The program for separating HDD. Programs for working with a hard disk (HDD) and solid-state drive (SSD): Testing, breakdown to sections, formatting, cleaning. Free programs for all

Often to work with the hard drive is not enough standard tools offered by the system. And therefore you have to resort to more effective solutions to get detailed information About HDD and its sections. The decisions under consideration in this article will allow you to familiarize yourself with the operations applied to the drive and its volumes.

Due to its tools, Aomei Partition Assistant is one of best programs of a kind. Wide functionality will allow to carry out the effective setting of volumes hard disk. In addition, the program makes it possible to check the specific section for errors. One of interesting features - This is the transfer of the OS with all installed on another hard disk or SSD.

Supports and writing a file image to a USB device. The interface is endowed with a pleasant graphic shell. Despite a large number useful featuresThe program is available for free use, which makes it even more sought after. At the same time, it is possible to download a Russian-language version.

Minitool Partition Wizard.

This software has a powerful functionality that allows you to merge, divide, copy sections, and a number of functions. Minitool Partition Wizard is absolutely free and available only for non-commercial use. The program provides the ability to change the disk label, and when creating a partition - the cluster size.

The surface test operation allows you to detect the inoperable sectors on the HDD. The ability to carry out conversion is limited only to two formats: FAT and NTFS. All tools for working with volumes of the disk are posted very in a convenient way, Therefore, even an inexperienced user is not confused.

Easeus Partition Master.

A program that opens many possibilities when working with a hard drive. Among the main: cloning of the disk and import OS with HDD on SSD or vice versa. Partition Master allows you to copy the entire partition - this function is suitable for the need to create a backup of one partition to another.

The program has a convenient interface in which all operations are in the left block - it allows you to quickly find the desired function. The feature of Easeus Partition Master is that with its help you can hide a specific volume by removing letters on it. Creating a loading OS is another interesting and useful tool.

Eassos PartitionGuru.

Ease of work with EASSOS PartitionGuru is achieved primarily due to simple decoration. All tools are located on the top panel. Distinctive trait lies in the ability to build a virtual RAID Massive. To do this, from the user only you need to connect drives to PCs, of which the program itself will construct RAID.

The existing sectors editor allows you to search for the desired sectors, and hexadecimal values \u200b\u200bare displayed in the right block of the panel. Unfortunately, software comes in the English-language trial version.

Macrorit Disk Partition Expert

A nice interface displays the functionality that is divided into sections. The program makes it possible to scan PC for availability. bied sectorsMoreover, you can configure the scanned disk space. The conversion of NTFS and FAT formats is available.

Macrorit Disk Partition Expert can be used for free, but only in the English version. By suitable for people who need to hold fast setup hard disk, but for more efficient work It is recommended to take advantage of the analogues.

Wondershare Disk Manager.

Program for implementation different operations With a hard disk, allowing you to retrieve the data. Compared to another similar software, Macrorit Disk Partition Expert allows you to carry out a deep scan of sections for lost information.

Perform trimming operations and rolling hard disk volumes without loss of files stored on it. Other tools will allow you to hide the section if necessary or make conversion file System.

Acronis Disk Director.

Acronis Disk Director is one of the most powerful programs with a set of features and operations to manage the hard disk sections and not only. Thanks to the possibilities of this software from Acronis, users can restore lost or remote data. Among other things, it is possible to draw volume defragmentation, as well as check it for errors of the file system.

The application of the mirror technology allows you to save a backup of the section selected by the user. Acronis Disk Director proposes to use the disk editor, which makes it possible to find a lost cluster, taking into account that the implementation of this operation displays hexadecimal values. The program can be safely used to carry out the most efficient work with HDD.

Partition Magic.

A program that allows you to conduct basic hard disk operations. The interface is largely reminded standard application Windows Explorer. At the same time, among the tools located in the graphic shell, it is easy to find the necessary. The preferred feature of Partition Magic is that it allows you to choose a few active sections, each of which has its own separate OS.

You can also use the services of converting file systems, two are supported among them: NTFS and FAT. Without data loss, you can change the size of the volume and combine sections.

Paragon Partition Manager

Paragon Partition Manager pleases users with an interesting set of functions and goals of their use. One of them is an image connection. virtual disk. Among them are supported by images - images VirtualBox, VMware and other virtual machines.

