Turning off the battery with a full charge of the diagram. Electronic battery charging alarm. Check for overvoltage protection system

Automatic charger for car battery Consists of a power source and protection schemes. You can collect it yourself, owning the skills of electrical work. When assembling, they are used as complex electrical strokes, and construct more simple options Devices.

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Requirements for improvised charger

So that the charging can automatically restore the car's battery, harsh requirements are presented to it:

1. Any simple contemporary memory must be autonomous. Thanks to this, the equipment does not have to follow, in particular, if it functions at night. The device will independently control the operating parameters of the voltage and the charge current. This mode is called automatic.
2. Charger should independently provide a stable voltage level of 14.4 volts. This parameter is required to restore any batteries operating in a 12-volt network.
3. Charger should ensure the irreversible turning off the battery from the device under two conditions. In particular, if the charge current or voltage increases more than 15.6 volts. Equipment must have a self-lock function. The user to reset the operating parameters will have to turn off and activate the device.
4. Equipment must be protected from surplus, otherwise the battery may fail. If the consumer confuses the polarity and incorrectly connect the minus and the positive contact, the closure will occur. It is important that the charger provides protection. The scheme is complemented by a safety device.
5. To connect the memory to the battery, two wires will need, each of which should have a cross section of 1 mm2. One end of each conductor is required to set a crocodile clamp. On the other hand, split tips are installed. Positive contact must be performed in a red shell, and negative in blue. For household network, a universal cable is used, equipped with a fork.

If the device is fully made with your own hands, non-compliance with the requirements hurts not only the charger, but also the battery.

Vladimir Kalchenko told in detail about the alteration of the memory and about the use of wires suitable for this purpose.

Construction of an automatic charger

The simplest sample of the charging device structures structurally includes the main part - a downstream transformer device. This element decreases a voltage parameter from 220 to 13.8 volts, which is required to recover the battery charge. But the transformer device can only reduce this magnitude. And the transformation of AC to the constant is carried out by a special element - a diode bridge.

Each charger must be equipped with a diode bridge, since this item straightens the current value and allows it to divide it on the positive and minus pole.

In any diagram, an ammeter is usually installed in any diagram. The component is designed to demonstrate the current force.

The simplest designs of the charging devices are equipped with arrow sensors. In more advanced and expensive versions, digital ammeters are used, and besides them, electronics can be complemented with voltmeters.

Some instrument models allow the consumer to change the voltage level. That is, the possibility of charge not only 12-volt batteries, but also batteries designed to work in 6- and 24-volt networks.

From the diode bridge, wires with a positive and negative terminal clamp are departed. With their help, the equipment is connected to the battery. The entire design lies in the plastic or metal case, from which the cable with a fork for connecting to the power grid is. Also, two wires with a minus and possess terminal clamp are also displayed from the device. To ensure the safer work of the charger, the scheme is complemented by a fusitive safety device.

User Artem Quanta clearly disassembled a corporate device for recharging and spoke about his constructive features.

Schemes of automatic chargers

If there is a skill of working with electrical equipment, you can build an instrument independently.

Simple schemes

Such instruments are divided into:

• devices with one diode element;
• equipment with a diode bridge;
• the instrument equipped with smoothing capacitors.

Scheme with one diode

There are two options here:

1. You can collect a circuit with a transformer device and set the diode element after it. At the output of charging equipment, the current will be pulsating. Its beats will be serious, since one half-wave is actually cut.
2. You can collect a scheme using a power supply from a laptop. When it uses a powerful rectifier diode element with a reverse voltage greater than 1000 volts. Its current must be at least 3 amps. The external output of the power plug will be negative, and the inner is positive. Such a scheme must be supplemented with restrictive resistance, which is allowed to use a light bulb for lighting the cabin.

It is allowed to use a more powerful lighting device from the rotation pointer, overall lights or stop signals. When using the power supply from a laptop, it can lead to its overload. If a diode is used, then as a limiter you need to install a 220 volt incandescent lamp and 100 watts.

When using a diode element, a simple scheme is assembling:

1. First there is a terminal from the household outlet for 220 volts.
2. Then - negative contact of the diode element.
3. The next will be the positive conclusion of the diode.
4. Then the limit load is connected - the lighting source.
5. Next will be negative contact of the battery.
6. Then the positive output of the battery.
7. And the second terminal for connecting to a 220-volt network.

When the source of lighting is 100 watts, the charge current parameter will be approximately 0.5 amps. So in one night the device will be able to give 5 a / h batteries. This is enough to twist the starting mechanism of the vehicle.

To increase the figure, you can connect parallel to the three lighting sources of 100 watts, during the night it will make it possible to fill half the battery capacity. Some users instead of lamps use electric stoves, but it is impossible to do this, since not only the diode element will be released, but also the battery.

The simplest scheme with one diode Accord Connection Electrochem

Scheme with diode bridge

This component is intended for "wrapping" a negative wave up. The current itself will also be pulsating, but its beats are significantly less. This option Schemes are used more often than the rest, but is not the most efficient.

The diode bridge can be done by using the straightening element, or purchase the finished item.

Electroscham with a diode bridge

Scheme with smoothing capacitor

This item must be calculated for 4000-5000 Igf and 25 volts. At the output of the resulting electrical circuit, constant current is formed. The device is necessarily complemented by 1 amp safety elements, as well as measuring equipment. These details allow you to control the battery recovery process. You can not use them, but then it will be possible to connect a multimeter periodically.

If the voltage monitoring is convenient (by connecting the terminals to the homes), then it will be more complicated with the current. In this mode of operation, the measuring device will have to be connected to the rupture of the electrocups. The user will need to turn off the power from the network every time, put the tester to the current measurement mode. Then activate the power and disassemble the electrical panel. Therefore, it is recommended to add to the diagram at least one ammeter by 10 amps.

The main minus of simple electrical stroke is the absence of the possibility of adjusting the charge parameters.

When selecting an element base, select the operating parameters so that the value of the current force at the output was 10% of the total battery capacity. Perhaps a slight decrease in this value.

If the resulting current parameter is greater than required, the diagram can be an add to the resistor element. It is installed at the positive outlet of the diode bridge, immediately before the ammeter. The resistance level is selected in accordance with the used bridge, taking into account the current indicator, and the power of the resistor should be higher.

