Tire type ddr4 sdram. DDR4 vs. DDR3: Comparative Testing of RAM. Testbed configuration

The JEDEC Solid State Technology Association, formerly known as the Electron Devices Engineering Council (JEDEC), is an independent engineering organization, semiconductor trade, and standards body.
For over 50 years, JEDEC has been a global leader in the development of open standards and publications for the microelectronics industry.

JEDEC Standards Organization Solid State Technology Association presented the official final version of the standard specification random access memory Synchronous DDR4 (Double Data Rate 4).

Its introduction is to provide a new level of RAM performance, its reliability and power consumption reduction.

DDR4 memory includes whole line modern achievements, which will allow a new type of memory to be widely used in computer devices - from household appliances to servers and even more powerful computer systems.

The performance level per slot in DDR4 is set at 1.6 billion hops per second, with the potential to reach a maximum level of 3.2 billion / s in the future.
The minimum operating frequency of DDR4 memory is 2133 MHz to 4266 MHz, which is 1000 MHz higher than its predecessor (1333 MHz and 1666 MHz in the previous generation standard).

For 2133MHz memory (lowest frequency for DDR4 memory), the maximum throughput will be 2133 x 8 = 17,064 MB / s.
For memory with a frequency of 4266 MHz (the highest frequency defined in the standard), the maximum bandwidth will be 4266 x 8 = 34 128 MB / s.

Operating voltage lowered: 1.1V - 1.2V versus 1.5V in DDR3.
Assumed process technology - 32 and 36 nm.

The DDR4 architecture allows 8n prefetching of data per clock cycle (8n prefetch) with two or four selectable groups of memory blocks.
This allows devices to conduct independent activation, read, write and update operations through separate memory blocks.

All of the above features, as well as a number of smaller changes and innovations, have significantly improved the efficiency of DDR4 memory.

A DDR4 module has 284 pins, while standard DDR3 modules have only 240 pins.
The SO-DIMM version will have 256 pins, while the DDR3 SO-DIMMs have only 204 pins.

In the DDR4 specifications, for the first time, there was a description of working with memory in multichip packaging.
The standard allows a column (stack) of eight crystals.
Moreover, all crystals are "hung" on common signal lines.
This was done not because it is better this way (although it really simplifies the steps to expand the memory space), but for the reasons that, in general, the ideology of DDR4 memory operation is a point-to-point connection between modules and controllers.

There will be many channels, not two or four, so each of them needs to provide the highest possible performance without overloading the exchange mechanisms.
In the same vein, we must consider the possibility of independent simultaneous operation of two or four memory banks.
For each group of banks, all basic operations, such as reading, writing and regenerating, are architecturally allowed at the same time.

According to iSuppli's forecast, by 2014 the level of penetration into the DDR4 memory market will be 12%, by 2015 - 56%.
However, manufacturers may be quick to start implementing the new standard, prompted by the desire to raise prices for their products, which are now at extremely low levels.

Micron, for example, announced the development of the first fully functional module back in May and plans to begin mass production at the end of this year.
Samsung has already demonstrated 284-pin PC4-17000 memory (2133 MHz).
We just have to wait for their support from Intel and AMD.

Intel plans to start supporting DDR4 in early 2014 in high-performance 4-socket server systems on Haswell-EX processors, ordinary users will probably have to wait for 2015, since neither Haswell's 22 nm processors nor the 14 nm Broadwell following them provide DDR4 support.

DDR4 is just one of the first steps towards widespread adoption of next generation memory.

Applications for DDR4 memory include servers, laptops, desktops and consumer electronics.
Initially, DDR4 will appear in server systems and after that it will start mass production of such memory for consumer computers.

NVIDIA GeForce Experience has been updated to version 3.20.2

On December 23, 2019, NVIDIA updated NVIDIA GeForce Experience (GFE) for Windows to version 3.20.2.
The update fixes the dangerous vulnerability CVE-2019-5702.

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DDR3 vs DDR4. Who is cooler?

Good afternoon, dear readers. Many people have a question about which RAM to choose DDR3 or DDR4? What is the difference between them and what is better for gaming? Today we will sort out all these issues and touch on related issues on this topic. We, of course, already understood the issue, but today we will dwell on these two types of memory in more detail. Why? Because not everyone can easily make their choice. We will help!

