Tools of long-term storage and accumulation of data. For long-term storage of information, is what device? Information storage forms What serves for long-term storage

External memory is used for long-term storage of information solid media storage drives on rigid magnetic disks (HDD, HDD) hardware implementation of magnetic tape drives - "Streamers" drives on laser disks (CD, Compact Disk, etc.) Media information - Wednesday Recording / reading and storing information.

Option of the classification of information media used in computer equipment Media information for computers Ribbon carriers Magnetic disk carriers Optical Flash carriers magneto optical

The main type of external memory is the magnetic memory Magnetic recording at the end of 1898 Dane Valdemar Polesen (Valdemar Poulsen) suggested a device for a magnetic sound recording on steel wire. After 30 years, the German engineer Fritz Pleimer (Fritz Pfleumer) presented a sound recording device with a carrier in the form of a paper tape, which caused a thin steel coating. In 1932, the German company AEG demonstrated the first recording apparatus, which was called "Magnetophon". The magnetic tape has the main disadvantage - the ability to demagnetize during long-term storage and has an uneven frequency response (different sensitivity to record at different frequencies). In addition, any magnetic tape has its own noise (the physical properties of the magnetic layer and the methods of recording-play sound).

The principle of the magnetic record consists in the effects of the electromagnetic field on the ferromagnetic material of the magnetic tape, carried out when recording, as well as overwriting an analog signal. The magnetic field in the recording process varies in accordance with the changes in the electrical signals. Electrical oscillations from the sound source are fed to the recording head and excit the magnetic field of the sound frequency (20 Hz - 20 k. Hz). Under the action of this field, there is a magnetization of individual sections of the magnetic tape, evenly moved along the recording heads, erasing and playback (Fig.).

To record playback, as well as the use of various data on computer-readable data media, use analog (sound and video) signal to digital form. Such a technology was named the digitization of information. The principle of digitization (encoding) of the sound is to convert continuous different over the amplitude of the amplitude audio and video signals into the encoded sequence of numbers representing the discrete values \u200b\u200bof the amplitudes of this signal, taken after a certain period of time. To do this, it is necessary to measure the amplitude of the signal at certain intervals and at each time of the segment to determine the average amplitude of the signal. According to the Shanon Theorem (Kotelnikov), this period of time (frequency) should be no less than the twice the maximum frequency of the transmitted beep (Fig.).

This frequency is called the sampling frequency. Discretization is the process of taking the references of the signal continuous in time in equivalent from each other by the time of points constituting the sampling interval. During the sampling process, the level of analog signal is measured and remembered. Amplitude frequency (Hz) Fig. 13. Convert analog signal into digital. The less often (less) time intervals, the quality of the encoded signal is higher.

Streamers Tape media are used to back up in order to ensure the safety of data. As such devices, a streamer is used (Fig.), And the carrier of information in them is used magnetic tapes in cassettes and tape cartridges. Usually, the recording is carried out to the magnetic tape, while the domain corresponds to a binary unit. If the reader does not detect it, the value obtained corresponds to zero.

The record system for magnetic discs and diskettes are somewhat similar to the record of the record on the record. Unlike the latter, the record is not carried out on the helix, but on the concentric circles - tracks ("Tracts" - Traks) located on two sides of the disk and forming cylinders. Circle, in turn, are divided into sectors (Fig.). Each floppy sector, regardless of the size of the track, has the same size equal to 512 bytes, which is achieved by different recording density: less peripherals and more closer to the center of the floppy disk.

Magneto optical information carrier External high-spirits and storage devices. Magneto-optical disks (MO) appeared in 1988. The monitor is enclosed in a plastic envelope (cartridge) and is an arbitrary access device. It combines the magnetic and optical principles of storage of information and represents a polycarbonate substrate (layer) with a thickness of 1, 2 mm, which causes several thin-film magnetic layers (Fig.). Recording a laser with a temperature of about 200 o. The magnetic layer occurs simultaneously with the change in the magnetic field. Fig. The composition of the Disk.