Electroscheme with smoothing condenser

Scheme with the ability to manually adjust the charge current for 12 V

To ensure the possibility of changing the current parameter, it is necessary to change resistance. A simple way to solve this problem is to put a variable trimming resistor. But this method cannot be called the most reliable. To ensure higher reliability, it is required to implement manual adjustment with two transistor elements and a trim resistor.

Using a variable resistor component, charging current will change. This item is installed after the compulsory transistor VT1-VT2. Therefore, the current this element will take place low. Accordingly, there will be a small power, it will be about 0.5-1 W. The working face value depends on the transistor elements used and is selected by the experimental path, the parts are calculated for 1-4.7 com.

The diagram uses a transformer device for 250-500 W, as well as a secondary winding by 15-17 volts. The assembly of the diode bridge is carried out on the details, the operating current of which ranges from 5 amps and more. Transistor elements are selected from two options. It can be Germany parts of P13-p17 or silicon devices KT814 and KT816. To provide high-quality heat removal, the scheme must be placed on the radiator device (not less than 300 cm3) or the steel plate.

At the output of the equipment, the Pr2 safety device is installed, designed for 5 amps, and at the input - PR1 on 1 A. The scheme is equipped with signal light indicators. One of them is used to determine the voltage in the network of 220 volts, the second - for the charge current. It is allowed to use any light sources designed for 24 volts, including diodes.

Electroscheme for charger with manual adjustment function

Surpassing scheme

There are two options for the implementation of such a memory:

• using relay P3;
• by assembling a memory with integral protection, but not only from surveillance, but also from overvoltage and recharging.

With relay P3.

This option of the scheme can be used with any charger, both thyristor and transistor. It must be included in the cable break by which the battery is connected to the memory.

Scheme of protecting equipment from surveillance on relay P3

If the battery is connected to the network incorrectly, the diode element VD13 will not pass the current. Electroscheme relays are de-energized, and its contacts are open. Accordingly, the current will not be able to enter the battery terminals. If the connection is performed correctly, the relay is activated and its contact elements Close, so the battery is charging.

With integrated surfacing protection, reloading and overvoltage

This option of electrical circuits can be embedded in the already used homemade source Nutrition. It uses a slow response of the battery to the voltage jump, as well as the hysteresis relay. Voltage with releasing current will be 304 times less than this parameter when triggered.

AC relay is applied to 24 volt activation voltage, and a current of 6 amps goes through contacts. When the charging device is activated, the relay turns on, the contact elements are closed and the charging begins.

The voltage parameter at the output of the transformer device is reduced below 24 volts, but at the output of the charging device there will be 14.4 V. The relay must hold this value, but when the extractopes appears, the primary voltage quantity leaves even more. This will turn off the relay and rupture of the charge of the charge.

The use of Schottky diodes in this case is inappropriate, because this type Schemes will have serious disadvantages:

1. There is no protection against the voltage jump in contact from the surveillance, if the battery is completely discharged.
2. No equipment self-locking. As a result of the exposure to the extraction of the relay will be disconnected until the contact elements fail.
3. Fuzzy equipment triggering.

Because of this, add the device to this scheme to adjust the operation current does not make sense. The relay and the transformer device are precisely selected to each other so that the repeatability of the elements is close to zero. The charge current passes through the closed contacts of the relay K1, as a result of which the likelihood of their failure is reduced due to the burning.

Winding K1 should be connected by logical electrical system:

• to the extractopic protection module, it is VD1, VT1 and R1;
• to overvoltage protection device, these are elements VD2, VT2, R2-R4;
• as well as to electrocups of self-locking K1.2 and VD3.

Scheme with integrated surfacing protection, reloading and overvoltage

The main minus is to establish a scheme with the use of ballast load, as well as a multimeter:

1. Putting elements K1, VD2 and VD3. Or when assembling they can not be seeded.
2. The activation of the multimeter is performed, which must be adjusted to the measurement of 20 volts in advance. It must be connected instead of winding K1.
3. The battery is not yet connected, a resistor device is installed instead. It must have a 2.4 ohm resistance for charge current 6 A or 1.6 Ohm for 9 amps. For 12 A, the resistor should be calculated for 1.2 ohms and no less than 25 W. The resistor element can be coiled from a similar wire that was used for R1.
4. A voltage of 15.6 volts is supplied to the entrance from the charger.
5. Should work current protection. The multimeter will show the voltage, since the resistance element R1 is selected with a small excess.
6. The voltage parameter is reduced until the tester shows 0. The output voltage value must be recorded.
7. Then the dropout of the VT1 part is performed, and VD2 and K1 are installed in place. R3 must be put in the extremely lower position in accordance with the electrical component.
8. The value of the voltage of the charger increases until 15.6 volts are on the load.
9. The element R3 rotates smoothly until it works for K1.
10. A decrease in the voltage of the charger to the value that was written earlier were performed.
11. Elements VT1 and VD3 are installed and soldered. After that, the power supply can be checked for performance.
12. Through the ammeter, the working, but seal or unshauncated battery is connected. The battery must be connected to the tester, which is pre-configured to measure the voltage.
13. Trial charge must be carried out with continuous control. At the moment when the tester shows 14.4 volts on the battery, you need to throw out the content current. This parameter must be normal or close to the lower limit.
14. If the value of the content current is high, then the voltage of the charger should be reduced.

Automatic shutdown circuit with full battery charging

The automation should be an electrical system equipped with a power reinforcement system and reference voltage. To do this, use the DA1 stabilizer of the class 1428g for 9 volts. This schema It is necessary to intend that the output voltage level when measuring the temperature of the board for 10 degrees has practically not changed. The change will be no more than hundredths of the volt.

In accordance with the description of the scheme, the automatic deactivation system with an increase in voltage by 15.6 volt is made at half the board A1.1. Its fourth conclusion is connected to the voltage divider R7 and R8, from which the reference value of 4.5V is supplied. The resulting parameter of the resistor device is given threshold for the activation of a charging device 12.54 V. As a result of using a diode element VD7 and part R9, you can provide the desired hysteresis between the value of the activation voltage and disconnect the battery charge.

