Supercondressor to help the battery. Supercapacitors or ionistors instead of battery. New Technology E-Mobile

For electricity accumulation, people first used capacitors. Then, when the electrical engineering went beyond the limits of laboratory experiments, batteries were invented, which became the main means for the stock of electrical energy. But at the beginning of the XXI century again it is proposed to use condensers for powering electrical equipment. How much is it possible and will the batteries finally go to the past?

The reason why condensers were ousted with batteries, was associated with significantly large values \u200b\u200bof electricity that they can accumulate. Another reason is that when discharge, the voltage at the battery output changes very poorly, so the voltage stabilizer is or not required or may have very simple design.

The main difference between capacitors and batteries is that the capacitors directly store the electric charge, and the batteries turn the electrical energy into the chemical, soil it, and then convertible chemical eneuria into electric.

When energy transformations, part of it is lost. Therefore, even O. better batteries The efficiency is no more than 90%, while the capacitors can reach 99%. The intensity of chemical reactions depends on the temperature, so in the cold the batteries work noticeably worse than at room temperature. In addition, chemical reactions in batteries are not completely reversible. Hence the small number of charge-discharge cycles (order of thousands of thousands, most often the battery life is about 1000 cycles of the discharge), as well as the "memory effect". Recall that the "memory effect" is that the battery must always be discharged to a certain value of the accumulated energy, then its capacity will be maximum. If after the discharge it remains more energy, the battery capacity will gradually decrease. The "memory effect" is peculiar to almost all mass-produced types of batteries, except acidic (including their varieties - gel and AGM). Although it is believed that he is not peculiar to lithium-ion and lithium-polymeric batteries, in fact, it is, it is simply manifested to a lesser extent than in other types. As for acid batteries, they show the effect of plate sulfate, causing an irreversible damage of the power supply. One of the reasons is a long-term accumulation of the battery in a charge state of less than 50%.

In relation to alternative energy, the "memory effect" and sulfate plates are serious problems. The fact is that the flow of energy from such sources as solar panels And the windmills, it is difficult to predict. As a result, the charge and the discharge of batteries occur chaotically, in non-optimal mode.

For the modern rhythm of life, it turns out absolutely unacceptable that the batteries have to be charged several hours. For example, how do you imagine a trip to the electric car for long distances, if the discharged battery will delay you for a few hours in the charging point? The battery charging speed is limited by the speed of chemical processes in it. You can reduce charging time up to 1 hour, but not up to a few minutes. At the same time, the speed of charging the capacitor is limited only to the maximum current, which gives the charger.

The listed disadvantages of batteries made up the use of capacitors instead.

Using a double electric layer

Over the course of many decades, electrolytic capacitors have possessed the largest container. In them, one of the plates was a metallic foil, the other - the electrolyte, and the insulation between the plates - the metal oxide, which is covered with foil. In electrolytic capacitors, the container can reach the hundredths of the Faraday, which is not enough to fully replace the battery.

Comparison of structures different types Condestators (Source: Wikipedia)

A large capacity measured by thousands of Farada allows you to obtain condensers based on the so-called double electric layer. The principle of their work is next. The double electrical layer occurs under certain conditions at the boundary of substances in solid and liquid phases. Two layers of ions are formed with the charges of the opposite sign, but the same value. If it is very easy to simplify the situation, the condenser is formed, the "plates" of which said layers of ions are, the distance between which is equal to several atoms.

Supercapacitors of various capacity manufacturing Maxwell

Condenses based on this effect are sometimes called ionistors. In fact, this term is not only for condensers in which an electrical charge accumulates, but also to other devices for the accumulation of electricity - with partial transformation of electrical energy in the chemical along with preservation electric charge (hybrid ionistor), as well as for batteries based on a double electric layer (so-called pseudo-addancests). Therefore, the term "supercapacitors" is more appropriate. Sometimes instead of it, the term "ultra-confacient" shall be used.

Technical implementation

The supercapacitor is two plates from activated carbon, filled with electrolyte. The membrane is located between them, which passes the electrolyte, but prevents the physical movement of the activated carbon particles between the plates.