As you know, DDR4 technology appeared on the market along with 6th generation processors from Intel, codenamed SkyLake(heavenly lake). Accordingly, it is advisable to use DDR4 only with new 6th and 7th generation processors (and above).

But with what generation processors will start supporting it is not yet known.

What is the difference between DDR3 and DDR4?

You probably know that RAM doesn't develop as fast as processors. A new generation of processors comes out almost every year, but DDR3 RAM has firmly occupied the market since the distant 2007. More precisely, it appeared in 2007, and in 2010 replaced DDR2. Now let's talk about the main differences between DDR4 memory and the previous generation.

Technically, of course, the new generation of RAM is more perfect (thanks cap = D). Firstly, energy consumption (and heat dissipation, respectively) is reduced. The DDR3 memory bar had a voltage of 1.5-2 Volts, while the DDR4 voltage was reduced to 1.05-1.2 Volts. Although this is more noticeable for servers than for domestic animals. Secondly, the frequency range has been increased. DDR3 worked at frequencies from 800MHz to 2933MHz, and DDR4 starts the range at a frequency of 2133 MHz and ends while at 4400MHz, but, apparently, this is not the limit. Judge for yourself how much more significant the difference in performance of such memory will be.

DDR3 - 800 to 2933MHz

DDR4 - 2133 to 4400MHz +

Can DDR3 be inserted into a DDR4 slot or vice versa?

Many people wonder about the compatibility of these two types of RAM. Well, what can be the compatibility between DDR3 and DDR4? What are you talking about? If you look closely at the shape of the RAM strips themselves, you will see that they are slightly different. Each generation of RAM (DDR, DDR2, DDR3 and DDR4) special is slightly different from the rest. The notch (key), which is located on the side with the contacts, is in a different place on each type of memory, thereby preventing attempts to insert the strip into the wrong slot.

Can DDR3 be inserted into DDR4 slot?

• You cannot insert a DDR3 RAM bar into the DDR4 slot!
• It is impossible to insert a DDR4 RAM bar into the DDR3 slot, respectively, too!

There is, however, one caveat. It happens that motherboard has separate slots for DDR3 and DDR4 memory. Let's say you decide to upgrade your computer. Remove DDR3 memory from your slots and insert DDR4 into OTHER slots, in those that are intended specifically for RAMDDR4... There is no other way!

If you suddenly realize that you do not have enough RAM on your computer, then read our advice on this subject in an article that will help physically and not only.

DDR3 or DDR4, which is better?

A trick question. It seems that everyone has already figured out that DDR4 is newer, faster and more economical, but here is the question. And yet, let's find out which is better?

And the catch is this! If we take, for example, DDR3 2400MHz and DDR4 2400MHz, then in this battle he will win ... .. will win ... guess who? ... DDR3! Why is this happening? In RAM, there is such a characteristic as latency timing. It looks something like this 9-9-9-24 or 9-10-10-24. In general, the lower this figure, the higher the speed of the RAM.

And it so happened that due to its architecture, DDR4 has higher timings than DDR3. That is why, at the same frequencies in the tests, DDR4 loses slightly to DDR3 memory. But as soon as you take DDR4 memory at 3200 or 4000 MHz, you will notice a huge difference in favor of DDR4!

Now think, which is better than DDR3 or DDR4? It all depends on many factors. For example, what frequency of RAM does yours support, does it have the potential for further.

Random access memory of different generations in games

Best RAM (from DDR3 and DDR4)

Let's take a look at several online stores and try to determine which RAM strips (sets) can claim the title " Better RAM"In the current 2018 year. We will consider the best representatives of the DDR3 and DDR4 types and give in the table the main parameters and the manufacturer. Watch and analyze.

DDR4

DDR3

Based on the data given in the tables, I will not say that the choice between two generations of RAM has become more obvious. Everything remained as implicit as it was. In DDR4, frequencies increased, but latency timings increased along with them. If it is not clear how the performance was calculated, then in the article about you can learn more about this calculation. Of course, this ratio is not perfect, but it is better than nothing.

DDR3 and DDR3L Compatibility and Interchangeability

In general, the only difference between DDR3 and DDR3L is that DDR3 operates at 1.5 Volts, while DDR3L operates at 1.35 Volts. That is, it is a little more economical. About compatibility and interchangeability, we can say the following - you can insert DDR3L into a DDR3 slot, everything will fit and will work. Also, in most cases, DDR3 and DDR3L will be able to work simultaneously, but not always. If you want to save money, then only at your own peril and risk.

