Program for increasing FPS in games. Switch between two laptop video cards. Configuring the program to increase Fps for AMD-ATI video cards

It is primarily an e-sports game, in order to become a winner, you need to have good game performance to achieve victory. What we need to win is a smart team, perseverance and good performance games.

But your CS: GO is very buggy in the menu, slows down and low FPS in the game? It's not a problem! We offer ways to improve cs go performance and increase FPS.

1. Setting up CS GO.

Graphics settings in the game.

CS: GO has a pretty nice picture in almost any graphics settings.
We set the minimum graphic settings in the game, except for the parameters affecting the gameplay and performance. Turn on shadows and multicore processing. Set the maximum resolution. Go to the menu “Sound settings” → Speaker type: 2 speakers.

Game launch options.

Noaafonts - Disable anti-aliasing of screen fonts.

Threads 4 - We use 4 processor threads. If you have a 4-core Intel processor with Hyper-threading or AMD with SMT, then set 8. Accordingly: 6 cores - 12 threads, 8 cores - 16 threads, etc.

High - Running the game with a high priority, it is not recommended to bet on weak CPUs.

Fps_max 300 - Maximum FPS threshold. Affects only the download speed of the map.

Nod3d9ex1 - Allows you to quickly fold and unfold the game.

You should get something like the following startup parameters: -console -novid -noaafonts -threads 4 + fps_max 300 -nod3d9ex1

We advise you to copy a special configuration file to the game folder, which will be automatically applied when you start the game and activate the commands for optimization. To do this, go to the CFG (Counter-Strike Global Offensivecsgocfg) folder and copy the "" file with the replacement, if there is one already.

2. Setting up the system.

Disconnect DVR.

You have Windows 10 and CS: GO slows down, the menu freezes, showing FPS lower than in rather demanding games? So you should turn off the technology Game DVR in the Xbox app. Game DVR is an alternative to Fraps and Bandicam and is designed for quick video recording of gameplay and screenshots. But it has an unpleasant feature and severely restricts FPS in CSGO up to 30 frames per second and even lower.

To disable the Game DVR option, download and run this file registry:
Console commands for viewing FPS: net_graph 1 and cl_showfps 1

Optimizing Windows 10.

We cut out all the spy modules in the OS and disable Metro apps loading the system. We launch the program, go to the settings tab and turn on the professional mode. Set the settings as in the screenshot, go to the main tab and press the button " Destroy Windows 10 Spying».

If you haven't cleaned your device in a while, then it's time to do it right now! After all, everything that clogs your device (dust, wool, etc.) affects the operation of the system as a whole. This is due to the fact that when the dust settles, the heat from the heated elements does not leave, because of this, the temperature in the computer rises and it cannot process information in normal mode.
If you have no idea how to clean a computer or laptop, then contact specialists or friends who know how to clean the device. Sometimes it is even enough to thoroughly vacuum and the device "breathes" with clean air.
After cleaning your computer, we recommend that you clean it at least once a month.
Also, if you have not changed the thermal paste on the processor and video card for a long time, then it is also advisable to change it.

CLEANING AND OPTIMIZING THE SYSTEM

Fastest and effective method Is to use a specialized program.

I am using CCleaner. Or use any analog you like.
Consider cleaning up garbage with my program.


Now, we need to optimize hard drives (!) This item will not work for anyone with an SSD (!)


We set the high performance of the device.


How to increase FPS in CS: GO by using Windows load lowering

If you have Windows 7 and widgets are installed, we strongly recommend that you remove them! Although they take up little memory, they affect the FPS.

  1. Go to Control Panel> Center windows updates> Setting parameters
  2. And turn off all items

Disable the built-in Windows antivirus.

Personally, this antivirus loaded my computer so much that the CPU and RAM were always to the limit. Therefore, we strongly recommend that you disable it.

  1. We go to the control panel> All elements of the control panel> Windows defender and turn off all the checkboxes. Especially real-time system protection.

Also, if you have other antiviruses installed, we also disable them, because they load your system.

UPDATING THE VIDEO CARD DRIVER

Be sure to download drivers from the official websites of your video card manufacturer!

You can find out which video card you have by going to Control Panel> Device Manager> video card

Copy to the address bar of your browser ↓
For NVIDIA: http://www.nvidia.ru/Download/index.aspx?lang=ru
For AMD: https://support.amd.com/ru-ru/download

We go to the "Drivers" section and write the model of your card in the search engine.