It should be noted that the supercapacitors themselves do not have polarity. This is fundamentally different from electrolytic capacitors, for which, as a rule, the polarity is characteristic, the non-compliance with which leads to the output of the condenser. Nevertheless, polarity is also applied on supercapacitors. This is due to the fact that supercapacitors go from the factory conveyor already charged, marking and means the polarity of this charge.

Options supercapacitors

Maximum capacity A separate supercapacitor, achieved at the time of writing an article, is 12,000 F. In massive superocolitors, it does not exceed 3000 F. The maximum allowable voltage between the plates does not exceed 10 V. for serially produced supercapacitators, this indicator, as a rule, lies within 2.3 - 2.7 V. Low operating voltage requires the use of a voltage converter with a stabilizer function. The fact is that when discharge, the voltage on the capacitor is changed over wide limits. Build a voltage converter to connect the load and charger are nontrivial task. Suppose you need to feed the load with a capacity of 60 W.

To simplify the consideration of the issue neglect the losses in the voltage converter and the stabilizer. In the event that you work with a conventional battery with a voltage of 12 V, then the control electronics must withstand the current in 5 A. Such electronic devices Widely distributed and cost inexpensively. But the situation is completely consistent when using the supercapacitor, the voltage on which is 2.5 V. The current flowing through the electronic components of the converter can reach 24 A, which requires new approaches to the scheduling and a modern element base. It is difficult to build a converter and a stabilizer that the supercapacitors, the serial release of which was started back in the 70s of the 20th century, only now began to be widely used in various fields.

Schematic scheme Source uninterrupted power
voltage on supercapacitors, main nodes are implemented
on one microshem produced Lineartechnology

Supercondapators can be connected in batteries using serial or parallel compound. In the first case, the maximum allowable voltage increases. In the second case - the container. Increasing the maximum allowable voltage in this way is one of the ways to solve the problem, but to pay for it will have to reduce the container.

The dimensions of supercapacitors naturally depend on their container. A typical supercapacitor with a capacity of 3000 F is a cylinder with a diameter of about 5 cm and a length of 14 cm. When capacity 10 f, the supercapacitor has dimensions comparable to human nail.

Good supercapacitors are able to withstand hundreds of thousands of charge-discharge cycles, exceeding this parameter accumulators about 100 times. But, like in electrolytic capacitors, there is a problem of aging due to the gradual leakage of electrolyte for supercapacitors. So far, for now complete statistics of the failure of supercapacitors for this reason, it is not accumulated, but according to indirect data, the service life of supercapacitors can be approximately estimated by 15 years.

Accumulated energy

The amount of energy stored in the condenser, expressed in Joules:

E \u003d Cu 2/2,
where C is a container expressed in the Farades, U is the stress on the plated, expressed in the volts.

The amount of energy stored in the condenser, expressed in kWh, is:

W \u003d Cu 2/7200000

Hence, the capacitor with a capacity of 3000 f with voltage between the plates of 2.5 V is capable of stock in itself only 0.0026 kWh. How can this be correlated, for example, with a lithium-ion battery? If you take it output voltage independent of the discharge degree and equal to 3.6 V, then the amount of energy of 0.0026 kWh will be stacked in lithium-ion battery Capacity 0.72 Ah. Alas, a very modest result.

Application supercapacitors

Emergency lighting systems are the place where the use of supercapacitors instead of batteries gives a tangible gain. In fact, it is for this application that is characterized by uneven discharge. In addition, it is desirable to charge emergency lamp It happened quickly, and that the reserve power source used in it was greater reliable. Supercapacitor based backup power source can be built directly in lED lamp T8. Such lamps are already available nearby. chinese firms.

Ground LED Lamp With Power
from solar panels, energy accumulation
in which is carried out in the supercacitor

As already noted, the development of supercapacitors is largely associated with interest in alternative energy sources. But practical use Limited lED lampsreceiving the energy from the sun.

Such a direction is actively developing as the use of supercapacitors to start electrical equipment.

Supercapacitors are able to give a large amount of energy in a short time interval. Sangering electrical equipment at the time of starting from the supercapacitor, you can reduce the peak load on the electrical circuit and ultimately reduce the supply for starting currents, having achieved a huge cost savings.