Electroscheme with automatic deactivation during charged battery

Description of the action of the scheme is:

1. When the battery is connected, the voltage level on the terminals of which is less than 16.5 volts, on the second output of the A1.1 scheme, the parameter is set. This value is enough for the transistor element VT1 opened.
2. The opening of this detail occurs.
3. Relay P1 is activated. As a result, the primary winding of the transformer device is connected to the network through the condenser mechanism block through the contact elements.
4. The process of replenishing the charge of the battery begins.
5. When the voltage level increases to 16.5 volts, this value at the A1.1 output will decrease. The decrease occurs to the value, which is not enough to maintain the transistor device VT1 in the open state.
6. The relay and contact elements K1.1 are turned off and connect the transformer node through the C4 condenser. Under it, the value of the charge current will be 0.5 A. In this state, the equipment circuit will work until the voltage on the battery does not decrease to 12.54 volts.
7. After this happens, the relay activation is performed. Charging the Akb of the specified by the user continues. This scheme implements the ability to disconnect the system. automatic adjustment. To do this, use the S2 switchal device.

This order of operation of the automatic charger for the car battery makes it possible to prevent its discharge. The user can leave the equipment included at least a week, it will not harm the battery. If voltage disappears in the household network, when it appears, it will continue to charge the battery.

If we talk about the principle of action of the scheme assembled in the second half of the A1.2 fee, then it is identical. But the level of complete deactivation of charger from the power supply will be 19 volts. If the voltage is less, in the eighth output of the A1.2 fee, it will be sufficient to keep the VT2 transistor device in the open position. Under it, the current will be fed on the P2 relay. But if the voltage value is more than 19 volts, the transistor device closes and the contact elements K2.1 will open.

Necessary materials and tools

Description of parts and elements that will be required for the assembly:

1. Power transformert1 class T1 class TT61-220. Its secondary windings must be connected sequentially. You can use any transformer, the power of which is not more than 150 watts, since the charge current is usually not more than 6a. The secondary winding of the device when exposed to electric flow to 8 amps should provide a voltage in the range of 18-20 volts. In the absence of a ready-made transformer, it is allowed to apply the details of similar power, but it will be necessary to rewind the secondary winding.
2. Capacitor elements C4-C9 must comply with the MGBC class and have a voltage not lower than 350 volts. It is allowed to use devices of any type. The main thing is that they are intended to function in alternating current circuits.
3. Diode elements VD2-VD5 can use any, but they must be calculated for a current of 10 amps.
4. Details VD7 and VD11 - flint pulse.
5. Diode elements VD6, VD8, VD10, VD5, VD12, VD13 must withstand a current of 1 ampere.
6. LED element VD1 - any.
7. As a part VD9, the use of the Cite29 class device is allowed. Main feature this source The lighting lies in the possibility of changing the color, if the polarity of the connection is changed. To switch the bulbs, contact elements K1.2 relay P1 are used. If on the battery there is a charge The main current, the LED burns yellow, and if the recharging mode is turned on, then green. It is allowed to use two monochrome devices, but they must be connected correctly.
8. Operational amplifier kr1005ud1. You can take a device from an old video player. The main feature is that this detail does not require two polar nutrition, it will be able to work at a voltage of 5-12 volts. You can use any similar spare parts. But due to the different numbering of the conclusions, it will be necessary to change the pattern of the printed circuit.
9. The P1 and P2 relays must be calculated on the voltage of 9-12 volts. And their contacts are to work with a current of 1 ampere. If devices are equipped with several contact groups, they are recommended parallel to them.
10. P3 relay - by 9-12 volts, but the switch of switching current will be 10 amps.
11. Switching device S1 must be designed to work with a voltage of 250 volts. It is important that in this element there are enough commuting contact components. If the adjustment step in 1 amp is notable, you can put several switches and set the charge current 5-8 A.
12. Switch S2 is designed to deactivate the charge level control system.
13. It will also require an electromagnetic head for the current and voltage meter. It is allowed to use any type of devices, the main thing is that the current of the complete deviation is 100 μA. If no voltage is measured, but only the current, then the diagram can be installed a ready-made ammeter. It must be designed to work with a maximum constant current of 10 amps.

User Artem Quanta in theory spoke about the scheme of charging equipment, as well as on the preparation of materials and parts for its assembly.

The order of connecting the battery to the charger

Instructions for the inclusion of the memory consists of several stages:

1. Cleaning the surface of the battery.
2. Removing plugs for filling fluid and controlling the level of electrolyte in banks.
3. Top value values \u200b\u200bon charger.
4. Connect terminals to the battery with polarity.

Cleaning the surface

Task Manual:

1. The ignition is turned off in the car.
2. The hood of the car opens. Using spanners of the appropriate size, from the battery terminals, you need to turn off the clamps. For this nut you do not need to get out, they can be loosen.
3. Removing the locking plate, which secures the battery. To do this, you may need a key-head or an asterisk.
4. The battery is dismantled.
5. It is cleaned by its housing with a clean rag. Subsequently, the covers of the cans for the bay of electrolyte will be unscrewed, so you can not allow germs inward.
6. Visual diagnostics of the integrity of the battery case is performed. If there are cracks, through which the electrolyte flows, charge the battery is inappropriate.

User Battery told about performing cleaning and washing the battery case before serving.

Removing the pouring tubes

If the battery is served, it is necessary to unscrew the covers on the plugs. They can be hidden under a special protective plate, it needs to be dismantled. To unscrew the traffic jams, you can use a screwdriver or any metallic plate of the appropriate size. After dismantling, it is necessary to estimate the level of electrolyte, the liquid must completely cover all banks inside the design. If it is not enough, it is required to add distilled water.

Setting the value of the charge current on the charger

The current parameter is set to recharge the battery. If this value is more nominal nominal 2-3 times, then the charge procedure will occur in faster. But this method will lead to a decrease in the resource of the battery operation. Therefore, it is possible to set such a current if the battery needs to be recharged quickly.

Connecting the battery compliance with polarity

The procedure is performed as:

1. Clamps from the memory are connected to the Account terminals. First, the connection of a positive contact is performed, this is a red wire.
2. Negative cable can not be connected if the battery remains in the car and did not dismantle. Connection this contact It is possible to the body of the vehicle either to the cylinder block.
3. The plug from the charger is inserted into the socket. The battery begins to charge. The charge time depends on the degree of discharge of the device and its condition. When performing the task, the use of extension cords is not recommended. Such a wire must have grounding. Its value will be sufficient to withstand the load of the current force.

The channel "Vseinstrumenti" spoke about the features of connecting the battery to the charger and observance of polarity when performing this task.