Next, download the most fresh driver and install it.

Now you need to go to the NVIDIA or AMD control panel


  • CUDA - GPUs: Everything
  • DSR - Smoothness: Off.
  • DSR - degree: Off
  • Anisotropic Filtering: Off
  • Vertical sync pulse: Off
  • Prepared personnel virtual reality: 4
  • Dimming Background Lighting: Off
  • Shader Caching: On
  • Maximum pre-rendered frames: Use 3D application setting
  • Multi-Frame Anti-Aliasing (MFAA): Off
  • Streaming Optimization: Auto
  • Power management mode: Maximum performance mode preferred
  • Anti-Aliasing - FXAA: Off
  • Anti-Aliasing - Gamma Correction: Off
  • Anti-Aliasing - Options: No
  • Anti-Aliasing - Transparency: Off
  • Anti-Aliasing - Mode: Off
  • Triple Buffering: On
  • Multiple Display / Mixed GPU Acceleration: Single Display Performance Mode
  • Texture Filtering - Anisotropic Optimization by Sample: Off
  • Texture Filtering - Quality: High Performance
  • Texture filtering - negative UD deviation: Allow
  • Texture Filtering - Trilayer Optimization: On.

After these settings, your FPS will increase significantly.

A very important point! If you want a more colorful image, then you need to go to the "Adjusting Desktop Settings" section and set the slider opposite "Digital Intensity" to 100%. This will allow you to do without light fixes and not lose extra FPS.

If you have a card from AMD, then everything is done by analogy with the instructions above, the only difference is that the sections are located in other categories, so you need to dig in.

PARAMETERS OF STARTING KS GO TO INCREASE FPS

To increase FPS in CS GO, you need to set certain parameters by following a series of actions:


  • -console. Launches the console;
  • -novid. Video screensaver disappears;
  • -noaafonts - disable anti-aliasing of screen fonts;
  • -heapsize - sets how much RAM can be used;
    Values: 262144 = 512MB / 524288 = 1GB / 1048576 = 2GB. It makes no sense to allocate more than 2GB, tk. CS: GO only uses 2GB of RAM.
  • -freq "number". The parameter sets the number of hertz of the monitor;
  • You can view the hertzon of your monitor by clicking right click by desktop> Screen resolution> Advanced settings> "Monitor" tab;
    + exec "config.cfg" - file. After selecting it, the previously selected CS configuration is loaded at the start of the game;
  • -high / -low. When this function is selected, high priority is turned on, but the second one turns it on below;
  • -full / -fullscreen. Run in full screen;
  • -wondowed / -window / -sw / -startwindowed. Display the game in a separate window;
  • -w and -h + "number". The number defines the width and height of the screen in pixels
    respectively;
  • -russian, -english and others. Language selection. Moreover, it is displayed regardless of what language the Steam menu is in;
    + rate 124000. Maximum bit / sec;
  • + cl_cmdrate 128. Maximum transmission server packets for 1 sec;
  • + cl_updaterate 128. Maximum of packets that are requested from the server;
  • -noforcemspd. Using the mouse speed that is set in Windows;
  • -noforcemaccel. Disables mouse acceleration;
  • -noforcemparms. Sets the mouse settings in the same mode as in Windows;
  • -threads. Processor cores, which are required for the game;
  • -m_rawinput. A relationship is established between the game settings and Windows;
  • -tickrate 128. Only the frequency with which the server is updated is set.

HOW TO INCREASE THE MONITOR DUAL?


By the way, if your monitor supports only 60 hertz, then in the game you will not see more than 60 FPS, so it is better to choose a lower screen resolution, for that with a larger hertz.

Does it make sense to achieve more than 60 FPS if the monitor has 60 hertz?
Definitely YES! Because FPS affects the performance of the game itself, which gives us advantages in the speed of loading textures, models, etc.

FPS INCREASING PROGRAMS

How to increase FPS in CS: GO using TCP Optimizer

This program will perfectly increase your FPS. It will speed up the process of transferring data over the network.

  1. Download the program from the official website:
  2. Install it and run it;
  3. We select the item "Optimal";
  4. Click on the "Apply Changes" button.