By connecting several supercapacitors in the battery, we can reach a container comparable to batteries used in electric vehicles. But this battery will be weighing several times more battery, which is unacceptable for vehicles. It is possible to solve the problem using graphene-based supercapacitors, but they still exist as prototypes. Nevertheless, the promising version of the famous "E-Mobile", operating only from electricity, will use new generation supercapacitors as a power source, the development of which is conducted by Russian scientists.

Supercapacitors will also benefit when replacing batteries in conventional gasoline or diesel fuel machines - their use in such vehicles is already a reality.

Still the most successful of implemented projects The introduction of supercapacitors can be considered new trolleybuses of Russian production, which recently released to the streets of Moscow. When stopping voltage in contact Network Or with the "Florance" of the current collectors, the trolleybus can drive on a small (about 15 km / h) speed of several hundred meters to the place where it will not interfere with the road movement. The source of energy with such maneuvers for it is the battery of supercapacitors.

In general, while supercapacitors can outpace batteries only in separate "niches". But technology is growing rapidly, which makes it possible to expect that in the near future the area of \u200b\u200bthe use of supercapacitors will significantly expand.

As soon as a person came up with a self-breathing trolley on a steam engine (1768), and later (1886) improved the motor to the engine - the driver had a task not only to direct horsepower in the right side, but also to launch them into operation.

The problem of starting the engine in different times Divised in different ways. For a steam engine, there was enough fire under the boiler, gasoline engines demanded a muscular strength or a chemical current source.

With the advent of batteries, it was necessary to maintain and control the charge of starter batteries, especially in winter. Often, to help the staff of the Akb, the car owner had to use an external current source: a network starting device, a spare lead-acid battery, or a new year of compact launchers based on lithium polymers.

The main problem of chemical sources of current - self-discharge and aging. The life of a classic lead-acid accumulator with free electrolyte is about 3 years. Gel and AGM batteries "live" longer, however, they are not eternal. Even if the battery is inactive - chemical processes occur in it, which lead to gradual loss of battery capacity.

This remark is true for battery-based starter devices, for example, the average LI-PO service life is 3-5 years, during which time the conductive gel which are filled with batteries hard and gradually loses its properties. Engineering designers have long been looking for a current source that could replace batteries and save car owners from "weak places" AKB.

The speech in this article will go about condensers. More precisely, super-capacitors or ionistors capable of giveing \u200b\u200bhuge currents and have a number of benefits in comparison with batteries. How to replace AKBmachines for assembly from capacitors, designers have not yet come up, but engineers from Carku.it was possible to create a device capable of helping the car engine startup, the same atom 1750.

the main thing The difference between this apparatus from the battery analogues - eternal service life! If we talk about launchers based on lithium polymer or lead-acid batteries, then the duration of their work is limited to one or three thousand cycles charge / discharge. Condenser starts provide up to a million cycles. In order to present the scale to assume that you are using Atom 1750 twice a day during the calendar year. The resource of the device with such an intensity of work is enough (1.000.000: (365x2)) \u003d 1MLN. : 730 \u003d. 1369 years old.

Second feature - Unpretentiousness of ionistors. For storage of condenser starting devices, special conditions are not needed: you can put the device in the glove box or under the seat of the car, and remember it only when the battery will be needed. The device is the perfect option for forgetful drivers. If there is no time to follow the level of charge of the battery, there is no desire - the device can be calmly stored in the car in the most durable cold or in the heat.

Third plus - The presence of a built-in lithium battery. Energy reserve that is stored in a fully charged Li-Ion battery of the device capacity 6000mAh - The device's capacitors will be able to charge for more than 6 launches in a row. The battery does not participate in the start, and is intended only for charging capacitors. Here and lies the same spoon of conception: any battery is afraid of a deep discharge. If the battery is on for a long time leave without charging - AKBSooner or later, fails. Self-discharge, peculiar to anything accumulator, will achieve a discharged battery. Remindthat preventive charging unused lithium battery must be conducted 1 time in half a year.

High and low storage temperatures accelerate self-discharge and degradation processes AKB. The temperature storage temperature of the built-in battery recommended by the manufacturer is from 0 up to +. 25 C. However, even if the standard device battery will be out of standing capacitors atom 1750 - Salted from discharged automotive AKB Equally, the engine can be launched.

Plus number four. The possibility of charging the ionistors of the device from the discharged AKB cars. For starting the engine, it is enough to connect the crocodiles of the device to the terminals " tired» AKB and already through 45-60 sec. - The car will be ready for the start.