A function that allows you to convert HFS + file system formats to NTFS and vice versa. Other operations are basic sections: trimming and expansion. A large number of settings provided by the program will allow you to set up all the functionality to your liking.

Considered software solutions They have a unique potential, each in its kind. The powerful toolkit of the developed software makes it possible to save disk space and extend the working capacity of the hard disk. And the HDD check function for errors allows preventing critical errors in the drive.

Programs for hard disks In Russian collected in this heading. All programs can be downloaded for free with activation keys.

RusLive by Nikzzzz is an updated and more advanced version of the software multisage disc, which was created by a very well-known domestic developer. This collection can be used as a loading flash drive, when creating a disk image on the drive, and move the entire required software there. Here, users are presented a huge collection of software, but most of all deserves exactly a few varieties. operating system Windows. Each of them has its own definite system, or a bit: 32 or 64-x ...

UltradeFrag - This program is a powerful, reliable and convenient disk defragmentation tool. Moreover, it can be processed here not only hard drives entirely, both in the standard system of the device, but also portable media, and even separate files. Components of any type and volume can be used for these purposes. Unlike standard fashion Defragmentation, using the functions of the operating system, the program will make its work much faster and more efficient. Also here ...

With this simple development, you can not only get a lot of information you are interested in on the existing system, but also in particular, learn the current state of the hard disk, which is equally important. Now it is worth being a unique and special person who will apply many of his incredible character traits and will try to be a more wonderful and special member of society, who wanted to admire and actively go to his goal, no matter how easy it was on the chosen path. Download…

Hard Disk Sentinel - softwarewhich is created for monitoring and testing the hard disk. The main purpose of this program is diagnosed, searching and eliminating various disk problems. Users have the opportunity to watch reports on the current state of the hard disk, its condition, temperature and other characteristics. Russian version Hard Disk Sentinel allows you to use functionality programs without restrictions. On our website, users can absolutely download Hard Disk Sentinel activation keys. After…

Many users often encounter the problem of the so-called "braking" computer. Diagnose malfunctions independently turns far from everyone, but spend every time on service centres, to put it mildly, assigned. In order to avoid running cases, it is sometimes enough just to optimize your computer. You can optimize the computer absolutely calmly at home with a simple and convenient program. Advanced Systemcare.. One of the advantages is that basic version This program is provided free of charge. License key Allows ...

Veracrypt - Progressive Software for the formation of secure encrypted information storage on a computer on which secret and private data can be saved completely safely. This utility You can download for free in Russian on this site. The product allows you to form simple encrypted storages, perform the encoding of non-system media (removable discs, flash cards) or encrypt system disks or parts of them. You should, you can protect your secret data from unauthorized access and avoid viral threats or theft ...

Victoria HDD. - This is a program developed in Belarus by Programmer Sergey Kazan. Designed for integrated monitoring of all sorts of flaws and malfunctions of the hard disk of the computer, S.M.R.T. subtro. Data and other important information. Download the program in Russian can be quickly on this site. The program is not updated for a long time, but it does not yet affect its popularity. It is possible to apply it for the Windows X64 operating system (64 BIT), for example, Windows 10 and Windows 7. Free Download Victoria ...

IPerius Backup is a very useful and multifunctional software that is necessary to create backups Files, folders, or even a whole operating system. Due to this, users will be able to keep important system componentsOr avoid very serious and even critical problems that may occur during computer breakdowns. If we talk simple wordsthen this program will allow you to save everything required files in the cloud or on another hard disk or external accumulator. Therefore…

The hard disk in the computer and the disk icon in the My Computer window are different concepts. For example, one hard disk can be installed on the computer, while there may be several of them in the "My Computer". The reason for such a strange inconsistency is that the hard disk can be divided into the so-called sections. This is called the logical marking of the disc.

I will tell you why you need such a markup, how to do it correctly (and whether it is necessary to do at all), as well as I will tell you about free programs for such a small procedure.

