors and causes, as well as their possible consequences, with strategic decision planning and the current consequences of the Action. .
We will provide the word of the group who worked on the "Types of geoinformation systems".

Students are responsible, the teacher complements.

Slide 5. Types of geographic information systems.

General geodata used when creating and in operation different types Geoinformation systems:

• professional (for state and sectoral structures);
• open GIS, which are available on automated workplaces of different specialists within the region and country;
• built-in GIS - systems installed on vehicles, water transport, submarines, modern railway transport;
• GPS (Geo Position System) - Navigation system using satellite information.
• Internet GIS - in various network portals providing electronic maps;
• SAD-GIS - in automatic design systems in the construction of buildings and communications, landscape design;
• desktop GIS - those systems that are installed on workers and home computers.

Teacher. What parts are GIS, the next group will be answered.

Students are responsible, the teacher complements.

Slide 6.The structure of GIS

Hardware . The computer for working with GIS can be from the simplest PC to the most powerful supercomputers. The computer is the basis of the GIS equipment and receives data through the scanner or from databases. Watch and analyze GIS data will allow the monitor. Printers and plotters are the most common means to remove the end results done on the computer work with GIS.

Program. GIS software performs storage, analysis and presentation of geographic information. The most widely used GIS-MapInfo programs, ARC / INFO, AutoCadmap and others.

Data.The data selection depends on the task and capabilities of obtaining information. Data can be used from various sources - organization databases, Internet, commercial databases, etc.

Users.People who use the GIS can be divided into the following groups: GIS operators, whose work is to place data on the map, engineers / users of GIS, whose function is to analyze and further work with these data and those who need to be taken on the basis of the results decision. In addition, GIS can enjoy wide sections of the population through ready-made software applications or the Internet.

Method.There are many ways to create cards in GIS and methods for further work with them. The most productive will be the GIS that works in accordance with a well-thought-out plan and operating approaches corresponding to user tasks.

Teacher. The question arises, how does GIS work?

Slide 7.

Unlike a conventional paper card, an electronic card created in GIS contains hidden information that can be "activated" by necessity. GIS stores information about the real world in the form of a set of thematic layers, which are combined on the basis of a geographic location. Each layer consists of data on a specific topic. For example, information about the spatial position, binding to geographic coordinates or references to the address and tabular data. The GIS uses a cartographic material that is binding in a specified coordinate system. When using such links to automatically detect the location of the object, a procedure called geocoding. With it, you can quickly determine and look at the map where the object of interest is located and its characteristics. GIS allows you to quickly produce a spatial data analysis and based on it to make effective management decisions.
For example, if you study a specific territory, then one layer of the card may contain data on roads, the second - about the water bodies, the third - about hospitals and so on. You can view each layer-card separately, and you can align several layers at once, or choose separate information from different layers and create thematic maps based on the sample.
Graphic information in GIS is stored in vector format. In vector model information about points, lines and polylines (at home, roads, rivers, buildings, etc.) is encoded and stored as a set of coordinates x, y (z, t), which allows the image to manipulate. The starting picture is entered from the scanner in the raster format, and then exposed vectorization - Installation of formula ratios between lines and points.

Teacher. What do you think in what areas is GIS?

Students (the following group) call the scope of GIS.

Slide 8. Application GIS.

Teacher. Currently, GIS is a multi-million dollar industry in which hundreds of thousands of people around the world are involved. GIS is studying in schools, colleges and universities. This technology is used in almost all spheres of human activity - whether it is an analysis of such global problems as overpopulation, pollution of the territory, cutting of forest land, natural disasters, and solving private tasks, such as the search for the best route between items, the selection of the optimal location of the new office, search At home at its address, laying the pipeline on the ground, various municipal problems, etc. ,.

Slide 9. Work with GIS.

Students work beyond computers. A presentation is open on all computers on all computers.

The program "Street of the city of Smolensk"

Teacher.What makes this GIS make?

Students are responsible, the teacher complements.

The program contains information about the streets of Smolensk: Street Map, History and Description of the Street, Photos; Information about the city of Smolensk. The search is carried out through the streets having a name.

Practical work.Search for streets of the city and information about them.

1. Find on the map of Twardovsky Street.
2. What is the toponym and history of the street?
3. Find photos of the street (http://www.smoladmin.ru/map)

Teacher.In the process of performing practical work, answer the question: "What allows this GIS?"

Practical work. Work with an open geographic information system of the city of Smolensk.

1. By installing the appropriate checkboxes and updating the map, find all objects "Education" on the main map.
2. Select the map "Address Plan". By searching at the address, find the house in which you live.
3. Choose Cadaster Cadaster. Determine the cadastral value of the Earth at the location of your home.