How to determine the degree of battery discharge

To perform the task, you will need a multimeter:

1. The magnitude of the voltage on the car with a disconnected engine is performed. Vehicle power grid in this mode will consume part of the energy. The voltage value at a measure must correspond to 12.5-13 volts. Tester conclusions are connected in compliance with polarity to batteries.
2. The power unit is launched, all electrical equipment must be turned off. Measurement procedure is repeated. The working value should be in the range of 13.5-14 volts. If the value obtained is greater or less, it indicates the discharge of the battery and the functioning of the generator device is not in normal mode. An increase in this parameter at low negative air temperature cannot report battery discharge. Perhaps first the resulting indicator will be greater, but if over time it comes to normal, it talks about working capacity.
3. The inclusion of basic energy consumers - heater, radio tape recorder, optics, rear window heating systems. In this mode, the voltage level will be in the range from 12.8 to 13 volts.

The discharge value can be determined in accordance with the data given in the table.

How to calculate an approximate battery charging time

To determine the approximate time of recharging, the consumer needs to know the difference between the maximum charge value (12.8 V) and the voltage in this moment. This value is multiplied by 10, as a result, it turns out the time of charge in the clock. If the voltage level before performing the recharge is 11.9 volts, then 12.8-11.9 \u003d 0.8. By multiplying this value to 10, it is possible to determine that the recharging time will be approximately 8 hours. But this is provided that the current supply in the amount of 10% of the battery capacity will be carried out.

The article describes charger for car batterieswhich allows you to install a charging current up to 10 A and automatically shut off the battery charging when the installed voltage is reached on it. The article shows schemes, Picturesmounting details,pCB, device designs anddana Me. todge his adjustment.

Most charger allows you to install only the required charge current. In simple devices, this current is supported in manual modeAnd in terms of devices it is supported automatically current stabilizers. When using such devices, it is necessary to follow the process of charging the battery to the maximum allowable voltage, which requires appropriate time and attention. The fact is that the recharge of the battery leads to boiling electrolyte, which reduces its life. The proposed charger allows you to install the charge current and automatically turn it off when the installed voltage value is reached.

The charger is built on the basis of an industrial rectifier of the VSA-6K type (any rectifier of suitable power can be used, converting a variable voltage 220 V to fixed constant voltages 12 V and24 B, which are switched by a packet switch. The rectifier is designed for current in the load up to 24 A and does not contain a smoothing filter. To charge batteries, the rectifier is supplemented with an electronic control circuit that allows you to install the required charge current and the value of the nominal voltage of shutting down the charger from the battery when the full charge is achieved.

The charger is mainly intended for Charging automotive batteries 12 V voltage and charging current up to 10 A, and can also be used for other purposes. To charge these batteries, a straightened 24 V voltage is used, and for batteries 6 V - voltage 12 V. The smoothing filter to the output of the rectifier cannot be connected, since the thyristor can be closed only when the tension is reached, and the control circuit is shown at the desired time.

Fig.1 Scheme of the Power Part of the Charger

Connection concept rectifier VSA-6K to the electronic control circuit board and external elements shown in Fig.1. Conclusions of the charger for connecting the battery are connected to the regular terminals of the front panel of the HP and X4 rectifier. To use fixed constant voltages 12 V or 24 V using the device for other purposes, regular rectifier outputs are connected to screw terminals XI and X2 located on an insulating plate next to FU2 fuse that is closed with a removable lid of the right side wall of the device.

The voltmeter of the rectifier is connected to the terminals of connecting the battery. The ammeter remains included in the total chain "+" and measures both the charge current of the battery and the load current connected to the terminals x1 and x2. The voltage on the control circuit is supplied only when the battery is connected.

Accumulative batteries, usually charged and filled with electrolyte or dried without electrolyte. They require only up to charging to a nominal container. Operated car batteries also require refreshments after maintenance or long idle. If there is a need to form and charge the battery with "zero", it is originally necessary to recharge it from a source with a fixed voltage 12 V through the retainer that the desired charging current is set. After reaching the voltage on the battery, about 10 in further operations can be performed by connecting it to the Clems xs, x4.

For the next description of the work of the charger, it should be briefly reminded that acid rechargeable batteries that are used in passenger cars contain six cans. When the voltage is reached at the 2.4 V, gas formation of an explosive oxygen-hydrogen mixture begins, which indicates a complete charge of the battery. The gas division destroys the active mass contained in lead battery plates, so to ensure maximum battery life, the voltage on each element should not exceed 2.3 V, considering the internal resistances of the elements and voltages on them can be somewhat different from each other. friend. As a result, it corresponds to the maximum voltage of the 13.8 V battery, in which the charger must automatically turn off.

Device operation

The scheme of control is shown in Fig. 2,installation of parts is shown in Fig. Zois, and the printed circuit board is in Fig.4. The control circuit consists of a constant voltage amplifier on the transistors VT1, VT2, VT3 and the diagram with an analogue of a single-pass transistor on VT4 and VT5, which controls the VS1 thyristor to install the required charging current. The use of an analog instead of an ordinary single-pass transistor (for example, CT117A-D) is favorable in that the choice of transistors and resistors R9 - R1 1 can be selected by its necessary characteristics.

At a battery voltage, less than 13.8 V transistor VT3 is closed, and VT2 and VT1 are open. On the output 6 of the control board, positive high-wave voltage was received from the diode bridge of the rectifier, which are superimposed on the constant voltage of the battery and through the open VT1, VD1, R8 are fed to a thyristor current regulator.

Fig.2. Control scheme

he works in the following way: Voltage with R8 enters the VT4 database and via the R12 charging current controller to the C1 condenser.

At the initial moment VT4 and VT5 are closed. When charging C1 to the voltage of the analog of a single-pass transistor with the VT5 emitter, a pulse is supplied to the control electrode of the thyristor, which opens and closes the battery charge circuit. In this case, C1 is quickly discharged through the low resistance of the open analogue of a single-pass transistor. When the next impulse is received, the process is repeated. The smaller the resistance value R12 (Fig. 1), the faster it is charged with C1 and the VS1 opens, as a result of which it is in the open state, and the greater the charging current. VD1 glow signals a battery charging.

When the voltage is reached on the battery 13.8IN, what corresponds to its full charge, the VT3 transistor opens, and VT2 and VT1 are closed, the voltage on the thyristor control circuit disappears, the battery charge stops and goes out the VD1 LED.