More advanced users can select Custom. Next, you should set "default" for LargeSystemCache and "enable" opposite TCPAckFrequency, after which you need to restart the computer.

After selecting the settings, you must click the "Apply Changes" button to apply the settings.

How to increase FPS in CS: GO with Razer Cortex (Game booster)

This program gives you access to a large list of tools.
Free of charge universal program Cortex gives you additional features such as: searching for discounts on games on the Internet, recording demos while playing, optimizing equipment for the best performance.
What the program can do:
- Speeds up your games
- Speeds up the loading of games
- Saves and copies computer settings logs
- Allows you to perform computer diagnostics and defragmentation
- Takes a screenshot of the screen when you press the bind button
- Records demos while playing
- Allows you to stream to Twitch, Zubu, Youtube Gaming
- Saves games in Google drive/ Microsoft OneDrive / Dropbox
— One center launching games
- Tracking discounts and promotions on trading platforms Origin, Steam, Paradox Plaza, Amazon, etc.
- Receive notifications about promotions
- And many other functionalities.

We are only interested in optimization in this program, download the program from the link: https://www.razerzone.ru/product/software/cortex

Install, run and go to the "Acceleration" section.
In this section, we set the settings to suit your requirements.

UNLOCKING THE CPU TO INCREASE FPS

By Windows default does not use all kernels for programs, because believes that it can cope with a limited number of cores.
But this is not the case, after unlocking the CPU, the FPS will increase significantly.


INCREASE FPS IN CS GO

First, we need to remove the cs go itself, so that there are no extra files(models, sounds, configs, etc.) that would interfere with the game. Especially if you have a light fixer installed.

1) Open STEAM> "Library"> right-click on CS: GO and select "Delete";
2) Go to the folder where you have installed steam, by default it is located here: This computer> Hard drive "C"> Program Files> Steam> Steamapps> Common and delete the folder from the CS: GO.

Now we need to restart the computer and reinstall the CS: GO.

After rebooting, go to STEAM> Settings> Friends tab and uncheck all notifications as shown in the screenshot.
This will reduce the load on the FPS for in-game notifications.

We set the video settings in the CS: GO itself

  1. Go to CS: GO;
  2. Settings> Video Settings;
  3. We set additional settings video:
    - Overall quality of shadows: Very low;
    - Detail of models and textures: Low;
    - Effects detail: low;
    - Shader detail: low;
    - Multi-core processing: INCLUDED;
    - Anti-aliasing mode for multiple sampling: No;
    - Texture filtering mode: Biley;
    - Anti-aliasing with FXAA: Off;
    - Vertical sync: Off;
    - Motion Blur: Off

CONSOLE COMMANDS FOR FPS IN CS GO

These commands must be written in cs go, before setting them, we write the command "sv_cheat 1"
1. r_cleardecals - clears the map from: traces of bullets and stains, blood;
We recommend to bind to the left mouse button: bind mouse1 "+ attack; r_cleardecals"
2. cl_detail_avoid_radius 0 - Debris visibility radius;
3. r_dynamic 0 - disables dynamic display;
4. cl_detail_max_sway - turns off garbage and sprites;
5. muzzleflash_light 0 - turns off the ability to display flash drives from the walls.
(!) I honestly don't know if these commands are prohibited, so we use them at our own peril and risk.

HOW TO SEE FPS in CS GO

Very often players on the Internet enter such requests: how to enable fps, how to show fps, which fps in cs go, how to set fps, how to make it show fps, how to check fps, how to watch fps, how to find out how many fps, which command shows fps , the command to see the fps, how to enable the fps indicator, and so on.

Good day.

The image quality of the game, its smoothness, dynamism, etc., directly depends on the FPS indicator. The higher it is, the better ...

But as a rule, most users are faced with the fact that their FPS is low and it is very uncomfortable to spend time in the game. Actually, in this article I will try to help with solving this popular problem. (Is it a joke to say how 15 years ago he himself fought for every "drop" of FPS 3 ÷ 4, using drivers from "local" craftsmen, an old OS, and other tricks. Gamer) .

By the way, I note right away that the problem applies not only to weak old PCs, it is not uncommon for FPS to drop on fairly new and productive computers.

And so, more to the point ...

