Middle and high power dynters. Distoror principle of work. Properties of Dististor and the principle of its work - Meandra - Entertaining electronics

Among the huge number of all sorts of semiconductor devices there is a Distoror.

In the radio electronic apparatus, the Distoror is quite rare, walking it can be found on printed boards Widespread energy-saving lamps intended for installation in the base of the ordinary lamp. It is used in the launch circuit. In low-power lamps it may not be.

The dynisterist can also be detected in electronic flow-adjusting devices intended for daily light lamps.

Distoror refers to a rather large class of thyristors.

Conditional graphic designation of Distoror in the schemes.

To begin with, learn how the Distoror is denoted on concept schemes. The conditional graphic designation of Distoror is similar to the image of the diode in one exception. Distor has another perpendicular trait, which, apparently, symbolizes the basic area, which gives the distor of its properties.

Conditional graphic designation of Distoror in schemes

It is also worth noting the fact that the image of Distoror in the diagram can be different. For example, the image of a symmetric dynistora in the diagram can be as shown in the figure.

Possible designation of symmetric dynistor in the diagram

As you can see, there is no more clear standard in the designation of Distoror in the diagram. Most likely, this is due to the fact that there is a huge class of devices called thyristors. The thyristors include a Distoror, a trinistor (Triac), a simistor, a symmetric dynistor. In the schemes, they are all depicted in a similar way in the form of a combination of two diodes and additional lines denoting either the third output (trinistor) or the basic region (Distoror).

In overseas technical descriptions And in the schemes, the Distoror can have the names of the Trigger Diode, DIAC (symmetric dynistor). Designated on the concepts of VD, VS, V, VD, VD, VD, VD, VD, VD.

What is the difference between a diethor from a semiconductor diode?

First, it is worth noting that the Distoror has three (!) P-n transition. Recall that in the semiconductor p-N diode The transition is only one. Availability in dynistora three P-N Transitions give the Distor a number of special properties.

The principle of operation of Distoror.

The essence of the work of Distoror is that with direct turning on it does not skip the current until the voltage at its outputs reaches a certain value. The value of this voltage has a definable value and cannot be changed. This is due to the fact that the Distoror is an unmanaged thyristor - he has no third, manager, withdrawal.

It is known that the usual semiconductor diode also has a discovery voltage, but it constitutes several hundred Millivolt (500 Milvololt in Silicon and 150 in Germany). With the direct turning on the semiconductor diode, it opens when applied to its terminals even a small voltage.

In detail and clearly figure out the principle of operation of Distor, we turn to its volt-ampere characteristic (Wah). Volt-ampere characteristic is good because it allows you to visually see how it works semiconductor device.

In the figure below the Volt-ampere characteristic (eng. CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS) Import DB3 Distor. Note that this dynisterist is symmetrical and can be soldered into a circuit without compliance with the basement. It will work in any case, that's just the inclusion voltage (breakdown) can be a little different (up to 3 volts).

Volt-ampere characteristics of symmetric Distor

DB3 DB3 is clearly seen that it is symmetrical. Both branches features, upper and lower, the same. This suggests that the work of DB3 dynistor does not depend on the polarity of the applied voltage.

The schedule has three areas, each of which shows the mode of operation of Distoror under certain conditions.

The red plot on the graph shows the closed state of the Distoror. The current is not flowing through it. In this case, the voltage applied to the diesel electrodes is less than the voltage of the V BO - Breakover Voltage.

The blue plot shows the opening moment of Distoror after the voltage at its outputs reached the inclusion voltage (V bo or u incl.). At the same time, the Distoror begins to open and the current begins to flow through it. Next, the process stabilizes and the Distoror goes into the following state.

The green area shows the open state of the Distor. At the same time, the current that flows through the dynisterist is limited only by the maximum current I max, which is indicated in the description on the specific type of Distoror. The voltage drop on the open Distyer is small and fluctuated in the region of 1 - 2 volts.

It turns out that the Distoror in its work is similar to the usual semiconductor diode in one exception. If the breakdown voltage or differently, the discovery voltage for the conventional diode is less than volt (150 - 500 mV), then in order to open the distoror, the inclusion voltage is in its conclusions, which is calculated with tens of volts. So for imported DB3 Distor, the standard inclusion voltage (V BO) is 32 volts.

To completely close the Distor, it is necessary to reduce the current through it to the value less than the retention current. In this case, the dinister is turned off - will turn into a closed state.