Adjusting devices

The adjustment of the charger is performed when its front panel is open and is to set the charging current disconnection voltage. To do this, a voltmeter of the accuracy class is not worse than 1.5 to connect to the battery, make sure there is no voltage on it at least 10.8 V (the discharge of the acid battery voltage 12 V to the voltage below 10.8 V is not allowed), set the charging current (value 0.1 battery capacity), and the R5 trimmer engine is installed in the middle position and start charging. If the charger was disconnected at a voltage on the battery less than 13.8 V, the R5 resistor engine must be rotated to some angle counterclockwise before igniting the LED and continue charging up to 13.8 V, and if the device did not turn off the voltage - turn the engine Clockwise before turning off the device. At the same time, the LED should go out. On this, the adjustment of the scheme ends and the front panel is installed in its place. For further operation of the charger, it is necessary to notice which position of the arrow of the regular voltmeter corresponds to the voltage 13.8 V in order not to use the additional voltmeter.

Fig.Z.

Fig.4.

Fig.5

Constructive control board, a thyristor with a cooler, the VD1 LED and the charging current setting variable resistor R12 are fixed on the inside of the front panel (Fig. 5) The thyristor radiator is fixed in the panel using two textolite strips. To one, it is attached by two m3 screws with a secret head, and the other serves as an insulating gasket. The control board is fixed by an additional nut on the output of the ammeter, which should not touch its printed tracks.

In conclusion, it should be noted that this device can provide a charging current up to 24 A when installing a more powerful thyristor and FU2 fuse at a current of 25 A.

Anatoly Zhurenkov

Literature

1. S. Elkin. Application of trinistoral regulators with phaseimpulse control // RadioAMMator. - 1998.-№9.-p.37-38.

2. V. Voevoda Simple Trinistan Charger // Radio. - 2001. - № 11. - p.35.

Highly simple scheme The charger in which only one transistor is used to determine the voltage of the automatic shutdown of the battery from the network when it is fully charged.

Description of the car battery charger scheme

In the figure, we see a simple scheme, where one transistor is enabled in its standard operation mode.

The principle of operation of the scheme can be understood from the following items:

1. The battery charge is considered completed when the voltage on its terminals will reach 13.5 - 14 volts.
2. A shutdown threshold (13.5 - 14 volts) is installed by the R2 trimming resistor when the connected, fully charged battery. When the voltage on the terminals of the battery will be about 14 volts, the T1 transistor will turn on the relay and the charge chain will be torn.

This automatic car charger is not only easy to manufacture, but also smart enough to take care of the state of the battery and charge it very effectively.

List of parts:

• R1 \u003d 4.7 kΩ;
• R2 \u003d 10K trimmed;
• T1 \u003d;
• Relay \u003d 12V, 400 ohms, SPDT;
• TR1 \u003d secondary winding voltage 14 V, 1/10 current from the battery capacity;
• Diode Bridge \u003d Current equal nominal Tok. transformer;
• Diodes d2 and d3 \u003d 1n4007;
• C1 \u003d 100UF / 25V.

From the site administrator

The article is theoretical nature in practice i did not collect this scheme. I recommend paying attention to such important points:

1. Turning off the battery from the charger occurs when charging voltage is reached 13.5 - 14 volts. Installing this voltage threshold (R2 stroke resistor) is needed when connected, fully charged battery. If there is no charged battery, then it is necessary to set the position to the lower (according to the scheme), that is, to "plant" the base of the transistor to the ground. Then connect the battery and turn on the charger to the network. Next you need to constantly monitor charging tensionWhen it reaches 13.5 - 14 volts, it is necessary to set R2 into such a position that the relay open their contacts.
2. Upon reaching the voltage battery terminals of 13.5 - 14 volts, the device turns off from the battery. Next, when the voltage is reduced to 11.4 volts, the charging is renewed again. The original article says that such hysteresis provides diodes in the emitter of the transistor.
3. In the scheme there is no charging current limit, so I recommend using a transformer with a power of at least 150 watts in the manufacture of this charger, the secondary winding of which is designed for current at least 10 amps. The diode bridge must also correspond to the specified current.

The photo contains a homemade automatic charger to charge automotive batteries by 12 in a current of up to 8 A, assembled in the housing from the Millivoltmeter B3-38.

Why do you need to charge the car battery
Charger

Akb in the car is charged with an electrical generator. To protect electrical equipment and devices from high voltage, which produces a car generator, a relay regulator is installed, which limits the voltage in the on-board network of the vehicle to 14.1 ± 0.2 V. For the fullest battery charging, a voltage is required at least 14.5 IN.

Thus, it is impossible to fully charge the battery from the generator and before the onset of the cold, it is necessary to recharge the battery from the charger.

Analysis of charger schemes

Attractive looks like a charching diagram of a computer power supply. The structural schemes of computer power supplies are the same, but electrical different, and high radio engineering qualifications are required for refinement.

My interest was caused by the condenser diagram of the charger, the efficiency of the high, the heat does not release, provides a stable charge current, regardless of the degree of battery charge and fluctuations of the supply network, is not afraid of short output shorts. But also has a flaw. If during the charge disappears contact With a battery, then the voltage on the capacitors increases several times, (condensers and the transformer form a resonant oscillating circuit with the frequency of the power grid), and they make their way. It was necessary to eliminate only this only drawback that I managed to do.

The result was the diagram of the charger without the above flaws. For more than 16 years I charge them any acidic batteries on 12 V. The device works correctly.

Schematic diagram of a car charger

With the seeming complexity, the scheme of the self-made charger is simple and consists of only several completed functional nodes.

If a diagram for repetition seemed difficult to you, then you can collect more operating on the same principle, but without a function of automatic shutdown when the battery is fully charged.

Circuit limiter circuit on ballast capacitors

In the condenser car charger, the adjustment of the magnitude and stabilization of the current of the battery charge strength is provided by inclusion in series with the primary winding of the S4-C9 ballast capacitor power transformer. The greater the capacitance of the capacitor, the greater the battery charge current.

Almost this is the complete version of the charger, you can connect the battery after a diode bridge and charge it, but the reliability of this scheme is low. If contact with the battery terminals is broken, then the capacitors may fail.

The capacitance of capacitors, which depends on the current and voltage on the secondary winding of the transformer, can be approximately identified by the formula, but it is easier to navigate the table.

To adjust the current to reduce the number of capacitors, they can be connected in parallel groups. My switching is performed using a two gallery switch, but you can put several togglers.

