Using a grid to create a design layout. Video: Building a chain-link fence

A grid-based layout is a layout with horizontal and vertical guides that helps organize content and maintain a consistent structure throughout the creation of a project.

For a very long time, professional designers have been using grids to develop designs that have optimal proportions. They, in turn, contribute to the improvement of reading the text. The grid used today in web design was created back in the 1920s by very talented Swiss designers, and since then the design invented by them has become the worldwide standard for organizing content on the pages of Internet projects.

Aspects of a Good Layout

Thanks to the standard, web designers can easily solve many of the problems they face when working with grid-based layouts. Let's take a look at a few aspects of a good layout that can be brought to life with a grid system.

Responsiveness and flexibility

Breaking content into specific columns helps web developers understand what their actions will be on different screen sizes. It is also possible to create a "fluid grid" in HTML and CSS based on percentages rather than fixed values. You can easily reduce the number of some columns, transform the content.

Alignment and balance

All content will be aligned along vertical columns along the entire length of the page. This allows you to create a wonderful visual balance by applying the same whitespace and horizontal containers everywhere.

Uniformity

If you use the same grid system for the entire design, you can present just one consistent layout and create a template that organizes the text. In this way, you can save time by using the same layout for different pages of the site, and at the same time all elements will have the same size.

Setting up and applying the grid system

Let's take a look at a sample site that uses the grid system.

In the figure, you can see the 12-column grid, which is the most popular layout in web design. With this many columns, you can easily split your content into four, three, or two columns. If you take a 16-column layout, you can get more options, but at the same time there will be a number of difficulties in working with the design. An eight-column layout is a good option to use, but it won't allow content to be split into more than three columns. Therefore, professional web designers recommend using a 12-column grid.

The basic principle of creating your own grid layout

The main design principle for a grid layout is that each column in the grid should be the same width and have the same amount of space between them. In order to calculate the width of the columns, you can use simple mathematics.

For example, the page width will be 1140 pixels, the grid will consist of 12 columns, and there will be 11 spaces. Initially, you need to understand what the width of the spaces will be: for example, 12 pixels.

Having done all the calculations, we end up with a layout that will have 12 columns of 84 pixels and 11 spaces of 12 pixels, and the entire width will be 1140 pixels. This technique can be used for any calculations, the main thing is to know the page width and spaces.

Adjusting Curves in Photoshop

This is a rather boring and time-consuming task. To make this process faster and more fun, most designers recommend using Photoshop CC 2014. You can find a new feature in it called Guide Layout. It will provide an opportunity in a short time to create the desired grid with vertical and horizontal curves.

There are some nuances in the grids that complicate their perception. Before you start customizing the layout, you need to make sure that the grid system you use will be easy for web developers to use when creating a design.

The use of grids in designing the layout for a web project can be very helpful. This practice is quite simple and popular among most designers.

Examples of web projects that are based on the grid

Consider quite interesting examples of websites and how the grid is used, it is filled with text.

GRID

GRID 1.

1. A small network for various purposes. Net for catching insects. Head net for hairstyles. Wire mesh. Mantle.

2. A network for delaying a flying ball in various games (sport.). The ball went into the net. To play at the net (in tennis - to play, trying to intercept the ball near the very net through which it flies).

5. Lined cells. Geographic grid (lines denoting longitudes and latitudes at their mutual intersection).

6. A graphed sheet with divisions marked out and filled in for some need.

|| Schedule, scale, scheme (special). Tariff network.

2.

GRID 2 , nets, female (zool.). The second of the four sections of the stomach of a ruminant, from where food is regurgitated back into the mouth for chewing.

Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940.