Students answer the question supplied by the teacher before performing practical work.

Teacher.Google Maps offers a map and satellite snapshots of the whole world (as well as moon and Mars). The map integrated business directory and road scheme with routes search in the USA, Canada, Japan, Hong Kong, China, Great Britain, Ireland, Europe, as well as Russian cities.

Practical work.The surroundings of New York.

1. Start with a general map of North America.
2. Change the scale to the map the designations of US states.
3. Further increment card. Not to get lost on the map, it is recommended to increase double-click On the desired geographical object.
4. Consider the photo of the same area made from the satellite.

Practical work.Sights of the Smolensk region.

1. In the "Search on the map" string, enter the names of the Homelite estate.
2. Perform an increase in the map.
3. Consider the space snapshots of the same area made from the satellite.
4. Look at the photo to this area.

This is the State Historical and Cultural and Natural Museum-Reserve. On its territory there are unique memorial, architectural, historical and natural monuments of federal significance associated with the names of A.S. Griboedova, A.S. Homyakova, P.S. Nakhimova, S.S. Uvarova, MA Bulgakov.

Slide 10.Space shoot.

Teacher. How were able to see during practical work, the electronic card created in GIS is supported by the Internet and even space photographs and information from satellites.

Space shoot - shooting the earth's surface with space aircraft using special equipment (photography, scanner shooting, thermal shooting, etc.).
Previously, studying the earth, cartographers spent whole centuries in order to apply various geographic objects on the map. Now this can be done in a considerable number of near-earth turns of spacecraft. In just 10 minutes, the spacecraft can take pictures of up to 1 million square meters. COM of the earth's surface, while from the plane, this area is removed in 4 years, and it would take about 80 years to geologists and topographs. With the help of cosmic survey, many "white spots" managed to erase in hard-to-reach areas of the Earth.

Historical reference

I. The first pictures from space were made

• with missiles in 1946,
• from the artificial satellites of the Earth - in 1960,
• with manned spacecraft - in 1961 (Yu. A. Gagarin).

The first photo from the space was made a little more than a year later after the end of the Second World War. On October 24, 1946, the V-2 rocket, launched from the starting site of the White Sands landfill in New Mexico, rose to a height of 104.6 km. The camera installed on board took each second and a half seconds of the flight. After a few minutes of stay in the outer space, the rocket returned to Earth. Landing was not planned soft, and the rocket crashed into smits, and with her and the camera. The steel cassette with the film remained a mustache, and scientists got into their hands a unique photo material. Until 1946, photographs made from the EXPLORER II Ball (22 km) in 1935 were considered the most "high-altitude" images of the Earth.

II. In 1987, being in space at the Mir station, the cosmonauts Yuri Romanenko, Alexander Lawekin and Alexander Alexandrov held shooting a significant part of Antarctica. All this helped in creating a detailed map of this mainland on 1: 200000 (2 km in cm). Other methods such cards, and even on a scale, just not to do.

5. Performing practical work

Practical work.The area in which I study.

1. Open the resource http://kosmosnimki.ru.
2. In the search string, enter Smolensk.
3. Changing the scale, find MBOU SOSH No. 29.
4. Find the geographical coordinates of the school.
5. Find streets-borders of the school district and, using markers, sign them.
6. Find in the school area Children's clinic, library, sports school, kindergarten and sign them.

(In P.P. 3-5 students in turn work with a digital board, noting the objects found.)

Teacher. What areas use spaces?

Students (Possible Answers): in environmental monitoring, forestry, agriculture, construction, cartography, cadastral activities, tourist activities, insurance .

Slide 16.Using cosmic survey and GIS technologies.

Teacher.What do you think there are spaces in environmental monitoring, forestry, agriculture, construction, cartography, cadastral activities, tourist activities, insurance, insurance .

Slides 17-24.

Course II lesson

Computer workshop "Creating a geographic information system of the Smolensk region"

1. Creating a program for working with a space image of the Smolensk region. Computer workshop on the proposed algorithm and code.

2. Making the names of geographic objects on the Space Snapshot of the Smolensk region.
Using the Maps of the Smolensk Region, the resources of the Internet http://kosmosnimki.ru and http://maps.google.com apply to the space shot of the city, rivers, the lakes of the Smolensk region.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

1 Slide

Slide description:

2 Slide

Slide description:

GIS (Geographical Information System) is a set of computer equipment, geographic data and software for collecting, processing, storing, modeling, analyzing and displaying all types of spatially related information. GIS is a modern computer technology For mapping and analyzing real-world facilities, as well as events taking place on our planet, in our lives and activities. GIS is computer systemallowing you to show the necessary data on the electronic map. What is GIS?