Protection scheme
From the erroneous connection of the battery poles

Protection diagram against charging device when not proper connection The battery to the outputs is made on the P3 relay. If the battery is connected incorrectly, the diode VD13 does not skip the current, the relay is de-energized, the contacts of the relay K3.1 are open and the current does not enter the battery terminals. When the relay is properly connected, the contacts K3.1 are closed, and the battery connects to the charging scheme. Such a scheme of protection against cakes can be used with any chargersuch as transistor and thyristor. It is enough to include in the rupture of the wires, with which the battery connects to the charger.

Current measurement circuit and battery charging voltage

Due to the presence of S3 switch in the diagram above, when charging the battery, it is possible to control not only the charging current value, but also the voltage. At the upper position S3, the current is measured, at the bottom - voltage. If the charger is not connected to the power grid, the voltmeter will show the battery voltage, and when the battery is charging, the charging voltage. An M24 micromagnetic system is applied as a head. R17 shunt the head in the current measurement mode, and R18 serves as a divider when measuring the voltage.

Automatic shutdown scheme
With full battery charging

To power the operating amplifier and creating a reference voltage, a chip of the stabilizer DA1 type 1428g to 9B is applied. The chip is not chosen by chance. With a change in the temperature of the chip of the chip 10º, the output voltage changes no more than hundredths of the volt.

The system of automatic shutdown of charging when the voltage is 15.6 V is performed on the half of the A1.1 chip. The output 4 of the chip is connected to the voltage divider R7, R8 from which the reference voltage is 4.5 V. The output 4 of the chips is connected to another divider on the R4-R6 resistors, the R5 resistor is rigid to set the rotation threshold. The size of the resistor R9 is specified by the threshold for turning the charger 12.54 V. due to the use of the VD7 diode and the R9 resistor, the required hysteresis is provided between the voltage of turning on and off the battery charge.

The scheme works as follows. When connected to a car battery charger, the voltage on the terminals of which is less than 16.5 V, on the output 2 of the microcircuits A1.1, the voltage is set sufficient to open the transistor VT1, the transistor opens and the P1 relay works, connecting contacts K1.1 to the power grid through the condenser block Primary transformer winding and battery charging begins.

As soon as the charge voltage reaches 16.5 V, the voltage at the output A1.1 will decrease to the value, insufficient to maintain the VT1 transistor in the open state. The relay will turn off and contacts K1.1. The transformer is connected through the C4 duty mode capacitor, in which the charge current will be 0.5 A. In this state, the charger circuit will be located until the voltage on the battery decreases to 12.54 V. as soon as the voltage It will be set to 12.54 V, again the relay will turn on and the charging will go to the specified current. It is possible, if necessary, switch S2 to disable the automatic control system.

Thus, the automatic battery charging system will eliminate the ability to recharge the battery. The battery can be left connected to the included charger at least for a whole year. Such a regime is relevant for car enthusiasts, which go only in the summer. After graduating from the season, you can connect the battery to the charger and turn off only in the spring. Even if the voltage disappears in the power grid, when it appears, the charger will continue to charge the battery in normal mode.

The principle of operation of the automatic shutdown of the charger in case of exceeding the voltage due to the lack of a load collected on the second half of the operational amplifier A1.2, the same. Only the threshold of the complete shutdown of the charger from the supply network is selected 19 V. If the charging voltage is less than 19 V, at the output of 8 chips A1.2, the voltage is sufficient to hold the VT2 transistor in the open state at which the voltage is applied to the P2 relay. As soon as the charging voltage exceeds 19 V, the transistor closes, the relay will release the contacts K2.1 and the voltage supply to the charger will completely stop. As soon as the battery is connected, it will escape the automation scheme, and the charger will immediately return to the working state.

Construction of an automatic charger

All the parts of the charger are placed in the B3-38 milliammeter housing, from which all its contents are deleted, except for the arrow device. Installation of elements, except for the automation scheme, is made by attachment.

The design of the millaminera housing is two rectangular frames connected by four corners. In the corners with an equal step, holes are made to which it is convenient to mount the details.

The power transformer TN61-220 is fixed on four screws M4 on an aluminum plate with a thickness of 2 mm, the plate in turn is attached to the m3 screws to the lower corners of the case. The power transformer TN61-220 is fixed on four screws M4 on an aluminum plate with a thickness of 2 mm, the plate in turn is attached to the m3 screws to the lower corners of the case. On this plate installed C1. In the photo type of charger below.

To the upper corners of the housing is also fixed by a 2 mm thick plate, and the capacitors C4-C9 and the P1 and P2 relays are fixed. This corners also screwed the printed circuit board, on which the automatic battery charging control circuit is soldered. Really, the number of capacitors is not six, as according to the scheme, and 14, since it was necessary to connect them in parallel to obtain a condenser. Capacitors and relays are connected to the rest of the charger diagram through the connector (in the photo above blue), which facilitated access to other elements when installing.

On the outside of the back wall set ribbed aluminum radiator To cool the power diodes VD2-VD5. It also installed the PR1 fuse 1 A and the plug, (taken from the power supply of the computer) to supply the supply voltage.

The power diodes of the charger are fixed with the help of two clamping slats to the radiator inside the case. To do this, a rectangular hole is made in the rear wall of the housing. That technical solution It made it possible to minimize the amount of heat released inside the case and saving space. The conclusions of the diodes and the supply wires are disappeared on the non-fixed bar from the foil glassstolite.

In the photo, the view of the self-made charger with right side. Installation electrical circuit Made with colored wires, alternating voltage - brown, plus - red, minus - blue wires. The cross section of the wires coming from the secondary winding of the transformer to the terminals for connecting the battery should be at least 1 mm 2.

The ammeter shunt is a segment of a high-resistance wire of constantan in length about a centimeter, whose ends are sealed into copper strips. The length of the shunt wire is selected when calibrating the ammeter. I took the wire from the shunt of the burnt shooting tester. One end of the copper strips is soldered directly to the output terminal of the plus, the thick conductor comes from the contacts of the P3 relay. On the arrow device from the shunt go yellow and red wire.

Charger Automation Block Printing

Automatic control and protection against incorrect connection The battery to the charger is soldered on the printed circuit board of foil fibercker.

In the photo is presented appearance The collected scheme. Picture of the circuit board of the automatic control and protection and protection scheme, the holes are made in 2.5 mm increments.