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New generations of processors have stimulated the development of faster SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) with a clock frequency of 66 MHz, and memory modules with such microcircuits are called DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module).
For use with Athlon processors, and then with Pentium 4, the second generation of SDRAM chips was developed - DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM). DDR SDRAM technology allows data to be transmitted on both edges of each clock pulse, which provides the ability to double the memory bandwidth. With the further development of this technology in DDR2 SDRAM microcircuits, it was possible to transmit already 4 portions of data in one clock pulse. Moreover, it should be noted that the increase in performance occurs due to the optimization of the addressing process and read / write memory cells, but clock frequency the operation of the storage matrix does not change. So overall performance the computer does not increase by two or four times, but only by tens of percent. In fig. shows the frequency principles of operation of SDRAM microcircuits of various generations.

There are the following types of DIMMs:

• 72-pin SO-DIMM (Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module) - used for FPM DRAM (Fast Page Mode Dynamic Random Access Memory) and EDO DRAM (Extended Data Out Dynamic Random Access Memory)

• 100-pin DIMM - used for SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) printers

• 144-pin SO-DIMM - used for SDR SDRAM (Single Data Rate ...) in laptop computers

• 168-pin DIMM - used for SDR SDRAM (less often for FPM / EDO DRAM in workstations / servers

• 172-pin MicroDIMM - used for DDR SDRAM (Double date rate)

• 184-pin DIMM - used for DDR SDRAM

• 200-pin SO-DIMM - used for DDR SDRAM and DDR2 SDRAM

• 214-pin MicroDIMM - used for DDR2 SDRAM

• 204-pin SO-DIMM - used for DDR3 SDRAM

• 240-pin DIMM - used for DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM and FB-DIMM (Fully Buffered) DRAM

• 244-pin Mini-DIMM - for Mini Registered DIMM

• 256-pin SO-DIMM - used for DDR4 SDRAM

• 284-pin DIMM - used for DDR4 SDRAM

To prevent the installation of an unsuitable type of DIMM-module, several slots (keys) are made in the textolite board of the module among the contact pads, as well as on the right and left in the area of ​​the fixing elements of the module on motherboard... For mechanical identification of various DIMMs, a shift in the position of two keys in the textolite board of the module, located among the contact pads, is used. The main purpose of these keys is to prevent the installation of a DIMM with an unsuitable voltage supply for memory chips into the socket. In addition, the location of the key or keys determines the presence or absence of a data buffer, etc.

DDR modules are labeled PC. But unlike SDRAM, where PC indicated the operating frequency (for example, PC133 - the memory is designed to operate at 133MHz), the PC indicator in DDR modules indicates the maximum achievable bandwidth, measured in megabytes per second.

DDR2 SDRAM

DDR3 SDRAM

Peak values ​​are indicated in the tables; in practice, they may not be achievable.
For a comprehensive assessment of the capabilities of RAM, the term memory bandwidth is used. It takes into account the frequency at which data is transmitted and the width of the bus and the number of memory channels.

Bandwidth = Bus frequency x channel width x number of channels

For all DDRs - the number of channels = 2 and the width is 64 bits.
For example, when using DDR2-800 memory with a 400 MHz bus frequency, the bandwidth will be:

(400 MHz x 64 bit x 2) / 8 bit = 6400 MB / s

Each manufacturer gives each of its products or parts its internal production marking, called P / N (part number) - part number.
For memory modules different manufacturers it looks something like this:

• Kingston KVR800D2N6 / 1G
• OCZ OCZ2M8001G
• Corsair XMS2 CM2X1024-6400C5

On the site of many memory manufacturers, you can study how their Part Number is read.

This will of technology is rapidly advancing, giving way to more progressive, smaller and less resource-intensive standards for the production of processors, SSDs and RAM. Prices for previous product lines are falling rapidly, as they are no longer able to satisfy the ever-growing appetites of the user environment.

In the second half of 2014, a line of DDR4 RAM modules went into mass production. Till new technology gained enough popularity and a price cut took place, about two years have passed, and now these chips have become available for purchase at an optimal price and in an optimal configuration. In connection with this important event, we decided to prepare for you an overview of the new RAM standard and tell you what it is. DDR4 RAM how it differs from previous generations of RAM and how it stands out from its predecessors.