More details about the features atom 1750:

The device is a professional jump starter. Unlike Li-Po analogs, the start of the engine is made not due to the energy stored in the battery, but with the help of powerful ultra-confacients. Power starts enough to start petrol Motors volume up 5l And to work with diesel Motors before 2l..

POWER

Assembly of five ionistors with a capacity 350F each, gives starting currents to 350A. What is talking about a wide range of application of this device.

The high starter current atom 1750 is supported by a stable voltage, which is given by capacitors. The device provides the claimed current over 3 seconds, which is one of the most important engine starting conditions.

MOBILITY

The weight of the start is 1.3 kg. For comparison, similar to the possibilities of a lead-acid booster weighs more 6 kg (Drive 900.), and the difference in the dimensions is impressive even more.

On the lateral edges, the atom 1750 is located:

The front panel is located:

Display (1) to display operating parameters, Button "Boost" (2) for the charge of ionistors from the built-in battery, the flashlight buttons of the device (3).

PROTECTION

Copper wires are used as power cables. 6mm2., Long 300 mm.

The intelligent block, not only protects the launching device from the cords, short circuit and the inverse currents of the generator, but also allows in a few minutes to dig a battery acb and display the test results on the scoreboard.

Atom 1750 - tells the owner that the battery of the machine needs charging, or that the battery is time to replace the new one.

If when connected to the battery, the machine appears on the screen J.UMP Start Ready. - The chain works in normal mode. You can start the engine start.

Inscription " Reversed"Reports O. incorrect connection crocodiles. You should check the polarity - the red clamp must be connected to the plus contact of the battery, black with a minus.

CHARGING

Note when connected ATOM Ultraconacitors are first charged to the current source, then the internal battery of the device begins charging the built-in battery.

Let us imagine the situation when there is no one around anyone and start the engine of the machine - it does not work.

First way of starting the machine with Atom 175. - Consistent capacitors directly from the terminals of the discharged car. After connecting the device, waiting for the appearance of the inscription JUMP START READY. And launch the engine without removing crocodiles with terminals. The time of charging capacitors depends on the level of discharge of the battery and ranges from 45 seconds to 2.5min.

Second Charging method - through the cigarette lighter socket. Atom 1750 can be connected to the onboard network using a special adapter from the kit. Charging time for about 2 minutes.

The third Energy source - Built-in device battery. After pressing the button Boost. - The device uses energy stored in Lithium battery. Charging time - 2-3min.

Well, the last version of charging, if there are no other sources at hand, it will have to look for a socket. With the help of a power supply from mobile electronics ( 5V, 2A.) - capacitors can be charged from the network.

Another important point. You can charge the atom 1750 not only from your own discharged AKBbut from Anyone Donor car (big and small cars - show). In contrast to the "cigarette" - the operation of charging ionistors atom 1750 is absolutely safe, and does not comply with any conventions other than the polarity of the connection.

Starting a car

In order to proceed with the use of a jump starter, the master of the machine should make sure that the ignition of the car is turned off. When connected - polarity should be observed: the red device cable is connected to the plus terminal of the car battery, black with a minus terminal.

After connection, you can start the engine start. If during 3 seconds the motor does not start - the capacitors should be charged again and try again.

After the engine earned the "crocodiles" with the battery terminals should be removed.

Atom 1750 comes in a cardboard box.

Complete with the device:

Cord for charging the apparatus from the car cigarette lighter;

USB cable.

We remind you that one of the conditions for the length of the device is timely charging of the built-in battery device, so after each start using the battery power - you need to send ATOMfor charging. For long storage We recommend charging the device to the level 80-90% one time in 6 months. Store the device follows with a plus temperature.

Is it possible to use condensers on transport instead of capricious, short-lived and requiring batteries? It turns out you can, and condenser benefits before rechargeable batteryit is enough to abandon the batteries, and if not completely, then at least add the battery capacity that strongly decreases in the cold, the capacitor capacity. On the advantages and disadvantages of both sources of electricity, we will talk in this article.

Just a few years ago, the capacitors in one or two pharades of the capacity were considered to be exotic and showed them only at exhibitions of rich music lovers. Now these capacitors can be bought in any stall of autoacoustics, and the capacitors of even greater tanks are not difficult to find in specialized stores selling heavy duty Hi-Fi audio system (about music on a car or motorcycle).