Determine the bottleneck, upgrade

Undoubtedly, one of the best and most "powerful" ways to increase FPS in games is by upgrading. buying new hardware (for example, replacing a video card with a newer productive model). But, as I think, this is a fairly obvious way and I will not consider it in detail in the article.

Although, I can not help but note one detail: before buying new video card, of course, you should evaluate the cause of the brakes - perhaps it is not the video card that is to blame, but for example, the presence of problems with hard disk... For this, it is convenient to use the utility FPS monitor, which is able to show the load on the video card, processor, RAM, disk in real time, so that you can see the "bottleneck" of your PC. Those. correctly determine the reason why the game slows down in order to correctly draw a conclusion.

Optimizing video card drivers

Immediately, I want to say the following here: the FPS indicator can be strongly influenced not only by the settings of the video drivers, but even by their version. The fact is that it is not so rare that new driver versions (for a new Windows versions) come out unfinished. Therefore, in many cases, before drawing final conclusions, I recommend trying several different versions drivers (both old and new) !

And one more tip: do not try to immediately switch to new version Windows OS, at least as soon as it came out.

In general, I have already written several articles on my blog devoted to configuring and updating drivers. Therefore, in order not to repeat myself, I will give here a link to one of them (see below).

Utilities that will find and update drivers automatically -

Configuring video drivers to improve performance:

I would like to note that in the above articles, an increase in the performance of video cards is achieved due to their "point" setting: disabling some of the effects, filters, a slight decrease in image quality (which is often invisible to the "eye" at all!) etc.

For Intel processors: checking if Turbo Boost is enabled

If you have a modern processor Intel Core i5, i7 (8th generation i3) - check if you have Turbo Boost * enabled.

What is Turbo Boost:

this is special. Intel technology which automatically increases clock frequency processor under high load. In fact, this is a real "smart self-overclocking" of the processor.

Setting up the graphics in the game

A very strong value on the number of issued FPS is influenced by the graphics settings of the game itself. The higher the user's requirements for graphics quality, the less FPS you will see ...

Almost every game has video settings. Particular attention should be paid in them to such moments as resolution, screen and effects (perhaps this is the main thing that most loads your system).

Effects

Effects such as shaking and splashing water, dust on the road, wind, shadow effect, etc. have a very big impact on the picture and its realism. All these effects create a heavy load on the video card, and if it is not particularly productive, then it takes longer to process them, which means that the number of FPS will be less. By disabling these effects (or reducing the requirements for them), you can significantly increase the FPS (although the picture in the game will become worse).

Setting the effects in the game WOW (Low - the effects are set to minimum)

Resolution and vertical sync

It can have a strong impact on performance. It can be changed in almost all games: with brakes, I recommend trying a lower resolution, it is quite possible that the picture quality will remain acceptable, and the smoothness and dynamics of the game (FPS) will increase significantly.

ADDITION!

If you have an IntelHD graphics card, then the Intel website has a special section dedicated to optimal settings games. Those. the developers themselves show how best to customize this or that game (very useful).

Learn more about the settings for the IntelHD video card -

Reducing the number of running applications. Checking disk load

When the brakes appear in games, including when the FPS decreases, it will not be superfluous to see what is "going on" in task manager : is there a process that significantly loads the system (in addition to the game itself). For example, there is often a load on the CPU, RAM, HDD (which sometimes starts to crackle at 100% load) .

For example, very often many users have a dozen tabs open in their browsers (which can significantly load the CPU and RAM), Skype is on (during conversations, the program loads the PC, sometimes quite significantly), pay attention also to torrents (they can load the CPU and hard disk), etc.

Note!

To enter the task manager, press - Ctrl + Shift + Esc simultaneously.

In the task manager, sort the programs by CPU load (then by memory load, disk load), and see if there is anything superfluous there. For example, I have CPU-intensive torrents running - it is recommended to close them before starting the game.

In general, the topic of loading is quite extensive, I recommend that you read the article, the link to which is presented below.

Why does the processor slow down, although it seems to be not loaded with anything? -

We clean Windows from junk files, optimize the system

As you work in Windows, whether you like it or not, it accumulates a large number of "junk" files and records: temporary files, old files from remote programs, erroneous entries in the registry, a bunch of programs at startup (i.e. they start when the computer is turned on), browser cache, etc.