Data recording is carried out by a laser in a magnetic layer. Under the influence of temperature at the heating site in the magnetic layer, the resistance to the change in polarity is reduced, and the magnetic field changes the polarity at a heated point to the corresponding binary unit. At the end of heating, the resistance increases, but the installed polarity is preserved. Erasing creates the same polarity in a magnetic field corresponding to binary zeros. In this case, the laser beam consistently heats the washed plot. Reading recorded data into the layer is produced by a laser with a smaller intensity that does not lead to the heating of the readable area. At the same time, in contrast to CDs, the disc surface is not deformed.

Compact optical disk (CD) is a plastic disk with a special coating on which recorded information is in digital form. Due to the change in the speed of its rotation, the track relative to the reading beam of the laser moves with a constant linear speed. At the center of the disk the speed is higher, and the edge is slower (1, 2- 1, 4 m / s). The CD use a laser with a radiation wavelength \u003d 0, 78 microns. The "burnable" laser digital information is preserved in the form of "pit" - cigroxks width 0, 6-0, 8 μm and a length of 0, 9-3, 3 μm. There are three main types of CD: ● CD-ROM to which the entry, as a rule, is carried out by the factory method of stamping from the matrix; ● CD-Rs used for one or non-slip laser recording sessions; ● CD-RW intended for multiple recording cycles.

In the CD-R (Compact Disk Recordable) on top of the reflective layer of gold, silver or aluminum, there is an organic layer of special light-melting plastic. In view of this, such a disk is sensitive to heating and exposure to direct sunlight. In CD-RW, an organic composition is also used as an intermediate layer, but it is capable of moving from a crystalline (transparent for laser) in amorphous with a strong heating. Weak heating returns it back to the crystalline state. Thus, overwriting is carried out.

DVD In early 1997, a CD standard called DVD (Digital Video Disc) appeared, designed mainly to record high-quality video programs. In the future, the DVD abbreviation received the following value - Digital Versatile Disc (universal digital disc), as more fully meets the capabilities of these disks to write sound, video, textual information, PC software, etc. DVD provides higher image quality than CD. They use a laser with a shorter radiation wavelength \u003d 0, 635-0, 66 μm. This allows you to increase the record density, i.e. reduce the geometric sizes of PIT up to 0, 15 μm and the pathway up to 0, 74 μm.

The density of the optical disc recording is determined by the laser wavelength length, that is, the possibility to focus on the disc surface of the beam with a stain, the diameter of which is equal to the wavelength. Following the DVD, at the end of 2001, Blu-ray devices appeared, allowing to operate in the blue region of the spectrum with a wavelength \u003d 450-400 nm.

Fluorescent Multilayer Disk (Fluorescent Multilayer Disk) is used to increase the tank. The principle of their action consisting in changing the physical properties (the appearance of fluorescent luminescence) of some chemicals under the influence of the laser beam (Fig.). Here, instead of CD and DVD technologies using a reflected signal, the light is lowered by the light to the laser, the light is emulsioned. Such discs are made of transparent photochromas. Under the influence of laser radiation, they include a chemical reaction, and individual sections of the information layer ("Petes") are filled with fluorescent material. This method can be considered by the method of data recording. In the greater degree, such a record is possible when using three-dimensional holography, which is now in a crystal size with a sugar cube, to accommodate up to 1 TB of data.

Two main types of Flash memory are used: NAND and NOR (logical or-no) and Nand (logical function and non). The NOR structure consists of parallel enabled elementary storage cells. Such the organization of the cells provides random access to the data and the delete record of information. The NAND structure is based on the principle of a serial connection of elementary cells forming groups (16 cells in one group), which are combined into pages, and pages in blocks. With such a construction array, an appeal to individual cells is impossible. Programming is performed simultaneously only within one page, and when erasing, the circulation occurs to blocks or block groups.