Synonyms:

See what "NET" is in other dictionaries:

1. NET1, nets, for women 1. A small network for various purposes. Net for catching insects. Head net for hairstyles. Wire mesh. Mantle. 2. A network for delaying a flying ball in various games (sport.). The ball went into the net. Play … Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

GRID, network, etc., see the network. Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. IN AND. Dal. 1863 1866 ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Matrix, table, lattice; ferronite, schedule, namet, mesh, palette, string bag, mosquito net, reptuh, swarm, pico, chachvan, mosquito, muzzle, net, micronet, internet, scale, veil, aventail Dictionary of Russian synonyms. mesh n., count ... ... Synonym dictionary

mesh MO- (Ministry of Defense) Code name for a section of the Grid program developed by the USSR Ministry of Defense for the study of anomalous atmospheric phenomena (UFOs). E. Net MO D. Netz MO … Explanatory UFO dictionary with equivalents in English and German

- (in anatomy) the second section of the 4 chamber stomach of ruminants; located between the scar and the book. In the mesh, the food is soaked and subjected to mechanical and preliminary chemical treatment under the influence of microorganisms inhabiting the mesh…

- (lat. Reticulum) constellation of the Southern Hemisphere ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

NET, and, for women. 1. Small network (in 1 and 2 values). C. from mosquitoes. C. for hair (to preserve hairstyles, curls). Bed with mesh. Volleyball with. Solid s. rain. 2. A bag for carrying food, small items, woven in the form of a small network of ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

- (reticulum), the second section of the stomach in ruminants, located between the scar and the book. The mucous membrane of S. forms rather high (8 12 mm) mobile folds in the form of 4 6 coal cells (hence the name) and is covered with numerous. small horny ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

Metal electrode, made in the form of a spiral; C. is used in electronic lamps and gas-filled devices and serves to regulate the magnitude of the current of the electron flow passing in the lamp (between the cathode and anode). Samoilov K. I. Marine ... ... Marine Dictionary

grid- surface with numerous holes. net. reticulate. lace. sieve. sieve, sow. sift. weed out, sya. lattice. lattice. strainer. sip, sya. strain, sya. express. put on, sya. colander. watering can. cell. cell. point. | mesh. filter. ... ... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

They are divided into tactical and hunting. The main difference between this type of nets is that tactical nets are basically ALL ballistic nets, while hunting nets are "simple". What does it mean?

hunting nets simpler in execution, since shooting is carried out at medium and short distances, basically. Of course, there are also sights for mountain hunting, for example, where shooting can be done at a distance of a kilometer, but the right hunters in unfamiliar terrain at such distances almost never shoot, they try to get closer, for an accurate shot. At long distances, shooting is possible, but subject to ideal parameters (wind, pressure, humidity, the position of the weapon and the target. Passing more than one kilometer through the mountains, up and down, more than one day, hunting down the coveted trophy, no one will shoot if they are not sure that Reticles are mostly based on a simple crosshair.

Ballistic (tactical) grids are designed to determine the distance to the object (target), to quickly adjust the corrections in the distance and in the wind. Ballistic reticles are used for accurate shooting at different distances, all sights of military snipers, high-precision athletes, with a ballistic reticle. Ballistic reticles are also used in hunting scopes, but they are simpler and more versatile. In tactical sights there are reticles directly for a certain caliber, mostly popular army calibers. These reticles work with a certain cartridge, and all divisions on the reticle are for a certain distance. Tactical nets include three main types (MILDOT, HORUS, BALLISTIC).

Let's take a quick look at the main differences...

Tactical nets.

MILDOT

Reticle with a simple crosshair marked with divisions in the form of dots (mils) about 10 cm apart, at a distance of 100 meters. This is a classic army grid.

HORUS

Grid on which divisions are applied vertically and horizontally, a grid for shooting at ultra-long distances. Favorite grid of athletes and army snipers.

BALLISTIC

A reticle based on a hunting reticle with vertical divisions but signed divisions. Each division indicates a bullet hit at a certain distance. In the instructions for this reticle, as a rule, they write calibers that are most suitable for shooting.

Hunting nets.

PUNCHING

A net used for driven or battue hunting, when shooting is carried out at short and medium distances (from 30 to 150 meters). Driven sights have a low optical magnification and a wide field of view. Reticles in such sights are different, both classic crosshairs and reticles with a dot or a circle.

CROSSBOW

Net for shooting at short and medium distances, for classic hunting. This reticle is based on the crosshairs of two lines (vertical and horizontal). Straight lines are complete and incomplete, i.e. the horizontal line is full, and the vertical line is half below, forming a HALF-CROSS.

BALLISTIC

Grid with divisions along a vertical line. With the help of such a grid, you can determine the distance to the object of hunting. this reticle is suitable for shooting at medium and long distances.