Over time, all this begins to affect the performance of the computer (including the FPS). For example, on a clean optimized OS, the FPS rate can be 10-15% higher than on a "packed" to the eyeballs with all sorts of "decorations": gadgets, add-ons, side menus, etc.

Delete everything first unnecessary programs, clear startup. This utility will help all this (the article describes how to work with it) -

By the way, I can't help but note that a special appeared in Windows 10. Game Mode (Windows developers are trying to make the system as convenient as possible for game lovers). I recommend to go to Windows options and check (configure) this mode.

We reduce the temperature: we clean the dust, we use "tricky" methods to prevent overheating

One of the main enemies of computer hardware is dust (besides the user himself). In just a few months, it can completely clog the radiator, as a result of which it will stop dissipating heat and the temperature in the device will begin to rise (and as a result, you will begin to notice slowdowns).

How to find out the specifications of your computer (including the temperature of the main components: video cards, hard disk, processor, etc.) -

How to clean your computer from dust:

  • first turn it off, disconnect it from the network, disconnect all wires and plugs going to the system unit;
  • then open the case;
  • then you can use a conventional reverse vacuum cleaner (many home vacuum cleaners have such a mode) and blow out the dust;
  • if there is no vacuum cleaner (or there is no such mode in it) - you can buy cans of compressed air and blow out the dust with them (you can find it in computer stores);
  • radiators can be cleaned with ordinary brushes, gently brushing off the remaining dust between the grilles.

Advice. In hot summer weather, when the temperature outside the window rises significantly, I can advise the following: open the side cover system unit, and put the most ordinary fan in front of it. Thus, the temperature will drop significantly.

About laptops

Laptops are a little more complicated. It is also possible to blow out dust, but it is quite difficult to disassemble them (especially for a novice user). I recommend giving them for cleaning 1-2 times a year. It is not very expensive in services.

Regarding the high temperature: special stands are sold for laptops that can reduce the temperature by 5-10 ° C (degrees Celsius).

Checking the work of antiviruses [limiting them]

Both viruses and antiviruses can significantly affect the performance of your computer, and not only in games. In general, for many people on this issue, it is essential to go to extremes ...

One extreme: an antivirus is not needed at all, and all programs (from different sources) are launched without any verification. As a result, many people grab a banner on the desktop floor, open tabs, delete files or face the loss of personal information, etc. Then they spend a lot of time on treatment, removal viral infection(much more time than you would have spent on installing and configuring one antivirus).

The other extreme: so afraid of viruses that they install several security programs, check each file with 2-3 antiviruses, constantly test something there, etc. In my opinion, for most users, it is enough to have one normal antivirus on your PC (which is regularly updated) and from time to time do backups important documents, data on other media.

Advice! Ways to install 2 antivirus software on a PC -

How to find and remove viruses that a regular antivirus cannot see -

Top 10 free antivirus for home -

And then, before starting the game, turn off all antivirus software, and compare - whether the performance of the game improved with the antivirus turned on and off. Very often the results are amazing!

By the way, many modern antiviruses have a special Game Mode .

For those who have discrete and integrated video cards

If you have two video cards (integrated and discrete), then you may encounter one "interesting" feature. The fact is that while you are working in Windows, the integrated video card (or it is also called integrated) is usually involved. When starting games, discrete should be launched, but this does not always happen. As a result, the integrated card "does not cope", the FPS is low (the game starts to slow down).

The screenshot below shows the difference in the number of FPS in the WOW game when playing on integrated (left) and discrete (right) video cards. By the way, the game runs on the same laptop.

FPS difference between discrete and integrated graphics

If you are in doubt about how many graphics cards you have, open device Manager (to open it: press the combination Win + R, enter the command devmgmt.msc) ... Next, open the "Video adapters" tab. For example, a variant with 2 video cards is presented below: IntelHD 5500, Nvidia GeForce 920M.

There can be quite a few reasons why the game does not start on a discrete card. In order not to repeat myself here, I will give a link to one of my articles. (it will help to force the launch of the game on a discrete video card) :

Add-ons are, as always, welcome ...

Good luck and high FPS!

Almost all users personal computer, who at least once in their lives played a beautiful and high-quality game on a computer, thought about how to increase the FPS in games.

Here we mean the very parameter that is responsible for performance.

The higher the FPS, the faster the frames in the game will change. Accordingly, the game will not freeze or run slowly.