NOR chips work well jointly with RAM RAM, so more often used for BIOS. When working with relatively large data arrays, recording / erasing processes in the NAND memory are performed much faster than in the NOR memory. Since the 16 adjacent Nand memory cells are connected in series, without contact gaps, a high density of cell location on a crystal is achieved, which makes it possible to obtain a large container with the same technological standards. From the mid-1990s. NAND microcircuits appeared in the form of solid-state disks (Solid State Disk, SSD). To compare the access time in the SDRAM it is 10-50 μs, the flash memory is 50-100 μs, and the hard drives - 5000 - 10,000 μs.

Salted Samsung hard drive. The speed of reading from such a disc is 57 MB / s, and the recording speed is 32 MB / s. SSD power consumption is less than 5% of the indicators of traditional hard drives, increasing by more than 10% of the battery life of portable PCs. SSD provide ultra-high reliability of data storage and have proven itself in extreme temperatures and humidity conditions. Petersburg firm "Just. Soft "offered Flash driver. RAID to combine two flash drives in a RAID array.

Flash memory is a portable non-volatile drive. The following Flash Memory Standards are commonly used: Compact. Flash, Smart. Media, Memory Stick, Floppy disks, Multi. Media Cards, etc. They can be used instead of floppy disk, laser and magneto-optical compact, small hard drives. Modern interchangeable flash memory devices provide high data exchange rate (Ultra High Speed) - more than 16, 5 Mbps. To connect to the USB port of the computer, special USB Flash Drive is used (Fig.), Which are mobile small-sized storage devices that do not have mobile and rotating mechanical parts.

Holography is a photographic method of recording, playback and conversion of wave fields. For the first time he was proposed in 1947 by the Hungarian physicist Dennis Gabor. In 1960, with the advent of the laser, it was possible to accurately record and reproduce the volume images in the Lithium Niobate crystal. Since the 1980s, with the advent of CDs, holographic information storage devices based on laser optics have become one of the external memory technologies. Holographic memory represents the entire volume of storage medium of the medium, and the data elements accumulate and read in parallel.

Modern holographic storage devices were called HDSS (Holographic Data Storage System). They contain: laser, beam discriminator for separating a laser beam, mirrors for the direction of laser rays, a liquid crystal panel used as a spatial light modulator, lenses for focusing laser rays, a lithium niobate crystal or a photopolymer as a storage device, a photodetector for reading information (Fig.) .

Reliable storage of information is a problem, familiar to the majority of modern enterprises, when resolving which the question always fails: how at relatively low costs get a quality result? The storage of documentation in electronic form ensures not only its safety, but also unhindered availability in real time.

For long-term and reliable storage of archival information in electronic form, various types of information carriers are applied. The main requirement for such media is the elimination of the ability to physically make changes to archive data or delete them. The information carrier must provide a single record and at the same time be able to repeat the information. This requirements correspond to the WRITE ONCE-WRITE ONCE type information medium, read Many (write it once, take it many times). On other basic requirements for information carriers include durability and maximum storage capacity of archival data.

Hard drives.

The use of hard drives allows you to organize the so-called "operational" storage of archival data, which provides permanent on-line access to archival documents. The kernel of such a storage is a multi-level architectural storage architecture, in which frequently requested archive data are stored on "fast" hard drives with Fiber Channel (FC) or Serial Attached SCSI (SAS), and rarely requested archival data are stored on "slow" hard Discs with the external interface Serial ATA (SATA) and NL-SAS.

There is an opinion that backup systems are a burden for IT budget, and for IT units, so to speak, excess headache. But ... Manufacturers of data storage systems (storage) on rigid disks of all levels, it is still recommended to use as part of such solutions of a backup system for tape carriers, with which a copy of the data is created, from which, in case of refusal to the performance of the storage, can be restored data.

Ribbon carriers.