And what I am particularly joyful, this is what is currently the Russian industry, all the same, ahead of both Eastern and Western manufacturers, has mastered the small-scale release of super condensers of the newest type, the capacity of which is tens of thousands of Farad!

A bit of theory.

As you know, the condenser consists of separated charges - positive, on one plate electrode and negative charges on the other. Without going into details, only note that the energy (capacity) is capable of taking the capacitor, directly depends on the plates of the electrodes, as well as from the distance between them. And the more this area and less distance between the plates, the more favorable for the accumulation of greater charge.

It follows from this that increasing the first condition, and reducing the second, success in this matter can be achieved. But this is so simple. And how is everything in practice? In the newest capacitors, a carbon porous material is used to make a negative electrode, and here it is all fun. Due to this material, it would seem a conventional flat plate, thanks to its porous structure - how the second dimension appears (the area of \u200b\u200bthe plates increases). From this, the accumulation area of \u200b\u200bcharges is significantly increasing!

The increase in the area of \u200b\u200bthe plates has achieved, it remains to work with the distance. The new name of the latest super capacitors is capacitors with a double electric layer. Their feature is that electricity is accumulated in a special area, that is, on the border of the electrolyte and solid body section. From this distance between the region of the position of negative and positive charges, It is much reduced, already for 2-3 orders!

From the foregoing, you can finally say that it is time for these super capacits to take a place under the hood of the car, and as what? There are several options, but consider the most real.

Using a condenser as the main source of electricity for the engine (electric shock).

Elektrus meadow rides pretty quickly. The leaving chims from the gasoline heater is visible below.

More recently, the batteries for electric cars nobody perceived seriously. But the electrocars are already beginning to float the world, for example, electric-taxi has already been operating in London. So the capacitors are extremely clear, especially if you consider their advantages over the battery, but about the benefits of a little later. I just say that the "alive" example, which goes on electricity from traction capacitors, can be seen in the photo on the left. This is an environmentally friendly bus, and if it is accurate - an electric office called a meadow, which is made in a small series in the town of Troitsk (at the ESMA plant). Only here for heating the cabin in the cold, you have to include a stove that works on gasoline, but this is how little things say.

Electrobe is used to transport tourists to small distances (up to 10 km), for example, in the territory of parks and reserves, which introduced hard environmental limitations. The first commercial flights of the meadow will be performed through the territory of the Moscow military. One charge of condensers is enough somewhere by 8-10 km. Then 10-15 minute charging and again on the path (the batteries would have to charge at least 20 hours). For example, if you go to work, which in small cities may be only within 5 - 10 km, then such a car would be the most, especially for everyday trips. After all, the cycle of charge and the discharge of capacitors, in contrast to the battery, is almost endless. In addition, the car is not so heavy as a bus, which means the kilometer on one charging may increase.

In addition to buses, the company produces some "Gazelles", several loaders and an electric car, for the transport of goods through the plant. The main difference between all the capacitor equipment from the battery, is that it can be used around the clock, because their charging takes a few minutes. And even it is discharged, too quickly, but the service life of the capacitors exceeds ten times the service life of the batteries.

Using a capacitor as an assistant battery, when starting on the frost.

The use of new type capacitors in the machines as a traction, the case is of course useful and interesting, but not the most relevant. It is much more useful to use them as a short-term electrical power of a large capacity, and first of all for starting the car's motor. This already enjoy the engineers of military equipment, and testing and improvements are constantly being carried out on army techniques. For example, two hefty rechargeable batteries of 190 amps of the clock, with frost in minus 45 degrees, are able to make only one fifteensecond scrolling of the KAMAZ starter (and according to the frozen Kamaz engine). But now if you connect a parallel capacitor with a capacity of only 0.18 kf, then the starter of the KAMAZ engine will already make several such cold scrolling! The difference is obvious, it is especially useful for technology used in the regions of the Far North, for example, military and construction equipment.