In some cases, this parameter is so low that the user simply will not be able to play normally.

But there are several workable methods that really help increase FPS in games.

Graphics card settings

Since it is the video card that is responsible for the image that the gamer sees during the game, it is quite logical that this particular part of the computer needs to be configured in order to increase the FPS.

Depending on what kind of video card you are using - or, the setup process will be different, as well as the parameters that you should pay attention to.

To customize NVIDIA graphics card, you need to do the following:

1. On the desktop, right-click anywhere on the screen and select the item NVIDIA Control Panel.

Rice. 1. Item NVIDIA settings on the desktop

2. On the left panel, click on the label "Manage 3D Settings"... But then the setup itself begins. It involves the following actions:

  • turn off triple buffering;
  • set the "highest performance" parameter next to texture filtering;
  • put the option "No" next to scalable textures;
  • disable extension limitation;
  • turn off anti-aliasing;
  • enable texture filtering (also called anisotropic optimization);
  • enable negative deviation of the UD;
  • turn off anisotropic filtering;
  • turn off V-Sync (so it can be called vertical sync);
  • enable 3-line optimization.

Rice. 2. NVIDIA settings window

Rice. 8. The process of starting the driver update

Virus check

In many cases, viral and spyware prevent the system from running quickly. Because of this, the FPS is also significantly reduced.

To do this, you can use the antivirus that is already installed on your device. In addition, you can take one of the special programs designed to remove viruses.

2. By default, the user will be on the "Cleanup" tab (this is on the left panel). Nothing needs to be changed yet. Click on the "Analysis" button, and then "Cleanup". This process is quite long, but effective.

Rice. 11. CCleaner program window

3. Then the same should be done with the registry. To do this, go to the appropriate tab on the panel on the left.

You need to increase FPS mainly in games. This concept is often confused so that it is called "reduce FPS". In fact, you just need to increase this indicator.
Why exactly increase? This comes from the very concept of FPS, namely, this is the number of frames per second. Accordingly, the more frames per second will be displayed to you, the smoother the game (and the picture as a whole) will be.
The increase in FPS is similar to what is described in the article. Ping also affects the speed of displaying a picture, but the speed of the Internet is more "involved" in it, and the performance of the computer and the system as a whole is in FPS, but now more about all this ...

1) Updating components.

The most effective and one hundred percent method. It is similar to how to change the provider or tariff to increase the speed of the Internet, which will give a lower ping.
But to reduce the FPS, you will need to change the processor and at least.
Accordingly, the newer and more powerful these components are, the more FPS will be.
It's also a good idea to replace it with a higher refresh rate. it also affects the FPS rate.
But not everyone wants to change components for this, so let's move on.

2) Updating drivers.

As with ping, the newer, the better the system feels and unleashes its potential. This increases productivity.
You need to focus on the video card.

3) Configure the video card.

The site has an article that describes how these video cards need to be configured. Just try to adjust so that the picture quality is worse.
The simple truth is that the more FPS, the worse the picture quality. True, if the hardware is powerful and copes, then the "picture" will not have to be sacrificed.

4) Customize the game.

In the settings of the game you are playing, there are display and graphics options. Somewhere there are more of them and expanded, but somewhere even a couple of points. However, you need to adjust the game so that the picture is worse. As mentioned above, you need to sacrifice the quality of the picture in order to play without "lags" and "brakes".
I advise you to pay attention to the parameters with the resolution and make it smaller. Although it will turn out that everything in the game will become "squares" and the same type, but you will also notice that the speed of the game has increased.

5) Configure Windows.

Tuning comes down to reducing the load on system performance.
The first step is to disconnect and close unnecessary applications... For example, everything else.
After all, the more programs are open, the more resources are allocated to them and less is left for a game in which you have a low FPS.

You can also go to Start -> Control Panel -> System (or RMB on "My Computer" -> Properties) and in Additional parameters Speed install Best Fast Action.

By doing this, you will remove everything visual effects systems. The view will turn out to be very ancient, but the OS will not waste resources on them.

You can also try to disable some services, but this rarely helps.

You can also disable antivirus and firewall.

In general, make it as best as possible so that the system spends resources only on the game.

You can use overclocking (if the processor and video card allows), just be careful.

This is how, in principle, you can easily increase the FPS in games. If you have your own ways to increase the FPS, then write in the comments.