The main purpose of tape carriers is to create backup copies of operational data (Backup). Based on tape carriers, you can also organize archival storage of information. Solutions on tape media provide non-oroderative (Near-Line) access to archive information. The basis of such a solution is a robotic drive on tape carriers. To date, the storage volumes on the same belt medium in LTO-5 format is 1.5 TB (3 TB with the ability to compression data). Therefore, storage systems on ribbon media are used to reliably storing information large volumes of archival data. These solutions have a number of serious flaws. Ribbons are demaging, ruting, you need to constantly rewind the tape in the cartridges, a long time is spent on the search for a specific file until the tape is rewound in the cartridge to the desired location, the disadvantage of the media is forcing periodically to transfer data from the old tape to a new ribbon. When organizing off-line storage, archival data cartridges must be stored in rooms with certain environmental requirements or in specialized cabinets.

Optical media.

To organize long-term storage of archival data, you must use drives on optical disks. Such drives ensure that all the requirements for archival repository and storage of archival data are fulfilled. High reliability, long-term storage time of archival data, contactless work with carriers, authenticity and unchanged archival data, quick arbitrary access to archival data, high capacity optical media, organization OFF-Line storage of archival data are important parameters when choosing optical media.

To date, the most popular format for recording to the optical medium is a Blu-ray format that provides a high archiving density up to 100 GB per optical medium. Worm support on the hardware level allows you to store recorded on optical media, archived data that is subsequently unable to delete or change. A "Open" Recording format of the UDF record allows you to read archive information in any device that supports work with such optical media. The main task is to store rarely requested and not changeable archival data. Practice shows that the volume of such data is about 80% of the total data stored on the operational (on-line) repository. At the same time, 20% of these archival data will never be in demand. By sending such data to the archive storage based on optical media, the customer can free up to 80% of the storage volume on the operational (on-line) storage, which will result in the reduction of the volume and sizes of the backup window.

Solutions on optical media provide non-orode (Near-Line) access to archive information. The storage volume of archival data in the optical media drive and the number of read devices is determined according to the technical task. Different types of archival decisions are supported, up to "mirroring" of archival data between geographically distributed drives on optical media. Contactless operation with optical media makes it possible to eliminate the possibility of damage to the working surfaces of optical media. Reference compatibility with previous types of optical media types CD \\ DVD is provided. When organizing archive storage data based on the optical media, you do not need to create backup copies of these data.

Advantages and disadvantages

Hard drives

• Operational access to archive information
• Arbitrary access to archive information
• Popularity Solutions
• High power consumption
• Dorganiza solution
• It is required to create backup copies of archive data.
• Minimum "deadlines" of life (maximum 3 years)
• When the mechanical part of the hard disk fails, the data to restore is almost impossible
• Not intended to organize off-line storage

Ribbon carriers

• Large storage of archival data
• High speed recording information on tape carriers
• Low power consumption
• High cumulative cost of ownership
• Minimum "deadlines" of life (on average up to 5 years)
• "Closed" format for recording information on tape carriers
• Low reading time (minimum 5 min)
• Loss of information when exposed to electromagnetic radiation
• The possibility of mechanical damage (tape break)

Optical carriers

• Non-volatility of optical carriers
• Storage time of archival information from 50 years
• Support Worm function at the hardware level (unchanged archival data)
• Ability to organize off-line storage of archival data
• "Open" recording format (UDF) on optical media
• Low cumulative cost of ownership
• Low electricity consumption

Conclusion

Most specialists in building archival decisions agree that in order to archive storage of information with the possibility of prompt access to it, it is best to apply a multi-level archival storage structure. The main criterion in choosing a solution should not be cheap, and the conservation and protection mechanism of archival data, which is implemented in this decision. Before making the final choice, you need to check all the equipment and software for compatibility.

Each person has at least a bit of information or data that is very expensive. This information may not always have material value, remember the same videos, children's photos or photos from the wedding - all this is very expensive. But many people do not recognize that the disk on which it is all recorded, in just one decade can come into disrepair and nothing will be able to read anything from it. If you want to save such important information as long as possible, then this article is for you.

We will share your experience in working with different drives and tell some of them reliable, and on what better not to keep anything valuable. You will learn how to save data safe and preservation, at least in the century.