3 Slide

Slide description:

The GIS structure is composite parts of the GIS and the relationship between them: data (spatial data): geographical (location of the object on the earth's surface, photographs from space, aerial windows), tabular or descriptive data related to geographic; hardware (computer, computer and telecommunication networks, external memory storage, scanner, digitizers, etc.); software for storage, input, analysis and visualization of geographic information; technologies (methods, procedure, etc.); Specialists who work with software products GIS structure

4 Slide

Slide description:

Classification of GIS on territorial coverage: Global GIS; subcontinental GIS; National GIS; Regional GIS; subregional GIS; Local or local GIS. By functionality: full-featured; GIS to view data; GIS for data entry and processing; Specialized GIS.

5 Slide

Slide description:

In terms of management: federal GIS; Regional GIS; Municipal GIS; Corporate GIS. On the subject area: cartographic; geological; urban or municipal GIS; Environmental GIS, etc. Classification GIS

6 Slide

Slide description:

On problem-thematic orientation: generalographic; Environmental and environmental system; Industry (water resources, forest management, tourism, transport, etc.). According to the method of organizing geographic data: vector; raster; Vector-raster. Classification GIS

7 Slide

Slide description:

Hardware Methods (technologies) Specialists structure GIS Data Geographical and descriptive structure GIS

8 Slide

Slide description:

GIS stores information about the real world in the form of a set of thematic maps and databases associated with these cards. How does GIS work?

9 Slide

Slide description:

Vectorization - installation of formula ratios between lines and points vectorization of cards - this is a conversion of a paper instance of a card or a raster file in a vector format

10 Slide

Slide description:

11 Slide

Slide description:

GIS composition Hardware; Software GIS software contains functions and tools needed for storing, analyzing and visualizing geographic (spatial) information. These data may be represented as ready maps with the required thematic layers, or in the form of spacecraft and aerial photography, etc.

12 Slide

Slide description:

Operations in GIS data entry in geo-information systems automated the process of creating digital cards, which radically reduces the timing of the technological cycle. Data management Geoinformation systems store spatial and attribute data for further analysis and processing. Request and analysis of data The geo-information systems perform requests for the properties of objects located on the map, and automate the process of complex analysis, making multiple parameters to obtain information or forecasting phenomena. Data visualization The convenient representation of data directly affects the quality and speed of their analysis. Spatial data on interactive maps. Reports on the status of objects can be built in the form of graphs, diagrams, three-dimensional images.

13 Slide

Slide description:

Administrative and territorial management of urban planning and design of objects; maintaining inventories engineering communications, land, urban planning, green plantings; forecast emergency situations of technogenic and environmental nature; management of transport flows and routes of urban transport; construction of environmental monitoring networks; Engineering and geological zoning of the city. Telecommunications trunk I. cellular, traditional networks; strategic planning of telecommunication networks; the choice of the optimal arrangement of the antennas, repeaters, etc.; definition of cable laying routes; Monitoring the status of networks; Operational dispatch control. Application GIS

14 Slide

Slide description:

Engineering communications assessment of requirements in water supply and sewerage networks; Modeling the effects of natural disasters for engineering communications systems; design of engineering networks; Monitoring the status of engineering networks and preventing emergency situations. Automotive transport, railway, water, pipeline, air transport; management of transport infrastructure and its development; management of rolling stock and logistics; Motion control, route optimization and cargo traffic analysis. Application GIS

15 Slide

Slide description:

oil and gas complex of geological exploration and field exploration work; monitoring technological modes of oil and gas pipelines; design of main pipelines; Simulation and analysis of the effects of emergency situations. Power Defenders, Armed Forces, Police, Fire Services; planning rescue operations and security measures; modeling emergency situations; strategic and tactical planning of military operations; Navigating rapid response services and other power departments. Ecology Assessment and monitoring of the state of the natural environment; modeling environmental disasters and analysis of their consequences; Planning environmental protection measures. Application GIS

16 Slide

Slide description:

Forestry Strategic forest management; logging management, planning approaches to forest and road design; Maintaining forest cadastrals. Agriculture Planning for processing of agricultural land; accounting of landowners and arable land; Optimization of transportation of agricultural products and mineral fertilizers. Application GIS

17 Slide

Slide description:

Satellite navigation system is a system designed to determine the location (geographical coordinates and heights) of ground, water and air objects. Satellite navigation system

18 Slide

Slide description:

GPS GPS - satellite navigation system, providing measurement of distance, time and defining location.