Consider the main sighting reticles of three brands, different price categories (low, medium and expensive).

Hakko- A Japanese company that produces sights of low and medium price categories, with good quality and a decent selection of reticles, and for different calibers.
Leupold- An American company that produces sights of medium and high price categories, with a large number of reticles and a choice of models for every taste. Sights come in two directions, hunting and tactical.
- A German company that produces sights of a high price category, good quality and a decent selection of reticle in each model. There are also sights for tactical and hunting purposes.
In addition to these brands, there are various worthy companies for the production of optical sights on the market, both economy and middle class ( , Redfield , Bushnell , Nikko Stirling , Hawke , Nikon , Yukon etc.), as well as premium class, high parsing, with big names and a rich history (, etc.). These brands don't have as many reticle choices, in every model, as our selected companies above. Each brand is worthy of consideration in particular, in terms of models and reticle. Any brand has scopes that are especially POPULAR all over the world, which are most often bought and used for various purposes (hunting, shooting, military operations).
Before choosing a reticle, you need to select BRAND, choose series or MODEL sight, and after that choose the reticle, unless of course there is such a choice, in this model.

Company reticle HAKKO.

All sights are divided into sights WITH ILLUMINATION and WITHOUT ILLUMINATION of the reticle.
HAKKO's reticles are numbered (3, 4, 6, 8, 15, 22, 23, 24, 28, 32, 33, 90).
Each number implies the type of reticle.
(3 ) - A cross, a simple crosshair of two straight lines.
(6 ) - A half-cross (half-duplex) crosshair of two straight lines, with a thickening of three lines, following the model of the German#4 grid.
(10 ) - reticle in the form of a pointed thick line vertically and two horizontally.
(15 ) - Duplex, a crosshair of two straight lines, with a thickening of four lines at the base.
(90 ) - Milldot, a grid with dots on crossed lines, the distance between the dots is 10 cm per 100 meters.
(4 ), With ( 22 ) - on ( 33 ) - corral nets with a horizontal guide and the center of the optical axis (with a dot).

Illumination of the reticle for Hakko sights in the form of a letter designation (P, D, CH, ER, MCH, DME, CHME). Each letter or combination of letters speaks about the functionality of the backlight or its appearance.
(D) - Dot (dot), highlight only the dot, the center of the crosshair.
(CH) - Cross Hair (crosshair), illumination in the form of a cross in the center of the crosshair or mildot if the grid (90).
(ER) - Full highlighting of the grid, all lines in the grid.
(M or ME) - Select the backlight color (red or green).

The most popular reticles for Hakko scopes are numbered (6), (15), (23, 24) and (90), which are the most suitable for hunting, and as a result, the most purchased. These reticles fully meet the needs of modern hunting and shooting at medium distances.
If (6) and (15) do not differ much in terms of functionality, then (23) the net is suitable only for driven hunting and shooting at short distances, especially since the illumination of pen nets is very relevant in areas with dense vegetation. There are no vertical lines in the grid that interfere with the "guiding" of the target against the background of trees, and a large dot shows the area where the bullet hit.
Reticle (90) or classic MIlDot, suitable for shooting at any distance, this is a classic reticle known to many shooters and hunters. The combination of numbers and letters gives additional options for reticle illumination. (15D) - Duplex with a dot in the center, (15CH) - Duplex with a cross in the center.

Reticles LEUPOLD.

Leupold scopes are known all over the world. This company has been producing optical instruments, and) for hunting and tactical operations for many years. Mass production and huge demand make these scopes a solid mid-ranger on the market. Lupld sights are affordable for any hunter and shooter, the prices are affordable and affordable, but it all depends on a specific series and model. The same is true with the choice of reticle. If you take a full range of sighting reticles and add them to the catalog, you will get more than a dozen types and all possible modifications, in the entire history of the company's existence, there are about a dozen duplexes alone. By choosing a specific model of sight, for a specific weapon and a specific hunt, you choose the type of reticle. The reticle has its own characteristics and specific functionality. There are classic (standard) mesh parameters that have standard readings, such as mildot or classic duplex, which are the same for any manufacturer, but there are modified or modernized meshes based on the classic mesh, for example, Fine Duplex or Wide Duplex, or some other some duplex. Modified grids have different readings.