General rules for storing valuable information

There are several rules working with respect to any information that is important to maintain safe and preservation. If you do not want to lose the expensive heart of photos, important documents or valuable work, then:

• Create as many copies as possible. Thus, you enhance yourself with several spare copies and in case of loss of one copy you still have a couple of other instances.
• Keep the data only in the most common and generally accepted formats. You should not resort to exotic and apply little-known file types, because one day, you just can not find a program for opening it (for example, texts are better stored in ODF or TXT, not DOCX and DOC).
• By making several copies, place them on different media, you should not store everything on the same hard disk.
• Do not use compression or data encryption. If such a file is even damaged, it will never come to access and open the contents. For long-term storage of media files, use uncompressed formats. For audio it is WAV, for images are suitable RAW, TIFF and BMP, video files - DV. True, there will be a high-capacity medium to accommodate such files.
• Constantly check the integrity of your information and create additional copies with new ways and on newer devices.

Such simple rules will help you to save important documents for many years, expensive photos and video records. And now we will look at where the longest information will be safe and maintained.

About popular carriers and their reliability

The most common and popular ways to store digital information include - using hard drives, flash drives (SSD discs, flash drives and memory cards), recording optical disks (CD, DVD and Blu-Ray discs). Additionally, there is a mass of cloud storage for any data (Dropbox, Yandex Disc, Google Drive and many others).

What do you think from all of the listed is the best storage site of important information? Let's study each of these ways.

1. Hard drives - today are used in most desktops, and also found application as portable data warehouses. Usually, such a carrier works properly for 3-10 years and its service life depends on the set of external factors and the very quality of manufacture.
   If you do not regularly use such a disc, but only once write everything to it and hide into a secluded corner of some night bedside, then the information will be stored in it during the same period. Such discs are very poorly tolerated any external influences, they cannot be hit, shake and exposed to strong magnetic fields - all this can lead to unpleasant consequences.
2. Flashki and SSD drives - such devices, on average, work better about five years. Many flash drives can even break much earlier, because they may not transfer voltage jump or static discharge, at the time of connection to the PC.
   
   If you record valuable information and do not use the media, then the data can be maintained approximately 7-8 years.
3. Optical disks are all known CD, DVD and Blu-Ray. Perhaps this is some of the most long-term ways to save information, in some cases such a disk will reliably store all recorded data for more than 100 years. But here it is important to take into account many different moments and not all the discs will boast of such long-term.
   
   Therefore, then it will be devoted to a whole section in this article, where we will consider everything in detail.
4. Cloud services - it is difficult to say how high the reliability of such storage facilities. It is quite possible, in such places the data will be stored until it is advantageous in a commercial plan. If you read the license agreement (which is provided during registration), you can pay attention to the moment that such companies will not bear any responsibility for the loss of your data.
   
   It is confused by the fact that you can lose control over your storage due to fraudsters and intruders who will have access to it.

As you understood, among the most affordable ways, it is best to store your data on optical disks. But not all of them are able to cope with the flow of ruthless time and then you will learn what better fit for our purposes. In addition, the use of several, mentioned methods at the same time will be a good solution.

Use optical discs correctly!

Perhaps some of you have heard about how long you can save the information on CD or DVD optical disks. Some, probably, even recorded certain data on them, but through time (several years) could not read the discs.

In fact, there is nothing surprising, the shelf life of information on such media also depends on many factors. First of all, the quality of the disc itself and its type plays an important role. In addition, and adhere to certain storage conditions and the recording process.

• Do not use rewritable discs (CD-RW, DVD-RW) for long-term storage, they are not created for these purposes.
• Testing has shown that the statistically longest life storage period for CD-R disks and it exceeds 15 years. Only half of all verified DVD-R showed similar results. As for Blu-Ray, then there was failed to find accurate statistics.
• Do not chase for cheap and buy blanks that are sold for a penny. They are very low quality and will not suit important information.
• Record drives at the minimum speed and do everything in one recording session.
• Discs should be stored in a place protected from direct sunlight, with a stable, room temperature and temperate humidity. Do not expose them to any mechanical effects.
• In some cases, the recording itself also affects the quality of the drive, which "cuts" the blanks.