If the dynistor is asymmetrical, then with the opposite ("+" to the cathode, and "-" to the anoma), it behaves like a diode and does not let the current until the reverse voltage reaches the critical for this type Distoro and he burns. For symmetric, as already mentioned, the polarity of inclusion in the scheme does not matter. In any case, it will work.

IN radiatechnical structures The dynisterist can be used in stroboscopes, powerful load switches, power controls and many other beneficial instruments.

The main purpose of symmetric dinistors is work in the sormistor power regulators. I wonder the use of such a regulator for typical scheme For inclusion network adapter, calculated on the rated voltage of 120V, into the network 220 V (Fig. 1).

When using the Symistor specified on the type and metal coherent condenser, K73-17 on the rated voltage 63 in all the elements of the regulator can be installed in the case of the modified A1 adapter. To configure the device to the adapter output, you should connect the necessary load and voltmeter, to put the variable 220 kΩ instead of the resistor R1 and permanent 51 com included sequentially. Reducing the resistance of the resistor R1, ranging from the maximum value, set the required voltage on the load and replace the selected resistors to one as closely as possible.

In the absence of a simistor in the plastic case, the usual - KU208V or KU208G can be used. Condensor C1 must be metal or paper. The use of ceramic capacitors is undesirable, since the temperature stability of the output voltage will be low. In fig. 2 shows the dependences of the output voltage of the Panasonic KX-A09 adapter (120 V, 60 Hz), which are equipped with cordless phones KX-TC910-B, load outflow. Curve 1 corresponds to the supply to the primary voltage winding 105 in a frequency of 50 Hz, curve 2 - power supply from a network of 220 V 50 Hz in accordance with the scheme of Fig. 1 and the resistance value of the resistor R1, at which the output voltage is 11.8 V, and the load current is 120 mA. This point on curve 1 was selected to compare various options for inclusion of the adapter in.

Curve 3 was removed at resistance R1, providing a passport output voltage of the adapter 12 V and load current 200 mA. Curve 2 is close to curves 2 and 3 V, obtained to turn on the adapter to the network 220 V through the resistor, but the efficiency of the power option through a C-Mistor regulator is much larger, and the total power dissipation is less. However, the pulsations of the output voltage slightly increased.

Interestingly, such voltage reduction devices for nutrition household appliances - Hairdryes, electric rates, etc. - are issued by foreign manufacturers and sold in Russia. One of them, with whom it was necessary to deal with the author, was called translated into Russian about this: "American tourist satellite in France."

Perhaps the most interesting is the use of a symmetric dynistero to stabilize the voltage of a secular power supply unit with a quenching capacitor. The diagram of such a device is shown in Fig. 3.

It works as follows as the block with a stabitron [s], but when charging the C2 filter capacitor before the voltage on the rotor of the VS1 dysterior (with an accuracy of the voltage drop on the rectifier bridge), it turns on and shunting the input of the diode bridge. The load is powered by C2 capacitor. At the beginning of the next half-period C2 again recharges to the same voltage, the process is repeated. It is easy to see that the initial discharge voltage C2 does not depend on the load current and network voltage, so the stability of the output voltage of the block is very high. The voltage drop on dinister in the included state is small, scattered power, which means that the heating is significantly less than when installing the stabilion.

The calculation of the power supply with a symmetric dynistor is made according to the same formulas as for the source with the stabitron [s], but the minimum current through the stabilizing element ICT MIN should be substituted with zero, which slightly reduces the desired container of the quenching capacitor.

An experimentally tested such a source with a capacitor C1 with a capacity of 0.315 and 0.64 μF (rates of 0.33 and 0.68 μF) and CR1125KPZA dynistora and CR1125KPZB. Types and ratings of other elements corresponded to those shown in Fig. 3. The voltage at the outlet of the unit was about 6.8 and 13.5 V for KR1125KPZA dynters and CR1125CB, respectively. At a network of 205 in and capacitance of the capacitor C1 \u003d 0.315 μF, an increase in the load current from 2 to 16 mA led to a decrease in the output voltage by 70 mV (i.e. per 1%) and 100 mV for C 1 \u003d 0.64 μF and Change current from 4 to 32 mA. A further increase in the load current was accompanied by a sharp drop of output voltage, and the position of the point of breaking the load characteristic with great accuracy corresponded to the calculation in accordance with [s].