Of course, drivers who live in a warm climate, the benefits of capacitors who are not afraid of cold are not so useful. But the main thing is different. Capacitors are not dangerous high current density, and they withstand a huge number of cycles charge-discharge, and even do not require maintenance at all. But the most important thing is that the condenser will increase the battery life twice. After all, when the battery is one (especially not new), it is considered unsuitable if it begins to cope with the launchers, especially in cold weather. But in a pair with a capacitor connected PARRALLELLO, the old battery will serve as long as he is able to recharge it. And as I said, the battery turns into a long-liver.

In addition, in a pair with a colleague, the capacitor, the capacity of the battery of your car or a motorcycle, can be shorted. A passenger car with a 1.5 - 1.8 cubes engine, will be enough 25 Ah, and only 60 Ah will be enough for a truck. And it will be possible not to use a starter type battery, which is designed for high currents, and use the usual, which usually has 2-3 times longer service life. As a result, the combination of the battery plus a capacitor will significantly improve the service life of this pair. And so that you would not change the battery of 15 years in your car, many are dreaming about it, and for this term, people usually change the car to the more fresh. So it turns out that such a couple (battery and condenser) is enough for the entire service life of the machine. But the main thing, the drivers will forget about the difficult launch in the frost, and such words "brother, let it see, I can not start" it will be possible to forget (how to safely check from someone else's car).

What can I say finally. Super condensers of a new generation are still available in small-sector, they are in two times more expensive than a normal battery, and probably will not quickly find their customers, at least our domestic. Some capacitors are outgoing foreign consumers, but this is not a special support for our industry. But if you wish, and normal sponsors, for advertising and mastering cheaper mass production, you can configure this case to a normal way. Everything is possible. After all, the expensive batteries of the new generation either no one wanted to buy, at the beginning of their production. And now they are purchased by tons of electrocarbers, and this is just the beginning. I think new capacitors will soon be enjoyed with great demand, and if they do not replace completely accumulators, they will become reliable assistants. Wait and see. Good luck everyone!

The reason why condensers were ousted with batteries, was associated with significantly large values \u200b\u200bof electricity that they can accumulate. Another reason is that when discharge, the voltage at the battery output changes very poorly, so the voltage stabilizer is or not required or may have a very simple design.

The main difference between capacitors and batteries is that the capacitors directly store the electric charge, and the batteries turn the electrical energy into the chemical, soil it, and then convertible chemical eneuria into electric.

When energy transformations, part of it is lost. Therefore, even the best efficiency efficients are no more than 90%, while capacitors can reach 99%. The intensity of chemical reactions depends on the temperature, so in the cold the batteries work noticeably worse than at room temperature. In addition, chemical reactions in batteries are not completely reversible. Hence the small number of charge-discharge cycles (order of thousands of thousands, most often the battery life is about 1000 cycles of the discharge), as well as the "memory effect". Recall that the "memory effect" is that the battery must always be discharged to a certain value of the accumulated energy, then its capacity will be maximum. If after the discharge it remains more energy, the battery capacity will gradually decrease. The "memory effect" is peculiar to almost all mass-produced types of batteries, except for acid (including their varieties - gel and AGM). Although it is believed that he is not peculiar to lithium-ion and lithium-polymeric batteries, in fact, it is, it is simply manifested to a lesser extent than in other types. As for acid batteries, they show the effect of plate sulfate, causing an irreversible damage of the power supply. One of the reasons is a long-term accumulation of the battery in a charge state of less than 50%.

In relation to alternative energy, the "memory effect" and sulfate plates are serious problems. The fact is that the flow of energy from such sources as solar panels and windmills is difficult to predict. As a result, the charge and the discharge of batteries occur chaotically, in non-optimal mode.

For the modern rhythm of life, it turns out absolutely unacceptable that the batteries have to be charged several hours. For example, how do you imagine a trip to the electric car for long distances, if the discharged battery will delay you for a few hours in the charging point? The battery charging speed is limited by the speed of chemical processes in it. You can reduce charging time up to 1 hour, but not up to a few minutes. At the same time, the speed of charging the capacitor is limited only to the maximum current, which gives the charger.

The listed disadvantages of batteries made up the use of capacitors instead.

Using a double electric layer

Over the course of many decades, electrolytic capacitors have possessed the largest container. In them, one of the plates was a metallic foil, the other - the electrolyte, and the insulation between the plates - the metal oxide, which is covered with foil. In electrolytic capacitors, the container can reach the hundredths of the Faraday, which is not enough to fully replace the battery.