What is it worth choosing a disk for storing data?

As you already understood, the discs are different. All major differences are associated with a reflective surface, a polycarbonate base type and quality as a whole. Even there is to take products of the same company, but made in different countries, even here, the quality may vary by an order.

As a surface on which the recording is made are used cyanin, phthalocyanine or metallized layers. The reflecting surface is created by gold, silver or silver alloys with a coating. The most high-quality and durable discs are made precisely from the phthalocyanine with a gold deposition (since gold is not susceptible to oxidation). But there are discs and with other combinations of these materials, which can also boast of good durability.

An attempt to find special discs for storing data was led to a great chagrin, we practically don't really meet them. If desired, such optical media can be ordered via the Internet (not always cheap). Among the leaders who can save your information at least in a century can be highlighted by DVD-R and CD-R Mitsui (this manufacturer generally guarantees up to 300 years of storage), Mam-A Gold Archival, JVC Taiyu Yuden and Varbatium UltraLife Gold Archival.

You can add Delkin Archival Gold to the number of digital information to store digital information, which in general have not met anywhere in our country. But as already mentioned, all of the above can be ordered in online stores.

From the available discs that can be found from us, the highest quality and capable of ensuring the safety of information at least for a decade will be:

• Verbatium, Indian, Singapore, UAE or Taiwanese manufacture.
• Sony, which are created in the same Taiwan.

But the fact that these all discs can long keep the information does not guarantee that it will last for a long time. Therefore, do not forget to adhere to those rules that we have allocated at the very beginning.

Take a look at the next schedule, it indicates the dependence of the data reading errors, from the time of finding the optical disk in the aggressive environment. It is clear that the schedule was created specifically for marketing promotion of the goods, but still note that it has a very curious Millenniata, on the disks of which errors do not appear. Now we will find out about her more.

Among this company, there are M-DISK DVD-R and M-DISK Blu-Ray series discs capable of keeping important data for up to 1000 years. Such amazing reliability is achieved by using an inorganic glass carbon discs, which, unlike the other disks, is used, which uses organic materials, is not subject to oxidation, decomposition under the action of light and heat. Such discs will easily carry the ingress of acids, alkalis and solvents, and can also boast of higher resistance to mechanical effects.

During recording, on the surface, in the literal word, small windows are being burned (on conventional discs there is a pigmentation of the film). The base of the disk is similarly designed for more serious tests and is able to maintain its structure even under the influence of high temperatures.

We could not find such discs on sale, but in the network they can be freely ordered at a fairly affordable price. Optical disks of this series are perfectly read by any modern drives. It is quite possible, over time, they will begin to appear in a free sale.

Despite the fact that such media can be read by any drive in order to record the DVD-R need a special drive that is certified and has a M-DISK email. This is associated with the need to use a more powerful laser. To record such Blu-ray discs, you can use any drives that are able to record such types of optical media.

As you understand, the need to use a special drive (which is also rare, too) is a serious minus. But on the other hand, sometimes valuable photos, video and other information are much more important and for these things you can receive and drive.

In any case, when storing important information, adhere to the mentioned rules and then you can keep the memories for any event for a long time, and save the archive of important documents.