If you need to connect one of the source outputs with a network wire, you can apply a single-lupeerode rectifier with a quenching capacitor (Fig. 4).

In this case, only one of the Distors of the KR1125CP microcircuits is used to reduce losses. The VD1 diode also serves to reduce losses and is not required, since the Distyer CD1125CPs has a diode to pass the current in the opposite direction. The presence or absence of such a diode in the dyntorans of the KR1125KP2 series in the documentation is not reflected in the documentation, and the author failed to purchase such a chip.

The maximum permanent or pulsating current through the Distortor is determined by the power dissipated and is about 60 mA. If it is not enough to obtain the necessary output current of this value, you can "feel" the Distor of the C-Mistor (Fig. 5, a) for use in the source according to the fig. 3 or a trinistor (Fig. 5.6) for the device according to the diagram. four.

The advantages of dynetore power supplies with a smaller power dissipation and a large output voltage stability, disadvantage - a limited selection of output voltages, determined by the voltages of turning on dynistors.

LITERATURE
1. Kuznetsov A. Simistor power regulator with low level interference. - Radio, 1998, №6, p. 60, 61.
2. Biryukov S. Connecting small-sized remote 120-volt power supplies to the network 220 V. - Radio, 1998, №7, p. 49.54.
3. Biryukov C. Calculation of a network power supply with a quenching capacitor. - Radio, 1997, №5, p. 48-50.
4. Biryukov S. Simistor power regulators. - Radio, 1996, №1, p. 44-46.

Distoror is a kind of semiconductor diodes related to the class of thyristors. Distoror consists of four areas of various conductivity and has three p-N Transition. In electronics, he found quite limited use, walking it can be found in structures energy Saving Lamps Under the E14 and E27 base, where it is used in the launch schemes. In addition, it comes across in the broad-regulating devices of daily lamps.

The conditional graphic designation of Distoror in the diagram is a bit resembles a semiconductor diode at one difference. It has a perpendicular trait that symbolizes the basic region, and gives the dyister of its extraordinary parameters and characteristics.

But oddly enough, the image of Distoror on a number of schemes is different. Suppose the image of a symmetric dynistor may be like this:

Such a scatter in conditionally graphic notation is associated with the fact that there is a huge class of thyristor semiconductors. To which the Distoror applies, Trinistor (Triac), Simistor. In the schemes, they are all similar in the form of a combination of two diodes and additional lines. In foreign sources, this subclass of the semiconductor was named TRIGGER DIODE (trigger diode), DIAC. On the concept schemes, it can be denoted by Latin characters VD, VS, V and D.

The basic principle of operation of the Distoror is based on the fact that with direct inclusion it will not miss the electric current until the voltage does not reach the predetermined value.

An ordinary diode also has such a parameter as a discovery voltage, but for it it is only a couple of hundreds of Millivolt. With direct inclusion, the usual diode opens as soon as it is to apply a small voltage level.

To clearly understand the principle of operation, it is necessary to look at the volt-ampere characteristic, it allows you to visually consider how this semiconductor device works.

Consider the frequently occurring symmetric DB3 type symmetric distor. It can be mounted in any circuit without compliance with the COF. It will work for sure, but the inclusion tension (breakdown) may differ slightly, somewhere on three volts

As we can see the wallpaper branches of characteristics, absolutely the same. (suggests that it is symmetrical) Therefore, the operation of DB3 does not depend on the polarity of the voltage at its conclusions.

Wah has three areas showing the DB-3 semiconductor operation mode with certain factors.

Blue plot shows the initial closed state. The current does not go through it. At the same time, the voltage level applied to the outputs is below the voltage level of the inclusion V BO - Breakover Voltage.
Yellow plot is the moment of opening of the Distor. When the voltage on its contacts reaches the level of inclusion voltage ( V BO. or U incl.). At the same time, the semiconductor begins to open and electric current passes through it. The process is then stabilized and it goes into the following state.
Purple Plot Wah Shows Open State. At the same time, the current flowing through the device is limited only by maximum current. I Maxwhich can be found in the directory. The voltage drop in the open trigger diode is small and amounts to about 1 - 2 volts.

Thus, from the schedule it is clearly seen that the Distoror in its work is similar to a diode for one large "but". If its punching voltage of the ordinary diode is value (150 - 500 mV), then to open the trigger diode, it is necessary to submit to its conclusions from a pair of tens of volts. So for the DB3 instrument, the inclusion voltage is 32 volts.