A large capacity measured by thousands of Farada allows you to obtain condensers based on the so-called double electric layer. The principle of their work is next. The double electrical layer occurs under certain conditions at the boundary of substances in solid and liquid phases. Two layers of ions are formed with the charges of the opposite sign, but the same value. If it is very easy to simplify the situation, the condenser is formed, the "plates" of which said layers of ions are, the distance between which is equal to several atoms.

Condenses based on this effect are sometimes called ionistors. In fact, this term is not only for condensers in which an electrical charge is accumulated, but also to other devices for the accumulation of electricity - with partial transformation of electrical energy into the chemical along with the preservation of the electric charge (hybrid ionistor), as well as for batteries based on Double electric layer (so-called pseudocomators). Therefore, the term "supercapacitors" is more appropriate. Sometimes instead of it, the term "ultra-confacient" shall be used.

Technical implementation

The supercapacitor is two plates from activated carbon, filled with electrolyte. The membrane is located between them, which passes the electrolyte, but prevents the physical movement of the activated carbon particles between the plates.

It should be noted that the supercapacitors themselves do not have polarity. This is fundamentally different from electrolytic capacitors, for which, as a rule, the polarity is characteristic, the non-compliance with which leads to the output of the condenser. Nevertheless, polarity is also applied on supercapacitors. This is due to the fact that supercapacitors go from the factory conveyor already charged, marking and means the polarity of this charge.

Options supercapacitors

The maximum capacity of the individual supercapacitor, achieved at the time of writing an article, is 12,000 F. In massively produced super-condensate, it does not exceed 3000 F. The maximum allowable voltage between the plates does not exceed 10 V. For serially produced supercapacitators, this indicator, as a rule, lies within 2, 3 - 2.7 V. Low operating voltage requires the use of a voltage converter with a stabilizer function. The fact is that when discharge, the voltage on the capacitor is changed over wide limits. Building a voltage converter to connect the load and charger are a nontrivial task. Suppose you need to feed the load with a capacity of 60 W.

To simplify the consideration of the issue neglect the losses in the voltage converter and the stabilizer. In the event that you work with a conventional battery with a voltage of 12 V, the control electronics must withstand the current in 5 A. Such electronic devices are widespread and cost inexpensively. But the situation is completely consistent when using the supercapacitor, the voltage on which is 2.5 V. The current flowing through the electronic components of the converter can reach 24 A, which requires new approaches to the scheduling and a modern element base. It is difficult to build a converter and a stabilizer that the supercapacitors, the serial release of which was started back in the 70s of the 20th century, only now began to be widely used in various fields.

Supercapacitors can be connected in batteries using a serial or parallel connection. In the first case, the maximum allowable voltage increases. In the second case - the container. Increasing the maximum allowable voltage in this way is one of the ways to solve the problem, but to pay for it will have to reduce the container.

The dimensions of supercapacitors naturally depend on their container. A typical supercapacitor with a capacity of 3000 F is a cylinder with a diameter of about 5 cm and a length of 14 cm. When capacity 10 f, the supercapacitor has dimensions comparable to human nail.

Good supercapacitors are able to withstand hundreds of thousands of charge-discharge cycles, exceeding this parameter accumulators about 100 times. But, like in electrolytic capacitors, there is a problem of aging due to the gradual leakage of electrolyte for supercapacitors. So far, for now complete statistics of the failure of supercapacitors for this reason, it is not accumulated, but according to indirect data, the service life of supercapacitors can be approximately estimated by 15 years.

Accumulated energy

The amount of energy stored in the condenser, expressed in Joules:

where C is a container expressed in the Farades, U is the stress on the plated, expressed in the volts.

The amount of energy stored in the condenser, expressed in kWh, is:

Hence, the capacitor with a capacity of 3000 f with voltage between the plates of 2.5 V is capable of stock in itself only 0.0026 kWh. How can this be correlated, for example, with a lithium-ion battery? If we take its output voltage independent of the discharge degree and equal to 3.6 V, then the amount of energy 0.0026 kWh will be stacked in a lithium-ion battery with a capacity of 0.72 Ah. Alas, a very modest result.