A) RAM. B) processor. C) external memory
2. When the computer is disconnected from the information network:
A) disappears from RAM
B) disappears from a permanent storage device
C) erased on a magnetic disk
3. In each cell of the RAM can be stored binary code length ...
A) 2 signs b) 8 characters c) 4 signs
4. Energy-dependent memory is:
A) Flash-memory b) CD CD c) hard disk
5. The internal memory of the computer includes:
A) flash memory b) laser disk c) RAM

1. Computer is -

electronic computing device for treating numbers;
device for storing information of any kind;
Multifunctional electronic device for working with information;
Device for processing analog signals.
2. Computer performance (speed operation) depends on:
monitor screen size;
Processor clock frequency;
supply voltage;
speed pressing keys;
The volume of processed information.
3. Processor clock frequency is:
the number of binary operations performed by the processor per unit of time;
the number of clocks performed by the processor per unit of time;
the number of possible processor appeals to RAM per unit time;
information exchange rate between the processor and an input / output device;
The rate of information sharing between the processor and the ROM.
4. Mouse manipulator is a device:
information entry;
modulation and demodulation;
reading information;
To connect the printer to the computer.
5. A constant storage device serves to:
storage of user program during operation;
records of highly valuable application programs;
storage of constantly used programs;
storage of computer boot programs and testing its nodes;
Constantly storage of particularly valuable documents.
6. For long-term storage of information serves:
RAM;
CPU;
magnetic disk;
drive.
7. Storage of information on external media differs from storing information in RAM:
the fact that on external media information can be stored after turning off the power of the computer;
storage amount of information;
the ability to protect information;
ways to access stored information.
8. During execution, applications are stored:
in video memory;
in the processor;
in RAM;
in ROM.
9. When the computer is disconnected, the information is erased:
from RAM;
from the ROM;
on a magnetic disk;
on a CD.
10. The flexible drive drive is a device for:
processing commands of the executable program;
read / write data from external media;
Storage of commands of the executable program;
Long-term storage of information.
11. To connect a computer to a telephone network, uses:
modem;
plotter;
scanner;
Printer;
monitor.
12. Program management of the work of the computer involves:
the need to use the operating system for synchronous operation of hardware;
execution by computer series of commands without user participation;
binary data coding in the computer;
Using special formulas to implement commands in the computer.
13. The file is:
an elementary information unit containing the sequence of bytes and having a unique name;
The object characterized by the name, value and type;
A combination of indexed variables;
A combination of facts and rules.
14. The file extension is usually characterized by:
file creation time;
file volume;
location occupied by a disk file;
type of information contained in the file;
Place creating a file.
15. Full way to file: C: \\ Books \\ Raskaz.txt. What is the name of the file?
Books \\ Raskaz;.
Raskaz.txt;
Books \\ Raskaz.txt;
TXT.
16. The operating system is -
A combination of the main devices of the computer;
Low-level programming system;
Software environment defining user interface;
A combination of programs used for operations with documents;
programs for the destruction of computer viruses.
17. Computer device interface programs are called:
loaders;
drivers;
translators;
interpreters;
compilers.
18. System diskette is required for:
for emergency loading of the operating system;
systematicization of files;
storage of important files;
Treating a computer from viruses.
19. What device has the highest information exchange rate:
CD-ROM drive;
HDD;
Drive for flexible magnetic disks;
RAM;
Processor registers?

1. Which of the following characteristics relate to operational, and what are the external memory? a) is

energy-dependent.

e) faster access.

g) slower access.

2. What memory size in bytes will take the next binary

3. Text volume 1024 bits Located in B. random access memorystarting with a byte with the number 10 . What will be the address last byte

4. List at least five known to you devices exterior Memory.

5. What difference Disc CD- ROM, CD- RW and CD- R.?

Urgently needed. Highly. 1. Which of the following characteristics relate to operational, and what are the external memory? but)

It is energy-dependent.

b) It is measured with tens and hundreds of gigabytes.

b) Used for long-term storage of information.

d) its volume is measured by hundreds of megabytes or several gigabytes.

e) faster access.

e) Used for temporary storage of information.

g) slower access.

2. What amount of memory in bytes will take the following binary code :? Explain your answer.

3. The text of the volume of 1024 bits is located in RAM, starting from the byte with the number 10. What will be the address of the last byte, which is occupied by this text?