To completely close the Distor, it is necessary to reduce the current level to the value below the deduction current. In the case of an asymmetrical option, when reverse turning on it does not skip the current until the reverse voltage reaches the critical level and it burns. In the amateur amateurs, the Distoror can be used in strobe, switches and power regulators and many other devices.

The basis of the design is a relaxation generator on VS1. The input voltage is rectified by the VD1 diode and comes through the resistance R1 to the R2 rack. From its engine, part of the voltage follows the C1 container, thereby charging it. If the voltage at the input is not higher than the norm, the tank voltage is lacking for a breakdown, and the VS1 is closed. If level network voltage Increases, the charge on the condenser also increases, and breaks through VS1. C1 is discharged through the VS1 headphone BF1 and LED, thereby signaling about the danger level of the network voltage. After that, the VS1 closes and the capacity again starts to accumulate charge. In the second embodiment, the trim resistance R2 should be power not lower than 1 W, and the R6 resistor is 0.25 W. Adjusting this scheme consists in setting the bottom and upper limits of the lower and upper limit of the power voltage level.

It uses a widespread bidirectional symmetric DB3 distor. If FU1 is intact, the dynisterist is shortened by VD1 and VD2 diodes during a positive semidiment of the 220V network voltage. The VD4 LED and the resistance R1 shunt the C1 container. LED burns. The current through it is determined by the R2 resistance rate.

Tunnel diode

Conventional diodes with an increase in direct voltage monotonously increase the transmitted current. In the tunnel diode, the quantum-mechanical tunneling of electrons adds hump to a voltamper characteristic, while due to the high degree of doping P and N of regions, the breakdown voltage decreases almost to zero. The tunnel effect allows electrons to overcome the energy barrier in the transition zone with a width of 50..150 Å at such voltages when the conduction zone in the N-region has equal energy levels with the p-region valence zone. With a further increase in the direct voltage, the Fermi level of the N-region rises relative to the p-region, falling on the prohibited zone area, and since tuning cannot change the total electron energy, the probability of the electron transition from the N-region to the P-region drops sharply. This creates a plot on the direct portion of the Volt-ampere characteristic, where the increase in direct voltage is accompanied by a decrease in current. This area Negative differential resistance and is used to enhance weak ultrahigh frequency signals.
Application: The greatest distribution in practice received tunnel diodes from Germany, arsenide Gallium, as well as from gallium antimonide. These diodes are widely used as generators and high-frequency switches, they operate at frequencies, many times larger than the frequency of Tetrod, - up to 30 ... 100 GHz.

Distyor.
· Distrars are four-layer semiconductor devices with PNPN structure. The Distoror works as a pair of interrelated PNP and NPN transistor.

· Like all thyristors, dyntorators tend to remain in one of two states: in the included state - after the transistors begin to carry out - or turned off - after the transistors go to the cutoff state.

· In order for the Distor to begin to carry out, it is necessary to raise the anode cathode voltage to the level inclusion voltageor should be exceeded critical voltage growth rate Anode cathode.

· To turn off the Distor, it is necessary to reduce its current to the level below its threshold shutdown voltage.

Sl. Designation

Wah Distoro.

Principle of operation of Dististora

The essence of the Denistor's work is that with direct inclusion, it does not miss the current until then. While the voltage on its outputs does not reach a certain value. The value of this voltage has a definable value and cannot be changed. This is due to the fact that the Distoror is an unmanaged thyristor - he has no third control output.

Varicap
Varicap

Varicap (from English. Vari (Able) is variable and cap (acid) - container), the semiconductor diode is the container of which depends on the applied voltage (offset). It is used primarily as a controlled capacitor capacitor (0.01 - 100 PF), for example, to configure high-frequency oscillatory contours, or as an element with a nonlinear capacity (parametric diode).

Photodiode

Photodiode - a receiver of optical radiation that converts the light into its photosensitive region electric charge Due to the processes in the P-N-transition.

Photodiode, whose work is based on the photovoltaic effect (separation of electrons and holes in the P- and N- area, due to which the charge and EMF is formed), is called a solar element. In addition to P-N photodiodes, there are also P-i-n photodiodes in which there is a layer of an unallocreoned semiconductor I between the layers p- and n-. P-n and P-i-n photodiodes only convert light into an electric current, but do not enhance it, unlike avalanche photodiodes and phototransistors.