19 Slide

Slide description:

Using GPS / GLONASS GPS / GLONASS has a number of use on Earth, in the sea and in the air. Basically, they can be used wherever you can get a signal from the satellite, except inside the buildings, in mines and caves, under the ground and under water.

Mapping

Obtaining spatial data

Lecture number 1:

"Essence and basic concepts of geoinformatics"

1. Lisitsky D.V. Basic principles of digital terrain mapping. M. Nedra, 1988.

2. Caprals EG, Koshkarev A.V. et al. Basics of geoinformatics: in 2 kN. Studies. Address for studies universities; Ed. TikunovVS-M.; Publishing Center "Academy", 2004.-352 and 480 pages

3. Carpik A.P. Methodological and technological foundations of geographic information support: monograph. - Novosibirsk: SGGA,2004.-260c.

4. Topographic information classifier. M.: Hugk USSR,

5. GOST 28441 -90. Digital cartography. Terms and Definitions. - m.; 1990.

6. GOST R 50828 -95. Geoinformation mapping. Spatial data, digital and electronic cards. General requirements. M.; 1995.

7. Berlyant A.M. Geoinformation mapping. M,: 1997.

8. Slakovsky E.A., Halugin E.I. and others. Digital cartography and geoinformatics. A brief terminological dictionary / under the general editors of E.A., Plakovsky. - M., "Kartgoecenter geodesisdat", 1999.- 46 p.

The whole history of human development is divided into 3 era:

1. 6000 years lasted an agricultural era

2. 150 years old Epoch industrial (industrial)

3. At the turn of the XX and XXI centuries, humanity entered into

information era

This means that the main factor in the development of human civilization is becoming informational resources, but

information is an integral part of all types of human activity.

The most important component of information is geoinformation - spatially coordinated information about the geographic space around us.

In tasks territorial management About 70% of solutions are associated with the use of geographic information.

Questions of obtaining and using geographic information are based on

new concept - geoinformatics.

Determination of geoinformatics

Geoinformatics occurred as a means of analyzing and researching the environment in geography and is determined in three aspects:

1. As science

2. As information technology

3. As production (Information Industry)

Geoinformatics as science:

"Scientific discipline studying natural

and socio-economic Geosystems through

computer simulation

based on databases and geographical knowledge »

Geoinformatics as

information technology:

"Technology of collecting, processing, accumulation, storage, transformation, analysis and display of spatial-coordinated information"

Geoinformatics as

production:

"Production activities for obtaining and processing spatial-coordinated information and preparation of spatial decisions, as well as to create and operate geoinformation systems and technologies"

Communication of geoinformatics with adjacent areas of science and production

Geodesy cartography

Geography Geoinformatics Geoecology

Remote informatics Probe

The most important features of geoinformatics:

1. Unambiguous identification of objectsspace with coordinate binding

2. Simulation of all objects

spaces as points, lines and squares, abstracting from their essence

3. Mathematical processing

abstract objects - dots, lines and squares

Composite sections of geoinformatics

Geoinformation mapping

- creating a spatial information resource

GIS Processing - P erability of the spatial resource in spatial solutions

Konovalova N.V., Caprals E.G. Introduction to GIS. -M.: LLC "Bibliction", p. De Merc M., Geographical information systems. M.: Date +, Korolev Yu.K. Total geoinformatics. -M.: SP "Date +", p. Flowers V.Ya. Geoinformation systems and technologies. -M.: "Finance and Statistics", p. Koshkarev A.V., Tikunov V.S. Geoinformatics. Reference manual. M.: P. Koshkarev A.V. Geoinformatics. Interpretation of the main terms. -M.: GIS-Association,

GIS-Association, Electronic Library Gaga, Data +, Geodesy.org.ru, GIS Theme on the portal Report.ru, Gis-lab.info, Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), 3

Global Positioning Systems (GPS, GLONASS, Gallileo) Satellite Systems that allow you to determine the coordinates of objects with an accuracy of centimeters of geography Satellites or aircraft with high-resolution photo equipment Geographic information systems Software systems With the capabilities of entering, control, analyzing and displaying geographic data, the first two points - systems for data entry in GIS. GIS provides data management from these systems 4

Card keepers. GIS is a search system and issuing a map monitor of a certain territory, as well as their legends, explanatory texts, tabular data, graphs, charts, etc. Card creators. GIS should be more like a research or project environment, rather than just a reference tool 6

Internally positioned automated spatial information system created to control the data, their cartographic display and analysis of an integrated computer system that collects, storage, manipulation, analysis, modeling and display of spatially correlated data 7

8

At the heart - the scene is that the scene is mapping is described by the values \u200b\u200bof the signs - the properties of spatial structures. Metage Metage - Measurement and Assessment of these features of classified and in certain ways Organized feature values \u200b\u200bform a card legend - a hard frame from previously specified properties 9

GIS - an open system, including: a set of data on any features, instructions for obtaining this data, tools for processing them, tools for converting them into the image well organized rules for receipt necessary information From system 10.