Why do you need to divide the hard disk to the sections

Reasons to divide the hard disk to sections several:

The hard disk sections are primarily needed for competent storage of information. For example, some users prefer the following division: operating system and software on one disk (usually it is C.), Documents - on the second ( D.), archive photos on the third ( E.) etc. In this case, the hard disk may well be one.
If you have a hard drive, but you want to have two or more operating systems, you have to share a hard disk to sections, since Windows and other operating systems can only be installed on different sections or hard drives.
Manufacturers of laptops (and some computers of eminent manufacturers, such as Acer) have their reason to divide the hard disk sections: on a section that is visible as a disk C, installed Windows, the second ( D.) is absolutely empty, and the third one (which is not visible in the "My Computer" window) keeps a compressed copy of the section C.. This hidden section Hard disk called section of recovery. If something happened to the operating system ("Windows flew" - as some users like to say), then when you turn on the laptop, it is enough to press the keyboard shortcut (what - see the instructions for the laptop) and the special program will cleanse the disk C., Then unpacks the contents of the hidden partition there. As a result, the user will receive a laptop with programs that were on it initially at the time of purchase in the store. Disk D. In this case, it will not be changed. It suggests the conclusion: if on a laptop with such a recovery system all documents to store not on disk C, but only on D.can be restored at any time damaged Windows New, while not losing important data for yourself. By the way, such a recovery system can make any advanced user, but I will tell you about it somehow else.
Windows 7 and Windows 8 operating systems when installing on a clean, "unrequited" hard disk create a hidden section of 100-350 megabytes. This small section stores a bootloader designed, oddly enough to download Windows. It will not be this partition or its contents will be damaged - and the computer will not start the operating system by issuing an inscription on the black screen "Boot Fail", "CANNOT FIND BOOT DEVICE", "BOOT ERROR", or similar, the meaning of which one - not found boot disk with the operating system. Actually, the bootloader can be stored on the disk C:, and / or in the hidden hard disk sectors (outside of sections), but the developers decided to use a separate hidden section in Windows 7/8 to save them to secure the loader from damage by other programs, viruses or user.
There are other reasons for the separation of a hard disk to sections. For example, for the correct operation of the GNU / Linux operating systems, several sections should be created, but this is the subject of a separate article, we will not consider them here.

So, the main reasons for separating the hard disk to sections:for convenience of storing information, to install multiple operating systems, for the restoration system, for storage windows bootloader 7/8.

A bit of theory: file systems, sections

Section information (i.e. logical disks) is stored in the "Table of Sections". Each logical disk can have its own file system. You can read more about all this in Wikipedia Articles: disc partition, logic disk, file system. The novice user is enough to know the minimum:

If you share a hard disk on logic disks (sections), disk capacity will not increase - Free place to take just nowhere! You can make partitions of any size, but in sum they cannot be larger than the volume of the real hard disk. Here is less - please. Then you get an unblocked free space that is not visible in "My Computer", from which you can get one or more new sections. This question I often get from newbies, so place in the first place.
Exist primary (basic) and extended (Additional) Sections. On a single hard disk there can be no more than four main sections (why so - according to the links above), so invented an extended section - this is a primary partition that may include any sections. As a result, thanks to the extended partition, on the hard disk can be any sections - dozens, hundreds.
Each section can have its own file system. IN this moment for windows installations Vista, 7 and 8 can only be used NTFS, and the outdated Windows XP can be installed on the disks with the FAT32 file system. However, I do not recommend that you do, because at the same time too many restrictions. Make all sections in NTFS - everything will work as it should.
Any hard drive must be posted one way or another. In one or more logical disks - to solve you. When buying a hard disk is usually already marked in one section - I solved the manufacturer. If you are satisfied with this way of organizing information - do not touch.
In the laptops to make disc marking very undesirable - most of them have hidden recovery sections that may be damaged (see paragraph 3 of the previous chapter).
If you bought a hard disk with a volume of 2 terabytes, and in "My Computer" - "just" 1,86 terabytes (1860 gigabytes), then do not rush to run back to the store. The thing is, according to the volume of manufacturers and Windows. More about this is written in the article Hard Disk Wikipedia. The larger the size of the hard disk - the more clearly it can be seen that real gigabytes are less.
Sections can be delete, create, shift (change their physical position on the disk), change their size, format, convert File systems on sections from one to another. Moreover, many programs can do it with the preservation of all data. There are other operations, but novice users most often needed above.
In case of error in the process of changing sections (see paragraph 7) information is almost always lost. Yes, it will be possible to restore (or part it) with special programs with the participation of specialists, but best to save all in advance important information on other discs (not logical, and real disks) or flash drives not to pay money for data recovery.