First, a few words about what RAM is in general. Let's imagine for a second that you are a middle-level manager in a company, and that you have a subordinate staff of one of the departments, consisting of several people. Your company has a corporate portal where all internal company news is published. You, along with everyone else, publish new tasks and requirements for your subordinates on this portal, and you do it regularly, every morning, while old tasks are deleted at the same time so that there is no confusion from a pile of tasks. Every morning, your colleagues open the corresponding page in the browser, and get acquainted with their tasks for the next day, while the requirements for the previous day have already been removed. RAM works in exactly the same way. In fact, this is a kind of information stack where the service work data is written. operating system... Each time the computer is turned off, the contents of the RAM are erased and refilled as new applications are launched. The amount of RAM can vary from about 1-2 GB to 16-32 GB for modern gaming systems requiring a large number system resources... There were times when the amount of RAM was even a few MB, but that's already history.

The first platform on which it became possible installation DDR4 chips, was the Intel Haswell-E line and, accordingly, the X99 Express platform, released in the third quarter of 2014. On its basis, a new flagship 8-core Core processor i7-5960X, and the first motherboard supporting it was ASUS X99-DELUXE. It is worth noting that the main feature of this technology is support for the new RAM standard - DDR4.

Now a little reference to historical facts. In fact, the development of DDR4 was started back in 2005 by the JEDEC association, but the first devices based on it did not go on sale until the spring of 2014. The JEDEC engineers were challenged to achieve a higher level of power and stability compared to DDR3. Moreover, the task was set to increase the energy efficiency of the next standard. However, we hear such promises in literally every announcement. So what progress have the engineers actually achieved?

Like earlier chip models, DDR4 managed to adopt the 2n-prefetch technology (JEDEC calls it 8n-Prefetch in their designs). Any new sample memory chip is capable of accommodating two or four discrete groups of banks.

To look at real example module, let's take a closer look at a DDR4 chip with a capacity of 8 gigabytes, equipped with a data bus with a 4-bit size. This fee accommodates 4 groups of banks with 4 banks in an individual group. Each bank contains 131,072 lines of 512 bytes each. To have something to compare with, let's take a closer look at the corresponding DDR3 module. Such a chip contains only 8 autonomous banks. Each bank contains 65536 lines, and each line contains 2048 bytes of memory. As you can see, the length of each of the DDR4 lines is four times shorter than the DDR3 line width. This means that DDR4 RAM performs memory bank revisions much faster than DDR3. Moreover, the memory banks themselves are switched much faster. It should be noted here that for each individual set of banks, a selection of various operations (recovery, retrieval, recording or activation) is provided, which makes it possible to increase the level of aperture and memory efficiency.

Performance

A significant innovation in the DDR4 standard is the use of an interface that uses a point-to-point topology, where the Multii-Drop bus is used in DDR3. What is it for? The internal structure of the Multi-Drop bus implies the operation of only a pair of channels connecting the modules with the RAM controller. When four DIMM ports are enabled at once, the controller establishes communication with each pair of RAM cards with the participation of only one single channel. This state of affairs in the most negative way affects the efficiency of the RAM subsystem.

In a point-to-point bus design, a discrete channel is provided for an individual DIMM slot, meaning that each individual module will be most directly connected to the controller without dividing this channel with no one else. We have already seen a similar innovative solution during the transition of video cards from the PCI standard to PCI Express. Of course, the presented approach has its own drawbacks. So, for example, 4-channel systems will be limited to four DIMM slots, and 2-channel systems will be limited to two. However, if we take into account the more significant capacity of the DDR4 modules, this does not in any way lead to a limitation of users. We will talk about this in more detail later.

Each of the DDR4 DIMM memory modules has 288 pins. The number of pins turned out to be increased in such a way that it was possible to address the largest possible amount of RAM. The largest volume of one RAM module is 128 GB (here we mean the use of crystals with a capacity of 8 GB and QPD technology, the purpose of which is to place four chips in a single package). The use of 16 GB crystals with a larger capacity, as well as a more capacious package (up to 8 crystals in a single package) is also quite probable. Under the indicated conditions, the capacity of one RAM module can be equal to 512 GB.

By the way, not only the capacity will be increased RAM modules but also their frequency. Within the DDR4 standard, the actual frequency can be 2133 MHz positions.