Consider the example of one sight:
LEUPOLD VX-R 3-9x40- an excellent hunting sight, with a classic magnification and objective lens diameter. There are 5 types of reticle to choose from in this scope, and which one to choose? FireDot Duplex (Illuminated), FireDot 4 (Illuminated), Ballistic FireDot, FireDot LRV Duplex, FireDot Wind-Plex. For many people, these names will not say anything, if the photos can shed any light on these reticles, then the names certainly do not.
And the price is not clear why such a difference ($150)?

1) FireDot Duplex

The reticle looks like a crosshair with bold line bases; it is a classic Duplex hunting reticle, which is unchanged by any manufacturer, i.e. has the same look. The grid works at a distance of up to 500 meters, unless of course it is correct to aim the weapon under a certain cartridge (bullet). FireDot - indicates that the reticle is illuminated with a dot in the center of the crosshair.

2) FireDot 4

This is a reticle based on the old German #4 reticle, with a crosshair of two straight lines, three of which are bold at the base (sides and bottom). In our country, sometimes such a grid plan is called "stumps". Bold lines direct the shooter's pupil to the center of the crosshairs, and the absence of the upper bold duplex makes the view more comfortable, and it's more convenient to lead a running target.

3) Ballistic FireDot

A Leupold ballistic reticle made for long range shooting. In the center of the crosshairs there is a circle with a dot that shows the affected area at medium distances, and below it on a vertical line there are two divisions that work at different distances. According to the manufacturer, this reticle is ideal for shooting at large animals and pest predators, such as wolves and jackals (Ideal for varmint, antelope, and long-range big game).

4) FireDot LRV Duplex

Crosshair grid like the classic Duplex, but the lower duplex is lowered and the vertical line has two marks below the crosshair. Are there only two types of such a grid (LV) and (LRV)? the difference is only in the form of divisions (points or segments). The LRV is a multi-range ballistic reticle for segments below the center of the crosshair. Center for shooting up to 200 yards, and down the segments up to 300, up to 400 yards, and the top of the duplex up to 500 yards (conditionally). In such a grid, the illumination of all three points.

5) FireDot Wind-Plex

mesh based on Duplex, intersection of two straight lines, with a thickening at the bases, but with divisions along the horizontal line of the mesh. The straight line has marks to the left and right of the crosshairs to hold the crosswind correction (A 10MOA Wind hold Reticle with FireDot). The deflection of a bullet depends on its mass and wind strength, and the distance at which the target is located.

Other Leupold scopes have different reticles for their functions. Reticles in driven sights need to be chosen much more simply, and more open, for more comfortable and faster aiming at a moving target. By choosing a reticle with a standard duplex, when quickly aiming at a running target, against the backdrop of a forest, and even at a short distance, you can lose time or miss. The reticle for the driven sight must be illuminated to see the center of the crosshair.

Luepold also has a lot of ballistic meshes, mainly in tactical series, the same VX-R Patrol 3-9x40mm, has a FireDot Tactical Milling Reticle reticle.

Grid FireDot Tactical Milling Reticle- based on the classic MilDot, but instead of dots or ovals, there are short segments on the vertical and horizontal lines. The distance between the segments correspond to the size of the standard MIL (10MOA per 100 meters). This reticle is ideal for distance determination and long range shooting.

Reticles SCHMIDT and BENDER.

The company Schmidt and Bender produces high-class optical sights, the quality of optics, the quality of materials, the build quality at the highest level. Many professional shooters and hunters around the world choose these scopes for themselves as the best. SCHMIDT and BENDER sights, as the manufacturer himself writes, are created by hunters for hunters. German engineers are known for being good at this, and producing some of the best optical sights not only in Europe but in the world. If we consider all manufacturers of optical sights, then the Germans and Americans share the championship. German passion for perfectionism and pedantry make the inscription (made in Germany) on the optical sight as a sign of the highest quality.
The company produces various optical sights, with constant and variable magnification, tactical and hunting. Minimalism and principle (nothing superfluous), simplify the work with the scope, everything is crystal clear and clear. Each reticle of any optical sight has a strictly verified ballistics, according to all world standards, if it is MilDot, then this is the perfect MilDot. There are also modifications of grids, which are based on classic well-known grids used all over the world. SCHMIDT and BENDER reticles are divided into three types, HUNTING, TACTICAL (for police and army), and SPORTS (for long-range shooting).

hunting nets have a minimum number of divisions, clear lines and duplexes, a choice with and without grid illumination. The basis of hunting nets is an old German net German#4, in the form of a crosshair and three duplexes on the sides and bottom (FD4, FD7, FD9, L3, L4, L7, L9, D7, A4, A7, A9).