11

80% of government organizations related to geodan management of land resources, garbage cleaning, placement of fire and police, placement of life support facilities Active use in business Analysis of consumers, route management Operation of natural resources (oil, gas, ...) Managing agricultural facilities, construction in Army Management Military Operations Interpretation of data from satellites in scientific research Geography, Geology, Botany, Sociology, Economics, Epidemiology, Criminology 12

Automation of activities related to geodan integration of data from independent sources The interaction of complex geo-information patterns complex geo-information requests Complex geographic information modeling (modeling of natural cataclysms, resource management) 13

GIS Technologies - the technological basis of the creation of geographic information systems, which makes it possible to implement their functionality of geo-information analysis - analysis of the placement, structure, interconnections of objects and phenomena using the spatial analysis methods Digital coating - the family of the same type of spatial objects within some territory 14

Entering data into the machine environment using imports from existing sets Digital data or using source digitization Conversion of data, conversion between formats, change of coordinate systems Storage, manipulation and data management in the internal and external databases Cartometric operations personal settings Users 16.

Gg "Innovative period" study of the principal possibilities of GIS, border areas of knowledge and technologies, the development of empirical experience, theoretical works of GG. "Period of state influence" Development of large GIS projects under the auspices of the state, the formation of geographic information states, reducing the role of individual groups of researchers 19

1980- ... "Period of Commercial Development" Wide Market for Diverse GIS, expansion of their application by integrating with non-transparency databases, the emergence of network applications, the emergence of a significant number of non-professional users end 1980- ... "User Period" Increased competition among commercial manufacturers of GIS, the emergence of custom "clubs" associated with a single subject increased need for geodatabs, the beginning of the formation of global geographic information infrastructure. twenty

Strategic planning, prediction and identification of design needs Analysis of the activities of existing enterprises environmental monitoring Operational response to emergency situations Information Support Preventive and emergency repair work. 21.

22 GIS Informatics (Computer Science) computer graphics Database Visualization Administration Database Protection Geography and Related Sciences: Cartography Geodesy Photography Geostatistics Area of \u200b\u200bUse: Administration Geology Planning Minerals Forest Management Marketing Construction Criminology

26

28

29

30 Digital Photos Streets Hydrography Land Land Station Zoning Utility Administration Data is organized as a layer. Each layer contains some class of objects. The layers are integrated using a unified coordinate system on the earth's surface.

Three layers: roads water resources topography can be studied jointly because they are asked unified system Coordinates of layers contain two types of data: geographic attribute two types of layers: vector raster 4 properties of geographic data: projection, scale, resolution and accuracy 31 roads hydraulic system Topography longitude latitude latitude latitude

Geographic information - describes the location of objects and serves to display information (stored in ShapeFile, "Data Table a vector image») Attributive information - data that describe the qualitative and quantitative parameters of objects (" Table of internal attributes "," External Attribute Table ") 32

33

Raster model Raster image (Raster) - the image contains a grid, each element of which has additional attributes of the picture (image) - a simple image consisting of pixels vector model (vector) any geo graphic object In the real world can be represented in vector form of one of the figures: points, lines, polygons 34

Accuracy (accuracy) - accuracy with which information from the database reflects the real world positioning the consistency of completeness resolution (resolution) - the size of the smallest element that can correspond to raster data for raster data is measured in pixels 37

Area area - Set of adjacent locations of the same property - a unit of information stored in a layer for each object pixel Location - the smallest unit of cartographic space for which characteristics or properties of 38 can be defined

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Maps with complex content (Corel Draw, Indesign, Publisher) - not GIS in GIS - geographical binding of objects and a single coordinate space in GIS - Analytical processing (buffering, combining, cutting, overlay) in GIS - Ability to ask questions (using requests) 40.

41 Sign Mount Higgrant Map Storage Form and Processing Filenodin File Coordinates Faculty Spatial or Local Conditional (within the image) Graphic primitives, lines, Polygons Points, Lines, Polygons, Text ... Sign Count Count. Primision Graphic object spatial will ask for the possibility of connecting adjacent images Standard Operation Emergency Manual Operation Projection Transformations

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Professional - Guide to large industries and territories (ESRI, Autodesk, Simens) Desktop - Applied scientific tasks, operational management and planning (MAP Info, ArcView, Atlas) Viewers, electronic atlases - information and reference use systems. No editing features 45