Principle of operation:

When exposed to emission quanta, the base is generated by the generation of free media, which rush to the border of the P-N transition. Base width (N-region) is done so that the holes do not have time to recombine before switching to the P-region. The photodiode current is determined by the current of non-core carriers - drifting current. The speed of the photodiode is determined by the velocity separation rate of the P-N transition field and the P-N transition container C P-N

Photodiode can work in two modes:

• photogalvanic - without external tension
• photodiode - with external reverse voltage

Features:

• simplicity of manufacturing technology and structure
• combination of high photosensitivity and speed
• small resistance base
• small inertia

Structural diagram of photodiode. 1 - semiconductor crystal; 2 - contacts; 3 - conclusions; Φ -flow electromagnetic radiation; E - source direct current; R H is the load.

Light-emitting diode or light-emitting diode (SD, LED, LED English. Light-Emitting DIODE) - semiconductor device with electron-hole transition, creating optical radiation when passing through it electric current. The emitted light lies in the narrow range of the spectrum. Its spectral characteristics depend largely on the chemical composition of semiconductors used in it. In other words, the LED crystal radiates a specific color (if we are talking about the Visible range of SD), unlike a lamp that radiates a wider spectrum and where the specific color is sifted by an outer filter.

Currently, LEDs have found an application in a wide variety of areas: LED lights, automotive lighting, promotional signs, LED panels and indicators, running rows and traffic lights, etc.

8.Bibolar transistor - Three electrode semiconductor device, one of the types of transistor. The electrodes are connected to three sequentially located semiconductor layers with an alternating type of impurity conductivity. According to this method, the alternation is distinguished by NPN and PNP transistors (N (Negative) - electronic type of impurity conduction, P (positive) - hole). In a bipolar transistor, unlike the field transistor, charges simultaneously two types are used, the carriers of which are electrons and holes (from the word "bi" - "two"). A schematic device of the transistor is shown in the second figure.

The electrode connected to the central layer is called the base, the electrodes connected to the outer layers are called the collector and the emitter. On the the simplest scheme The differences between the collector and the emitter are not visible. In fact, the main difference between the collector is a large area P - n-transition. In addition, a small base thickness is absolutely necessary for the operation of the transistor.

Designation bipolar transistors on schemes

The simplest visual scheme of the transistor device

Distoror is a two-electron device, a type of thyristor and, as I said, not fully managed key, which can be turned off, only lowing the current passing through it. It consists of four alternating regions of different types conductivity and has three NP transitions. We will collect a hypothetical scheme similar to the one that we used to study the diode, but add a variable resistor to it, and the diode will be replaced with a dynisterist:

So, the resistance of the resistor is maximally, the device shows "0". We begin to reduce resistance to the resistor. The voltage on the dynistore is growing, the current is not observed. With a further decrease in resistance at a certain point in time, a voltage is voltage, which is able to open it ( U open). The Distoror immediately opens and the value of the current will depend on the resistance of the chain and the most open dynistor - the "key" worked.

How to close the key? We begin to reduce the voltage - the current is reduced, but only by increasing the resistance of the variable resistor, the state of the dynistora remains the same. At a certain point in time, the current through the dynisterist decreases to a certain value, which is customized to be called a current of retention ( Id). Distoror will instantly closes, the current will fall to "0" - the key closed.

Thus, the Distoror opens if the voltage on its electrodes will reach u open and closes if the current through it is less than I dd. For each type of Distoror, of themselves, these values \u200b\u200bare different, but the principle of operation remains the same. What happens if the Distoror is included "on the contrary"? Collect another scheme by changing the polarity of the power on the battery.

Resistance to the resistor maximum current no. We increase the voltage - the current is still no and will not be until the voltage on the dynisterist exceeds the maximum allowable. As soon as it is used to - the Distoror will simply burn. Let's try what we talked about, to portray on the coordinate plane, on which on the axis x we \u200b\u200bpostpone the voltage on the dynisterist, along y - the current through it:

Thus, in one direction, the Distoror behaves like an ordinary diode in the opposite (simply locked, closed), another avalanche opens, but only with a voltage defined on it or it is also closed, as soon as the current through the open device will decrease below the specified passport value.

Thus, the main parameters of the dynisterist can be reduced to several values:

- opening voltage;
- minimum deduction current;
- the maximum allowable direct current;
- maximum allowable reverse voltage;
- Drop the tension on the open dynisterist.