What is an ESR capacitor. Measurement of EPS (ESR) capacitors. Calibration ESR meter
We have become accustomed to the main parameters of the condenser: containers and working voltage. BUT B. lately An equivalent sequential resistance (EPS) was equivalent to an equivalent parameter. What is it and what does it affect?
Any electronic component is not ideal. This also applies to the condenser. The combination of its properties shows the conditional scheme.
As you can see, the real capacitor consists of tank C. which we used to see in schemes in the form of two vertical stripes. Next resistor R S. which symbolizes the active resistance of the wire output and the contact resistance is the output.
Since any, even a very good dielectric has a certain resistance (up to hundreds of mega), then the resistor is depicted in parallel RP. . It is through this "virtual" resistor flows the so-called leakage current. Naturally, no resistors inside the condenser. It is only for clarity and convenient representation.
Due to the fact that the plated in the electrolytic capacitor is twisted and installed in the aluminum case, inductance is formed L..
This inductance exhibits its properties only at frequencies above. resonant frequency condenser. The approximate value of this inductance is tens of nanogeneges.
So, from all this, it will allocate what is included in the electrolytic capacitor EPS:
- Resistance, which is caused by losses in the dielectric due to its heterogeneity, impurities and moisture;
- Ohmic resistance of wire conclusions and plates. Active resistance of wires;
- Contact resistance between plates and conclusions;
- It is also possible to include electrolyte resistance, which increases due to evaporation of the electrolyte solvent and changes in its chemical composition due to the interaction of it with metal plates.
All these factors are summed up and form the resistance of the capacitor, which was called the equivalent sequential resistance - abbreviated EPS, and on the overseas manner ESR. (E. quivalent S. eRIAL R. esistance).
As is known, the electrolytic capacitor due to its device can only work in the chains of constant and pulsating current due to its polarity. Actually, it is used in power blocks to filter pulsations after rectifier. We remember this feature of the capacitor - to skip current pulses.
From all this it follows that electrolytic capacitors operating in high-frequency pulse schemes (Power supplies, inverters, transducers, pulse stabilizers) operate in fairly extreme conditions and fail in order more often. Knowing this manufacturers produce special series with low ESR. On such capacitors, as a rule, there is an inscription Low Esr. What does "low EPS" mean.
When repairing any equipment, it is necessary to produce ESR measurements using a special measuring device - ESR-meter. For testing capacitors and ESR measurements, there is a lot of serial devices. To date, the most affordable is a universal Radio component tester of the LCR-T4 TESTER, the functionality of which supports ESR capacitors. In radio journals, you can find descriptions of homemade devices and consoles to multimeters for ESR measurement. On sale you can find both highly specialized ESR meters that are able to measure the capacity and EPS without supplying them from the board, as well as discharge them before it in order to protect the device from damage to high residual capacitor voltage. Such devices include, for example, such as ESR-Micro V3.1, ESR-Micro V4.0SI, ESR-Micro V4.0si.
The maximum allowable ESR values \u200b\u200bof electrolytic capacitors are shown in the tables below.
1. Maximum permissible ESR capacitors
Chinese and Japanese production
2. ESR new electrolytic capacitors
measured by the LCR T4 tester
| iCF / B. | 6.3V | 10V. | 16V | 25V. | 35V | 50V. | 63V. | 160V. | 250V. | 400V. | 450V. |
| 1 | 4,3 | ||||||||||
| 2,2 | |||||||||||
| 4,7 | 1,7 | 2,6 | |||||||||
| 10 | 2 | 1,1 | 2,7 | 2,2 | |||||||
| 22 | 0,69 | 1,2 | 0,77 | ||||||||
| 33 | 0,44 | 0,91 | |||||||||
| 47 | 0,84 | 0,87 | 0,49 | 0,68 | |||||||
| 68 | 0,33 | ||||||||||
| 82 | 0,57 | 0,55 /0,89 |
|||||||||
| 100 | 0,46 | 0,75 | 0,17 | 0,4 | 0,43 | 0,77 | 0,35 | ||||
| 220 | 0,53 | 0,25 | 0,49 | ||||||||
| 330 | 0,25 | 0,22 | |||||||||
| 470 | 0,16 | 0,13 | 0,12 | 0,08 | |||||||
| 1000 | 0,07 | 0,08 | 0,07 | ||||||||
| 2200 | 0,03 | 0,02 | 0,03 | ||||||||
| 4700 | 0,03 |
As samples for measuring ESR ( Table # 2.) New capacitors of different manufacturers have been used.