Mesh (FD7)- a hunting reticle similar to FD4, but with shortened thick threads, the distance between the threads on the left, right and bottom to the center of the crosshair is 70 cm at 100m, the thickness of the vertical thread and dots at 100m have not changed (thread 1.3, dot 5 cm). The net is perfect for driven hunts due to its greater visibility, and it can also be successfully used for any kind of hunting.

Mesh (FD9)- identical mesh size with FD4, but added a circle connecting thick threads, the diameter of the circle is 140 cm per 100m. A net for hunting in all conditions, and is perfect for driven hunting. With the help of a circle, you can determine the distance to the target, at a long distance, and with close aiming, the circle will show the affected area.

No backlight (A4, A7, A9).

Grid (A4)- the threads in the grid are more pronounced, for a clear focus on the crosshairs, the coverage of the threads (thickness) at 100m will be 15 cm, and the distance between the center of the crosshair and the thick threads will be 35 cm at 100m. The thickness of thin threads is 1.3 cm per 100 m. The net is suitable for any hunting, but preferably during the daytime.

Grid (A7)- mesh similar to A4, but with shortened bold threads. The distance between the center of the crosshair and the thick threads is doubled 70 cm per 100m. Perfect for driven hunting in open spaces.

Grid (A9)- a grid with a circle in the center and a crosshair. the diameter of the circle at a distance of 100m will be 140 cm, and the thickness of the thick threads (coverage) will be 13 cm per 100m.

One more important detail needs to be noted when choosing a reticle. The reticle can be in FIRST or SECOND the focal plane of the sight, what's the difference?
The difference is that when changing the optical magnification (turning the magnification ring), the reticle can increase or decrease, this indicates that the reticle is in the first focal plane. This suggests that the ballistic parameters of the grid are preserved at any magnification.
If the grid does not change in size when zoomed in, then it is in the second vocal plane. The ballistic parameters of the grid are saved only at the MAXIMUM magnification (foldback), i.e. if, for example, a mild dot grid, then at the maximum magnification of optics, the distance between the grid points will be equal to a mile (10 cm per 100m), if the magnification is not the maximum, then the distance is not standard at a hundred, then you need to count! This is not entirely good, since at minimum magnification the reticle covers the target at a long distance, but in terms of ballistics, the reticle can work at any magnification, you just need to count more and remember data in thousandths.

In this lesson, we will deal with the principles of organizing a modular grid, which is a very popular solution when building various templates. During the assimilation of the material, you will be able to independently build your own modular grid. The resulting code can be used in other projects. Well, examples of modular grids on various sites are presented in one of the lessons on our site.

Ready-made working environments for modular grids. Advantages and disadvantages.

There are a fairly large number of ready-to-use working environments for organizing modular grids (for example, 960.gs). such out-of-the-box solutions help speed up development. No need to think about how to organize columns. We simply connect the ready-made system to the project, and dedicate the free time to thinking through the design.

However, such ready-made solutions also have disadvantages. For novice developers, most of these represent fairly unwieldy code structures, and the ease of template creation is often lost in the search for the most appropriate style for an HTML element.

In addition, modular grids in ready-made working environments have their own very limited options. You will have to play by their rules, or the whole slender structure may be broken. Correcting the code the way you like can turn into a long and rather painful process that negates all temporary benefits.

In addition, generic vague class names can confuse other members of your team who are adherents of strict code semantics.

We build our modular grid.

Some developers like modular grid workspaces and some don't. This lesson is for those who are caught between two opposing camps. You may like the benefits you get from using a modular grid (especially the speed of building a template). But the price you have to pay for a ready-made solution can confuse you.