Application supercapacitors

Emergency lighting systems are the place where the use of supercapacitors instead of batteries gives a tangible gain. In fact, it is for this application that is characterized by uneven discharge. In addition, it is desirable that the charging of the emergency lamp happens quickly, and that the reserve power source used in it has been greatly reliable. Supercapacitor-based backup power source can be built directly in the T8 LED lamp. Such lamps are already produced by a number of Chinese firms.

As already noted, the development of supercapacitors is largely associated with interest in alternative energy sources. But practical application is still limited by LED lamps receiving energy from the sun.

Such a direction is actively developing as the use of supercapacitors to start electrical equipment.

Supercapacitors are able to give a large amount of energy in a short time interval. Sangering electrical equipment at the time of starting from the supercapacitor, you can reduce the peak load on the electrical circuit and ultimately reduce the supply for starting currents, having achieved a huge cost savings.

By connecting several supercapacitors in the battery, we can reach a container comparable to batteries used in electric vehicles. But this battery will be weighing several times more battery, which is unacceptable for vehicles. It is possible to solve the problem using graphene-based supercapacitors, but they still exist as prototypes. Nevertheless, the promising version of the famous "E-Mobile", operating only from electricity, will use new generation supercapacitors as a power source, the development of which is conducted by Russian scientists.

Supercapacitors will also benefit when replacing batteries in conventional gasoline or diesel fuel machines - their use in such vehicles is already a reality.

In the meantime, the most successful of the implemented projects for the introduction of supercapacitors can be considered new trolleybuses of Russian production, which recently came to the streets of Moscow. When the voltage is stopped into the contact network or with the "flying" of the current collectors, the trolleybus can drive on a small (about 15 km / h) speed of several hundred meters to the place where it will not interfere with the movement on the road. The source of energy with such maneuvers for it is the battery of supercapacitors.

In general, while supercapacitors can outpace batteries only in separate "niches". But technology is growing rapidly, which makes it possible to expect that in the near future the area of \u200b\u200bthe use of supercapacitors will significantly expand.

Alexey Vasilyev

Ionistors are increasingly falling among the main elements of the automotive electronic systems. The supercondressor for the car solves the task of starting the engine, due to which the load on the battery is reduced. In addition, due to optimization of mounting schemes, the mass of the vehicle is reduced.
Widespread use of ionistors for the car found in the manufacture of hybrid cars. They have the operation of the generator depends on the internal combustion engine, and the machine is driven by electric motors. The ionistor for the car in such a scheme is the source of the rapidly obtained energy at the beginning of the movement and acceleration. In the process of braking, the drive is recharged.
Now the supercapacitor instead of the battery is used only partially. However, in the near future full replacement Surely becomes real, because scientists are actively engaged in the development of such technologies.

When do you need an ionistor to start the engine?
The supercapacitor for the car is required in cases where there is a risk that the regular battery does not cope with the task of starting the internal combustion engine. For example, the car ionistor helps in the following situations:
- the battery chronically lacks the charge in terms of frequent trips to short distances;
- OKB power is not enough to start the engine. Most often, such a problem rises in winter;
- It is necessary to reduce peak loads on the battery to extend its resource.
Even when the battery has completely failed, some use the ionistor instead of the battery. It solves the task of starting the engine, and in the future the on-board network is powered mainly from the generator. However, the supercapacitor instead of the battery is recommended to be used only in emergency mode until the ability to install a new battery will appear.
In the regular situation, the ionistor to start the engine is used in the following format. It connects parallel to the battery and at the time of start-up assumes the main load. The inhibited starter can consume a very high current (hundreds of amps). The development of precisely this initial starter current for a fixed starter and crankshaft will be engaged for a car. When the main load is provided, the ionistor along with the battery will be launched the motor in a calmer mode.
Ionistors for the car not only extend the resource of batteries, but also positively affect the operation of the onboard electronics. When using supercapacitors, the voltage failure is reduced at the time of launch, so all electronic components work in more stable mode. For the same reason, the operation of the ignition system is improved.
When moving, a bunch of battery and supercapacitor for the car will smooth out the voltage difference in the on-board network. They arise due to how different electrical equipment behaves with different loads and engine speeds. The presence of an ionistor in the chain minimizes the negative impact of such jumps. Read more about the possibility of using the ionistor instead of the battery, as well as in parallel with it you can have our consultants.