Enabled "Disk Management" in Windows

Windows has standard remedy Changes in sections - " Disk management". Depending on the windows versionThe possibilities of this program are changing a little, but in general over the past years (if we talk about Windows Vista, 7, 8) serious changes. Windows XP in this plan looks more modest - except for formatting and changing the letter of the disk, there can be little there.

As an example, I will take Disk management»Windows 7. You can open this program in several ways:

Simplest - Press right-click On line A computer on the menu Start - Select item Control - In a new window, choose Disk management.
Open Control Panel - Administration - Computer Management - Disk management.
Press Start - Perform (or Keyboard keyword + R) - We enter in the window that opens diskmgmt.msc. - Press OK.

Disk managementlooks like that:

Here are visible both physical disks (including DVD drives, flash drives and other devices for storing information) and logical, i.e. Virtual - Hidden section of Windows 7 bootloader, discs C. and D.. On your computer, the number of disks may be different.

The main actions are available by pressing the right mouse button on the desired section:

The list of actions is quite meager:

Points Open, Conductor allow you to see the contents of the disks
Make a section active - Specify on which disk (section) is the bootloader. In windows 7 and 8 is reserved system section. Making an active other section cannot be done - the operating system will stop loading.
Change the letter of the disk or the path to the disk - You can change the letter disk displayed in the "Computer" window or display it as a folder. Yes, sections can be displayed not only as discs, but also as folders on any disk.
Format - You can read about this in the article formatting Wikipedia. The item opens a window with which you can run high-level formatting.
Extend - If there is a place on the hard disk, not labeled as a partition, then you can expand the size of the section due to this free space.
Say - This item allows you to reduce the size of the section. The result will be the formation of an unbalanced space that you can put into the case - to expand the volume of another partition (see the previous item).
Remove Tom - Delete partition. Do not click on the item without thoroughly thinking about the consequences. If you delete the section, the information on it will be able to save only with special programsYes, and it is not always.
Properties - The properties window will open with the information about the selected disk (section).

Of course, this is not a complete list of possibilities. Disk management. You can create dynamic disks, for example. However, novice users are for nothing, this article is designed for them.

So to create, delete, change the size of the partitions through Disk managementYou need only three menu item: Expand the volume, squeeze the volume, remove volume.

All operations occur in real time, i.e. After pressing the right point and the affirmative answer to the question - whether we want to do this - there are actual action.

Do not forget that there is a risk of failure, because of which we can lose both one section, and that's it. This applies primarily to computers with large quantities. unnecessary programs - Each of them can be a culprit of deleting all data. And the script when you need to change the section from which Windows is running (usually this disk C.) is the worst - most often the problems of users arise exactly when trying to change system section.

To minimize the risk of failure, There are three methods:

Insert a hard drive to another computer and change the sections from it, running Disk management or any other program to change partitions. Due to the fact that Windows will be launched from another disk, no programs will climb on a foreign disk, interfering with a responsible operation.
Boot with a Live CD disk - the operating system and programs will be launched not from the hard disk, but from CD or DVD, flash drives - again nothing will interfere with changing sections.
Use a program that can work in Native mode to change partitions. For example, check disc C. It always works in this mode - a black window with white text before booting the desktop. In this mode, the minimum of programs is launched, the risk of failure is minimal.

The third option is the easiest, because the user is essentially not necessary to do anything - just restart the computer and wait a few minutes. This is able to two next review programs.

Free for home use program to change the partitions of the hard disk.

By clicking on the section (no matter - on the list at the top, on the bottom of the bottom), you can see the menu (both pop-up and on the left side) with all sought-after actions:

Resize / Move Partition - change the size of the partition and / or move its physical position on the disk. By the way, on the official website it is written that the Easeus Partition Master version of the HOME (free) does not support the change in sections. It is not so - everything works fine.

Copy Partition - Copy the section on another disc with all information available on it.

Merge Partitions. - Merge two or more sections. Conveniently, if you need to save information on the hard disk, but reduce the number of sections. Convert to Logical / Primary - Conversion to logical (advanced) / main (primary) section.

Change Label - Change the label of the disk.

CHANGE DRIVE LETTER - change the letter of the disk.

Defragment. - Start standard program Windows for disk defragmentation.

Check Partition - Checking the disk on errors using again standard windows programs.