4. List at least five external memory devices known to you.

5. What is the difference between CD-ROM, CD-RW and CD-R discs?

Homework number 5 Topic: Computer Memory 1. Which of the following characteristics relate to

operativeand what - to exterior Memory?

a) is energy-dependent.

b) It is measured with tens and hundreds of gigabytes.

b) Used for long-term storage of information.

d) its volume is measured by hundreds of megabytes or several gigabytes.

e) faster access.

e) Used for temporary storage of information.

g) slower access.

2. What memory size in bytes will take the next binary the code: ? Explain your answer.

3. Text volume 1024 bits Located in B. random access memorystarting with a byte with the number 10 . What will be the address last byteWho is engaged in this text?

4. List at least five known to you devices exterior Memory.

With the advent of computers, the issue of storing information was very sharply staging, which was originally fed digitally. And now this problem is very relevant, because the same photos or videos want to save for a long memory. That is why it will be initially necessary to find the answer to the question of, for long-term storage of information, which devices and carriers are served. Also should fully appreciate all their advantages and disadvantages.

The concept of information and methods for its storage

Nowadays, you can find several basic types of information data on computers. The most common forms are text, graphic, audio, video, mathematical and other formats.

In the simplest version, hard disks of computers are served to store information to which the user saves the file initially. But this is only one side of the medal, because in order to view this information (extract), you need at least the operating system and the relevant programs that by and large are information data.

Interestingly, in schools in informatics lessons, when choosing the right answer, such questions are often found, the statement is often found that, they say, the RAM is served for long-term storage. And schoolchildren who are not familiar with the specifics and principles of her work, consider it the right answer.

Unfortunately, they are mistaken, since only information about the processes running at the moment is currently stored, and when they are completed or rebooting the system, the RAM is fully cleaned. It looks like the principle of the operation of once popular children's toys for drawing, when on the screen you could first draw something, and then shake the toy, and the drawing disappeared, or when the teacher erases with the blackboard text written by chalk with the blackboard.

How information remained earlier

The very first method of preserving information in the form of rock paintings (by the way, graphics) is known since time immemorial.

Much later with the advent of speech, the preservation of information has become a process, so to speak, transmission from mouth to mouth (myths, legends, epics). Writing led to the fact that books began to appear. Pictures or pictures were not forgotten. With the advent of photography photos, sound recordings and video, the corresponding media appeared on the information field. But all this turned out to be short-lived.

Device for long-term storage of information: basic requirements

As for computer systems, it should be clearly understood that modern carriers must be complied with that the information is kept for them as long as possible.

The most important requirement is durability and resistance to wear and physical or other damage. And in relation to any type of carrier on time intervals, you can speak very relatively, because, as you know, "nothing is always under the moon."

For long-term storage of information, what carriers are

We now turn directly to devices on which any type of data can be stored, if not forever, then at least long enough. So, for long-term storage of information serve what types of storage?

Among the most commonly used in relation to computer technicians are allocated as follows:

• domestic and removable hard and zip-disks of computers;
• optical CDs, DVD- and Blu-Ray carriers;
• flash memory of any type;
• dakes (now used extremely rarely).

Benefits and disadvantages of carriers

As can be seen from the list, only the hard drives are built into computers relate to internal storage devices. All other carriers are external.

But all of them are one of them are susceptible to aging or external influences. In this sense, the floppy disk or the same CDs or carriers of another format are the most unsafe, although optical media in this regard look more wear-resistant. But how much can they serve? 5-10 years old? But if the information on them is stored, viewing very often, the service life is reduced.

Flash drives and hard drives have more long-term exploitation, but they are not insured against wear, damage and aging.

Winchesters begin to "draw" (this is a natural process), flash drives can be exposed to the same sunlight, moisture, or even delete data when extracting or software failures. In addition, there are many more additional factors that can lead to the inoperability of devices.

Nevertheless, speaking that for long-term storage of information, the devices listed in the list should be borne in mind that such a classification is provided solely for the current state of affairs in the computer world. Who knows, maybe even in the already foreseeable future, completely new carriers using other technologies will be invented, because it is alleged, the creation of quantum computers is not far off.