Energy efficiency

In order to reduce power consumption and heat dissipation, the DDR4 standard implies another lower active voltage. This time up to 1.2 V. In addition, the voltage indicator in the chip itself was increased, and this made it possible to guarantee faster access and, under the same conditions, minimize the leakage current. Based on theoretical considerations, the total power consumption of DDR4 will be 30% lower than that of DDR3. The resulting stock of manufacturing companies is most likely to be used to increase the frequency of RAM.

Reliability

The remaining changes are primarily related to the reliability of devices. For example, DDR4 memory chips are capable of their own efforts to detect, identify and fix errors that are related to the control of command and address parity. In addition, the DDR4 standard supports the connection check operation, which allows the main controller to identify errors without using the DRAM init chains. In addition, the memory register turned out to be polished. From now on, it is possible to configure it so that commands that contain parity errors are blocked. The register in the previous standard, DDR3, did not have such a function, and commands combining parity errors from time to time reached the RAM chips, which was one of the first reasons for PC malfunctions. In addition to the previously listed features, the new DDR4 memory includes a number of additional options that are aimed at improving the reliability of the memory subsystem. One of them is to check the control sums before writing to memory.

Nowadays, the choice of DDR4 RAM in any case becomes a win-win option. The chips are already widespread enough to be planning to buy. This is an excellent start in computer performance for the future, and given the constant decline in prices for small-volume modules, such chips are becoming a tidbit at all. For DDR4 chips, the price varies from 2400 rubles for one low-power 8 GB module with a frequency of 2133 MHz to 5900 rubles for a set of two chips of 8 GB each with a frequency of 2666 MHz. It is important to note that it is better to purchase two low-power modules than one super-efficient one, since a pair of modules of the same frequency with similar characteristics operate in parallel mode, which adds another 10-15% to the overall PC speed.

This concludes the review of the innovations that DDR4 RAM has brought to us. After examining many descriptions and technical characteristics the new standard, in theory, everything looks pretty promising. In addition to basic improvements (higher frequencies and lower voltages), the technology now supports a new bus and a number of innovations designed to improve the reliability of RAM use. The last of the mentioned abilities will be especially useful in the field of the server segment, which is already a huge plus for performing corporate tasks.

DDR4 SDRAM is the latest JEDEC memory standard. It provides more high level performance, with lower power consumption and more reliability than DDR3.

JEDEC started work on DDR4 back in 2005, with final specs in September 2012. Samsung released the first prototype DDR4 modules in late 2010 and the first 16GB DDR4 module in July 2012. The first ones to support DDR4 memory were released with the Intel X99 chipset in August 2014.

DDR4 SDRAM modules use the Pseudo Open Drain (POD) interface (formerly used in high-performance graphics DRAM) and operate at a lower voltage of 1.2V (compared to 1.5V for DDR3). This allows DDR4 modules to consume 40% less total power than previous modules. This saves energy and generates less heat. Also, DDR4 supports cyclic redundancy check (CRC) recording to improve system reliability.

The 288-pin DDR4 SDRAM is 1mm longer and 1mm taller than the 240-pin DDR3 / DDR2. This was achieved by creating individual pins with a width of only 0.85 mm. Which is smaller than the 1 mm pins used on previous modules. About halfway between the edge and the center notch, DDR4 SDRAM modules don't flex much. That, for ease of installation, makes the outer contacts at the center cutout shorter than the pins. Due to the use of different sizes and signals, DDR4 modules are physically and electrically incompatible with previous memory modules and socket designs.

DDR4 modules were available at 1600 MHz (effective) and above. Currently, with speeds up to 3,200 MHz (effective). As with DDR and DDR3, the true clock speed is half the effective speed, which is technically expressed in millions of transfers per second (MTps). The table below shows the types of DDR4 modules officially approved by JEDEC and their characteristics.

JEDEC Standard DDR4 Modules (260-pin DIMM) Speeds and Transfer Rates

DDR = double data rate
MHz = million cycles per second
MTps = million transfers per second
Mbps = million bytes per second
NS = nanoseconds (billionths of a second)

Technically, the DDR4 topology is not a bus as was used in DDR3 and earlier memory standards. Instead, DDR4 SDRAM uses a point-to-point connection, where each channel in the memory controller connects to a single module.

Typically, you can find CL12 to CL16 DDR4 modules.

RDRAM

Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) is a proprietary non-JEDEC memory technology that was used primarily in some Pentium III and 4 systems on Intel based from 2000 to 2002. These systems are hardly used today.