In the photo above the type of printed circuit board from the installation of parts with a red labeling of parts. Such a drawing is convenient when assembling a printed circuit board.

The drawing of the printed circuit board is appreciated when it is manufactured using technology using a laser printer.

And this drawing of the printed circuit board is useful when applying a circuit board of the printed circuit board with a manual way.

The scale of the shooting device of the Millivoltmeter B3-38 did not suit the required measurements, it was necessary to draw its version on the computer, printed on dense white paper and glue the moment gluable on the standard scale.

Due to the larger size of the scale and calibration of the device in the measurement zone, the accuracy of the stress counting turned out to be 0.2 V.

Wires for connecting AZA to battery and network terminals

On the Wires for connecting a car battery to a charger on one side, crocodile type clamps are installed, on the other hand split tips. To connect the plus output of the battery, a red wire is selected for connecting the minus - blue. The wire section for connecting to the battery device should be at least 1 mm 2.

TO electrical network The charger is connected using a universal cord with a fork and a rosette, as used to connect computers, office equipment and other electrical appliances.

About the details of the charger

The power transformer T1 is used by TN61-220, the secondary windings of which are connected sequentially as shown in the diagram. Since the efficiency of the charger is at least 0.8 and the charge current usually does not exceed 6 A, then any 150 watt transformer is suitable. The secondary transformer winding should provide a voltage of 18-20 V at a load current to 8 A. if there is no ready transformer, then you can take any suitable power and rewind the secondary winding. Calculate the number of turns of the secondary winding of the transformer using a special calculator.

Capacitors C4-C9 type MBGH to voltage at least 350 V. You can use the capacitors of any type designed to work in the AC circuits.

VD2-VD5 diodes are suitable for any type, calculated on the current 10 A. VD7, VD11 - any pulse flock. VD6, VD8, VD10, VD5, VD12 and VD13 Any, withstand current 1 A. VD1 LED - Any, VD9 I applied the type of Cypros29. The distinctive feature of this LED is that it changes the color of the glow when changing the polarity of the connection. To switch it to its switching, contacts K1.2 relay P1. When charging the main current LED shines with yellow light, and when switching to recharging mode, the battery is green. Instead of a binary LED, you can install any two monochrome, connecting them from below the diagram below.

As an operational amplifier, the KR1005UD1 is selected, an analogue of foreign AN6551. Such amplifiers were used in the audio block and video in VM-12 video recorder. The amplifier is good in that it does not require two polar nutrition, correction chains and maintains performance with a supply voltage from 5 to 12 V. It can be replaced with almost any similar one. It is well suited to replace the chip, for example, LM358, LM258, LM158, but the numbering of the conclusions are different, and it will be necessary to make changes to the circuit board pattern.

P1 and P2 relays Any to voltage 9-12 V and contacts designed for switching current 1 A. P3 to voltage 9-12 V and switching current 10 A, for example RP-21-003. If there are several contact groups in the relay, it is desirable to be searched parallel.

The S1 switch of any type, designed to work at a voltage of 250 V and having a sufficient number of switched contacts. If the current regulation step is not needed in 1 A, then you can put several togglers and set the charge current, allow, 5 A and 8 A. If you charge only car batteries, then such a solution is quite acquitted. Switch S2 is used to disable charging level control system. In the case of battery charge, the system is possible before the battery is completely charged. In this case, you can disable the system and continue charging in manual mode.

An electromagnetic head for a current meter and voltage is suitable for any, with a current of 100 μA, for example, M24 type. If there is no need to measure the voltage, but only the current, then you can install a ready-made ammeter, calculated on the maximum permanent measurement current 10 A, and the voltage is controlled by an external arrow tester or a multimeter by connecting them to the battery contacts.

Setting the automatic adjustment and protection of AZU

When an error-free assembly of the board and the health of all radio elements, the scheme will earn immediately. It will only be left to set the voltage threshold with the R5 resistor, when the battery charging will be transferred to the charging mode with a small current.

The adjustment can be performed directly when charging the battery. But all, it is better to progress and before installing in the case, the scheme of automatic control and protection of the AZA check and configure. This will require a power supply. direct currentwhich has the ability to adjust the output voltage in the range from 10 to 20 V, calculated on the output current of 0.5-1 A. from measuring instruments You need any voltmeter, the arrow tester or multimeter calculated for the measurement of a constant voltage, with the measurement limit of from 0 to 20 V.

Check voltage stabilizer

After mounting all parts on the printed circuit board, it is necessary to file from the power supply of the supply voltage of 12-15 V to the general wire (minus) and the output 17 of the DA1 chip (plus). By changing the voltage at the output of the power supply from 12 to 20 V, it is necessary using a voltmeter to make sure that the voltage value at the output 2 of the voltage stabilizer of the DA1 is 9 V. If the voltage is different or changes, then DA1 is faulty.

The K142H series microcircuits and the analogues are protected against short-circuit over the output and if you move it to the overall wire, the microcircuit will enter the protection mode and will not be released. If the check showed that the voltage at the output of the chip is 0, then this does not always mean its fault. It is quite possible for the presence of KZ between the paths of the circuit board or one of the radio elements of the rest of the scheme is faulty. To check the chip, it is enough to disconnect its output from the board 2 and if 9 B appears on it, it means that the chip is proper, and it is necessary to find and eliminate the KZ.

Check for overvoltage protection system

A description of the principle of operation of the scheme decided to start with a simpler part of the scheme, to which strict standards for the voltage of the triggering are not presented.

The function of disconnecting AZU from the mains in the case of disconnecting the battery performs part of the circuit collected on the A1.2 operating differential amplifier (hereinafter OU).

Principle of operation of the operational differential amplifier

Without knowledge of the principle of work OU understand the work of the scheme is difficult, so I will give short description. OU has two inputs and one way out. One of the inputs, which is indicated in the scheme with the "+" sign, is called non-inverting, but the second input, which is indicated by the "-" or circle sign, is called inverting. The word differential OU means that the voltage at the outlet of the amplifier depends on the difference in the voltages at its inputs. In this scheme operational amplifier Included without feedback, in the comparator mode - comparison of input voltages.

Thus, if the voltage on one of the inputs is unchanged, and on the second will change, then at the time of transitioning through the point of equalization of voltages at the inputs, the voltage at the outlet of the amplifier will change jump-like.