Hide Partition. - Make it so that the partition is not visible in the "Computer" window.

Delete Partition. - Deleting a partition.

Format Partition. - Formatting section.

WIPE PARTITION. - Clearing the contents of the section. All folders and files will be deleted, the partition will remain. Information removed in this way will not be able to restore.

Explore Partition - View the contents of the section.

View Properties.- See how much space on the section is occupied, what is his file system and find out other technical information.

The list of action varies depending on where to press. In the screenshot, I clicked on a non-system section. By clicking on the system partition (where Windows is running), there will be no removal, hide, cleaning items. If you click on the icon physical diskThe list of action will be completely different:

I will list items:

Copy Disk. - Copies the contents of the entire disk: sections, information in them. This requires a second disk of the same or more.

Upgrade Disk. - the function first is needed for windows transfer On the new hard drive of a larger volume. Copying and increasing the size of the section is proportional to the size of the new hard disk.

Delete All Partitions - Delete all sections.

WIPE DISK. - The same as the previous item, only with special removal algorithms, thanks to which it will be impossible to restore information.

Surface Test - checking the surface of the disk (physical). Allows you to detect bad sectors (the so-called "Bads", "Bad blocks").

View Properties. - Disconnect information.

Yes, knowledge of English is clearly required, especially if you consider that almost every item calls the window with the settings of the action performed. After you produce the necessary manipulations, you need to apply changes to the button by pressing the button. Apply(Apply):

Only then will begin changing sections. This process may take some time - from the pair of minutes to several hours.

Depending on whether the system section is addressed or not, the operations are carried out either immediately in the window, or you will need to restart the computer and start changing the section in Native mode:

The program has a lot of functions, everything is not listed. I recommend to get acquainted with the help of Easeus Partition Master. She is on english languageUnfortunately, it is possible to use the Google translator. Translation turns out quite understandable.

Pluses Easeus Partition Master Home Edition:

Very functions.
All Actions "Virtual" before pressing the Apply button. So, you can cancel the operations before this "point of non-return" and try to do something else with sections. Or not to do at all, if changed.
It works stably and predictably. For example, in the testing process during sections, I launched copying files to a section that should be changed. The result - a window appeared that it is not possible to block the section, all operations were interrupted, the data did not disappear anywhere.
The program is free for home use.

Cons Easeus Partition Master Home Edition:

Interface only in English.
Opportunities, perhaps, even too much - it can confuse newcomers.
Serious failure in the process of operation will lead to serious consequences.
For example, if you turn off the computer at the time of changing the partition, the data from the section will disappear. However, it is minus absolutely all programs to change sections.

Output:the program is good. You can use and need, there are no alternatives among free programs.

Paragon Partition Manager 11 Free

Free program for changing sections from a company based in Russia. Unfortunately, the English-language program. What made developers go for such a step - it is incomprehensible. Moreover, the paid version of the Russian-speaking program.

The main window of the program is no different from the window of the hero of the previous review, except that the buttons changed their order:

Separate mention deserves Express Mode.(Simplified mode). By clicking on this button, we will get a window with the list of the most frequent actions:

It would be possible to say that this is the ideal mode for beginners, if it were not for one "but": everything is in English. Moreover, I had a suspicion that English here is some kind of wrong, as if I did not translate a person, but a car.

Pros Paragon Partition Manager 11 FREE:

Many windows have a sufficiently visual appearance to understand the functions.
Some operations are carried out immediately in the program window, part (if required) in Native mode. That is, the program does everything to reduce the chance of data loss.
The program is free to use the house.

Cons Paragon Partition Manager 11 FREE:

English-speaking, and because of the strange construction of phrases is quite difficult perceived.
Simplified Express Mode mode works with accuracy to the opposite: first, the descriptions of operations and the operations themselves have more technical subtleties than required; Secondly, this mode is very capricious and really does not work, issuing meaningless errors.
The program works too slowly. For example, I have a removal of a 38 GB hard disk partition took about 5 minutes - long enough for such a simple operation.

Output:the program works, but somehow unpredictable. I do not recommend using this program, the good has an alternative in the form of Easeus Partition Master Home.

Changing sections during installation of Windows 7, 8, 10

This tool also deserves mention.