Such reasoning takes on special force when constructing simple pages. Of course, it's great to get help building the template. But dragging an entire workspace onto one page is like planting a single little seedling with a hefty excavator.

For this type of system, it would be logical to refuse any working environments. But it will be quite convenient to build instead of them a semblance of a system for building columns on the fly.

The purpose of our lesson is to create a system that can be reused in various projects to build complex templates consisting of several columns. The system should be small and not lead to the use of redundant code. It should not have a huge list of classes that do not fit into the semantics of the code and are almost never used. The system should be flexible and encourage you to use it in every project, and not put it in the farthest corner of your repository to be forgotten forever. If you suddenly decide to change the screen width for your project, then our modular grid should change almost independently and without problems. Finally, code implementation should be simple and fast.

Creating Columns in CSS

If you're new to CSS templating, creating a multi-column template might seem like an intimidating process. Obviously, if it were simple, then there would not be so many different libraries.

Let's say you want to set four columns. The first thing to take into account is the width. For example, our container is 900px wide. If we divide 900 px into 4 columns, we get 225 px per column. Everything is simple! But such columns will stick to each other. Therefore, there must be spaces between them. But the padding will bloat our template and push the columns out of the container.

We need to take into account the width of the padding between the columns. Let's say the first, second and third columns have a right margin of 3 px (margin-right property). Then three paddings will take up 9 px, and the width of the column will be (900 px - 9 px)/4=225.75 px.

Ouch!

Such a simple task required mathematical calculations. Of course, they are far from higher mathematics, but changing the width of the parent container will require us to repeat the calculations.

You need to use another method that will cause changes in children when the parent elements change.

Using percentages

If we use percentages instead of pixels, our math becomes a little easier, and the grid gets a touch of intelligence, enough to change with the width of the parent container.

Instead of keeping all the calculations in your head, you can use the calculation tool. There is a fairly convenient online programmable calculator that is quite suitable for solving such simple problems - Instacalc.

Instacalc allows you to create formulas for repeated calculations. For our calculations, a special calculator has been created (you can create your own if you wish), in which you can change the number of columns, the amount of indent between the columns and get the calculated values ​​​​for the width of the columns. Percentages are used for the width, 100% is the width of the parent container.

If you need to carry out calculations for three columns, then simply change 4 to 3 in the first line of the calculator and get the result.

Let's build our grid

Enough theory. Nothing will help to better understand the material than a practical solution to a pressing issue.

Let's say we want to arrange our text on the page in four columns. The HTML code will be quite simple. We need to place the content of each column in a div element, which will be assigned a specific class. The class is also used for the last column last, which helps turn off unnecessary padding.

Now let's move on to CSS. First, let's set the width of the container and the overflow: hidden property. Then we set the style of the class using the results of the calculations done. They are stored in the calculator.

Wrapper (overflow: hidden; width: 600px;) .featuresColumn (float: left; width: 22%; margin-right: 4%;) .last (margin-right: 0;)

Instead of a large library, we have a few lines of code that also create four columns of text.

You can change the width of the container. The entire template will rebuild automatically. But for a real rubber template, you also need to set the width of the container as a percentage. Then when changing the width of the browser window, everything will also change proportionally.

Wrapper (overflow: hidden; width: 90%;) .featuresColumn (float: left; width: 22%; margin-right: 4%;) .last (margin-right: 0;)

Combining columns

But what if we need two or more columns in one wide? We need to do the calculations and create the appropriate classes, which will then be applied to the div elements.

The calculator has formulas for calculating two and three combined columns.

The HTML code will be very similar to the previous one. But the content of the last column is wrapped in an element with a wide column div class.

In the CSS code, you need to add a class for the wide column:

Wrapper (overflow: hidden; width:700px; margin-bottom: 3%; ) .featuresColumn (float: left; width: 22%; margin-right: 4%;) .featuresColumnWide (float: left; width: 48%; margin-right: 4%;).last(margin-right: 0)

Our code in the browser will look like this:

You can now combine different content placement options to create interesting templates.

Conclusion

As a result, we have a modular grid. which automatically adjusts to the width of the container. The code is very compact and meets the requirements of semantics.

In this way, more complex modular grids can be built. Moreover, their creation does not require significant effort on the part of the developer.