Check for overvoltage protection scheme

Let's return to the scheme. Not inverting the input of the A1.2 amplifier (pin 6) is connected to the voltage divider assembled on resistors R13 and R14. This divider is connected to the stabilized voltage 9 V and therefore the voltage at the resistor connection point is never changed and is 6.75 V. The second OU input (output 7) is connected to the second voltage divider collected on the resistors R11 and R12. This voltage divider is connected to the bus on which the charging current is coming, and the voltage on it changes depending on the value of the current and the degree of battery charge. Therefore, the magnitude of the voltage at the output 7 will also be changed accordingly. The resistance of the divider is selected in such a way that when the battery charging voltage changes from 9 to 19 to the output voltage 7 it will be less than on the output 6 and the voltage at the OU output (output 8) will be greater than 0.8 V and close to the power supply voltage. The transistor will be opened, the voltage will act on the R2 relay winding and it will clone the contacts K2.1. The output voltage will also close the VD11 diode and the R15 resistor in the operation of the schema will not participate.

As soon as the charging voltage exceeds 19 V (this may only happen if the battery is turned off from the Output), the voltage at the output 7 will become greater than on the output 6. In this case, at the OU output, the voltage is jumpingly decreased to zero. The transistor closes, the relay will be de-energized and the contacts K2.1 will open. The supply voltage supply to RAM will be discontinued. At a time when the output voltage becomes zero, the VD11 diode will open and, thus, in parallel to the R14 divider, R15 will be connected. The voltage on the 6 pin instantly decreases, which will exclude false responses at the time of equality of stresses at the inputs of the OU due to ripples and interference. By changing the value of R15, you can change the hysteresis of the comparator, that is, the voltage in which the scheme will return to the initial state.

When connecting the battery to the voltage RAM at the output 6, it will be set to 6.75 V, and the output will be less and the diagram will start working in normal mode.

To check the operation of the scheme, it suffices to change the voltage on the power supply from 12 to 20 V and connecting the voltmeter instead of the P2 relay to observe its readings. At a voltage less than 19 V, the voltmeter should show the voltage, the value of 17-18 V (part of the voltage falls on the transistor), and with a greater - zero. It is advisable to still connect a relay winding to the scheme, then not only the operation of the scheme, but also its performance, and the relay clicks can be controlled by automation without a voltmeter.

If the scheme does not work, then you need to check the voltages at the inputs 6 and 7, the output of the OU. If the stresses are distinguished from the above, you need to check the ratings of the resistors of the corresponding divisors. If the divisors and diode resistors VD11 are working, then, therefore, it is defective.

To check the circuit R15, D11, it is sufficient to turn off one of the outputs of these elements, the scheme will work, only without hysteresis, that is, turn on and off at one and the same supplied voltage. The VT12 transistor is easy to check by disconnecting one of the conclusions R16 and controlling the voltage at the OU output. If the output voltage changes correctly, and the relay is turned on all the time, it means that there is a breakdown between the collector and the emitter of the transistor.

Checking the battery disconnection scheme when charging it

The principle of operation of OU A1.1 is no different from operation A1.2, with the exception of the ability to change the threshold for disconnecting the voltage using the R5 stroke resistor.

To check the operation A1.1, the supply voltage, submitted from the power supply smoothly increases and decreases in the range of 12-18 V. When the voltage is reached 15.6 V, it should turn off the P1 relay and contacts K1.1 to switch the AZU to the charging mode with a small current through the capacitor C4. When the voltage level is reduced below 12.54, the relay should turn on and switch the AZU to the charging mode of the specified value.

The inclusion threshold voltage of 12.54 V can be adjusted by changing the value of the R9 resistor, but there is no need.

Using the S2 switch it is possible to disconnect auto mode Works, turning on the P1 relay directly.

Charger Scheme on Capacitors
without automatic shutdown

For those who do not have sufficient assembly experience electronic circuits or does not need automatic shutdown Issue at the end of the battery charging, I propose a simplified version of the device diagram for charging acid car batteries. A distinctive feature of the scheme in its simplicity for repetition, reliability, high efficiency and stable charge current, the presence of protection against improper battery connection, automatic continuation of charging in the event of the supply voltage.

The principle of stabilization of the charging current remained unchanged and is ensured by the inclusion in series with a network transformer of the C1-C6 capacitor block. To protect against overvoltage on the input winding and capacitors, one of the pairs of normally open contacts of the P1 relay are used.

When the battery is not connected, the contacts of the P1 K1.1 relay and K1.2 are open and even if the charger is connected to the supply network current does not go to the circuit. The same thing happens if you connect an erroneously battery in polarity. If the battery is properly connected, the current of the VD8 diode comes through the P1 relay winding, the relay is activated and its contacts K1.1 and K1.2 are closed. Through closed contacts K1.1, the mains voltage enters the charger, and the charging current is received on the battery.

At first glance, it seems that the contacts of the relay K1.2 are not needed, but if they are not, then when the battery is erroneous, the current will flow from the positive output of the battery through a minus terminal of the memory, then through the diode bridge and then directly on the minus the output of the battery and diodes directly Bridge Zu will fail.

The proposed simple scheme for charging batteries is easily adapted to charge batteries to voltage 6 V or 24 V. It is sufficient to replace the P1 relay to the corresponding voltage. To charge 24 volt batteries, it is necessary to provide an output voltage from the secondary winding of the T1 transformer at least 36 V.

If desired, the simple charger scheme can be supplemented with a charging current and voltage indication instrument by turning it on both in the automatic charger diagram.

Car Battery Charging Procedure
automatic homemade zoom

Before charging, the battery removed from the car must be cleaned from dirt and rub its surface, to remove acid residues, aqueous solution of soda. If the acid is on the surface, then the aqueous solution of soda is foaming.

If the battery has corks for the pouring of the acid, then all the plugs need to be turned out, so that the gases that generated during charging in the battery can freely exit. Be sure to check the level of electrolyte, and if it is less than the required, add distilled water.

Next, you need the S1 switch on the charger to set the value of the charge current and connect the battery by observing the polarity (the plus output of the battery needs to be connected to the plus output of the charger) to its terminals. If the S3 switch is in the lower position, the instrument arrow on the charger will immediately show the voltage that the battery gives out. It remains to insert the plug of the power cord into the socket and the battery charging process will begin. Voltmeter will begin to show charging voltage.