Take any installation disk With Windows Vista, Windows 7, 8 or 10, run the installation of the disk, we reach the selection of the partition and click Disc Setup:

It seems to be simple: you need to click on the section in the list, then the action button. Unfortunately, there are few actions here: delete, formatting, creating a partition and expansion.

You can, for example, delete the partition and by the released location to increase the size of another partition or partitions (choosing the desired partitions, you need to click the Delete and Extension buttons).

Alas, a very sought-after operation - a decrease in the size of the sections - there is no. You can delete the partition, then re-create a new one with a smaller partition, but, unfortunately, we will lose the data.

All operations occur in real time, i.e. After pressing the button, the action takes place.

Outcome:editing sections during Windows installation is an extremely primitive tool. Works, but performs only a limited list of actions, including the only one that saves data is an increase (expansion) of the size of the section. If you need to install Windows and it does not need to save data on sections, then the tool will be useful.

If suddenly you are inappropriately deleted the section while installing Windows or through any program, do not despair - the partition restore function is in Easeus Partition Master Home Edition.

In order to restore the remote partition of the hard disk, do not touch the sections, immediately boot into Windows (or insert the hard disk into another computer if you deleted the system partition and Windows loading is not possible), then run the aforementioned program, click on the list on the line with the word Unallocated. ("Unallocated"), then click Partition Recovery..

The rest, as they say, the case of the Technology - the Master of Action will tell you where to press where to put ticks, then restore your remote disk.

Tip # 2: Installing two or more Windows operating systems for one hard drive

All that is needed for this - several sections. If the hard disk already has a second section, which is visible in the window " A computer"- Ensure that there is a free space of at least 20 GB (more - better), then during Windows installation simply specify this second (third, fourth, etc.) disk. After installation, you can choose Windows using the menu that will appear while turning on the computer.

If you have one disk ( C.), I propose the easiest option: through Disk management First give the section FROM Team SqueezeBy reducing at least 20 gigabytes (and better - more, because except Windows you will install and programs):

Press the right button on the disk with ...

After pressing the button Squeeze Disc size C.reduced, not distributed (free) space appears in the sections map:

Indicate an unoccupied space. The section will create the installer itself.

After installation, you will have two operating systems. You can make more unoccupied spaces or empty disks, specify them for installation.

Thanks to the reader Vladimir, that raised this topic.

You could notice that on the screenshots of the disk management window, all sections are marked with a blue stripe. You can have sections with green stripes. What is the difference between blue and green partitions?

Green strip in disk management is a sign of an extended (additional) section. As I wrote above, there may be "nested" partitions inside, which from the user's point of view are no different from the main (primary). There are one feature in nested sections - if you decrease their size, then due to the free space that has appeared simply to expand the main partition. You must first compress more and the advanced section itself (which stores free space and the decreased partition) to form a free space outside of any partitions, only then you can expand the discs.

Standard disk management does not know how to work normally with advanced disks, so if you see green labels instead of blue, it is better to use free programs above - they will reduce the extended sections, move free space where it is necessary and expand the main disk.

For normal and stable operation of the operating system of any personal computer Or a laptop It is necessary to carry out the correct separation of the space on the rigid disk (run the HDD breakdown). Often buying a computer in the store, you may encounter the fact that all the Winches space is allocated only under one system disk (usually this system disk "C"). Such a setting for the distribution of HDD memory is not entirely correct. In addition, it can adversely affect the operation of the computer, because the threat of disappearance may be important documents and system files (Under such data it is recommended to use a separate section on a rigid disk).

Therefore, to avoid any trouble associated with incorrect memory use HDD computerIt is customary to split into several additional partitions (disks), one of which is usually assigned to the needs of the operating system. Nevertheless, it should be remembered that the process of separating the hard disk is a very responsible and scrupulous procedure. Before it starts, it is recommended to produce backup All important documents on a USB flash drive or other carrier of information, after which it is already moving directly to a change in the size of the disk space.

So in order to share hDDYou have to go through a few step-by-step procedures. First of all, you should select a disc partition that must be divided into subsections. After that, you must specify the size of the new partition you want to create with the type of file system. Passing all these items, you can run the HDD breakdown procedure itself. As a result of a successful execution of this operation, the program will display a list of completed changes. It is also worth noting that the majority modern programs To work with hard drives will help you not only make a breakdown of HDD, but also to merge, make deep formatting and other complex procedures.