3. ESR values \u200b\u200btable used by Bob Parker
in the ESR meter K7214.
| iCF / Volta | 10V. | 16V | 25V. | 35V | 63V. | 160V. | 250V. |
| 1 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | |||
| 2.2 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 10 | ||
| 4.7 | 15 | 7,5 | 4,2 | 2,3 | 5 | ||
| 10 | 6 | 4 | 3,5 | 2,4 | 3 | 5 | |
| 22 | 5,4 | 3,6 | 2,1 | 1,5 | 1,5 | 1,5 | 3 |
| 47 | 2,2 | 1,6 | 1,2 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,7 | 0,8 |
| 100 | 1,2 | 0,7 | 0,32 | 0,32 | 0,3 | 0,15 | 0,8 |
| 220 | 0,6 | 0,33 | 0,23 | 0,17 | 0,16 | 0,09 | 0,5 |
| 470 | 0,24 | 0,2 | 0,15 | 0,1 | 0,1 | 0,1 | 0,3 |
| 1000 | 0,12 | 0,1 | 0,08 | 0,07 | 0,05 | 0,06 | |
| 4700 | 0,23 | 0,2 | 0,12 | 0,06 | 0,06 |
As you can see, some cells tables number 3. Eust. For condensers with a capacity of up to 10 μF, the maximum permissible value of ESR is acceptable to count 4 - 5 ohms.
Another old one, but a more complete plate:
Often, when repairing electronics, it is necessary to change the disconnected capacitors. If the capacitor swelled, this indicates a decrease in its capacity and an increase in equivalent sequential resistance (ESR). It happens that the capacitor did not swell, and his ESR is greater than the norm, I collected the tider from the mastercraft and I checked suspicious condensers. At a certain point it became wondering what he actually measures and how it does.
What is ESR.
The equivalent simplified condenser scheme consists of a resistor and capacitor, the value of this resistance and measures the device. It remains to figure out how it does it.
Let's connect the signal generator to the condenser, its equivalent circuit is shown in the figure, it consists of a generator and a successively enabled resistor equal to the output resistance of the generator.
Now connect the serviceable capacitor with a capacity of 470UF and see what the oscilloscope shows.
What changed? The amplitude increased correctly, which measures the device, and for its value, the consequently included resistance in the equivalent condenser scheme corresponds.
Let's try to calculate it. It is considered an equivalent condenser resistance as an ordinary divider. The condenser's reactive resistance can be neglected as the pulse duration is significantly less than Tau.
Consider the ESR value for a serviceable condenser, it is equal to 0.65 OHM. Let's compare it with the fact that the device shows from the mastercraft, the accuracy of this device is low, but for an approximate evaluation will go.
The first LED is lit, the switch is in position 1: 1, we look at the table, the resistance is 1.3 OHM.
The electrolytic capacitor is the thing needed in the farm thing. It often turns out that there is no need for the right little speaker detail at hand - because of such nonsense has to go to the store. In order to avoid this situation, I decided to acquire such a box.
The box itself is sold in this store - - worth $ 2.2 so that our Eastern neighbor poured us a bunch of condensers by $ 3. Very good price for 200 capacitors. In the end, the contents can be given (throw out, disassemble in cognitive purposes, boys weave, etc.) - and put something in the box in 15 cells.
It came out for 2 weeks suddenly.
Packaging photo (in the film was)
Dimensions: 
There is a hanger on a nail :-) 
The box contains a 200 electrolytic capacitor of such denominations: 
From transportation, capacitors in the box were almost not mixed. In order not to be confused, I signed the denominations (why the seller does not do it yourself - it is not clear) 
Measuring capacitors conducted a popular tester here (version in the box) 
The device measures the container, ESR, VLOSS. With a capacity, less everything is clear.
Description vloss strip out here -:
... He indirectly indicates the level of condenser leakage. As you know, the real capacitor has the resistance of the dielectric between the plates. Thanks to this resistance, the capacitor is slowly discharged due to the so-called leakage current.Those. If it is less than 5%, it means everything is OK.So, when charging the capacitor, the voltage on its plates reaches a certain level. But as soon as the capacitor charge stops, the voltage on the charged condenser falls on a very small amount. The difference between the maximum voltage on the condenser and what is observed after the charge is completed and expressed as VLOSS. To be more convenient, VLOSS is expressed as a percentage.
About ESR (EPS) - Equivalent Series Resistance (equivalent sequential resistance) - here you can read about the parameter and method of measurement -.
Determine the table: 
For small tanks up to 5 ohms. If there is much more table rating - then such a conder is better throwing out.
Patient №1
0.1MKF; 50B; 4x7 mm; 15 pieces; NCK. 
Patient number 2.
0.22 μF; 50 V; 15 pieces; 5x11 mm; Chang. 
ESR should be 5. Most likely the device does not know how to measure normally in small tanks.
Patient number 3.
0.47 μF; 50 V; 15 pieces; 5x11 mm; Chang. 
ESR should be 5.The most likely the device does not know how to measure normally in small tanks.
Patient number 4.
1 μF; 50 V; 15 pieces; 5x11 mm; Chang. 
ESR on the table must be 4.5. Here most likely the device does not know how to measure normally in small containers
Patient number 5.
2.2 μF; 50 V; 15 pieces; 5x10 mm; Chang. 
ESR on the table should be 4.5 Here most likely the device does not know how to measure normally in small containers
Patient number 6.
3.3 μF; 50 V; 15 pieces; 5x10 mm; Chang. 
ESR on the table must be 4.7 Most likely the device does not know how to measure normally in small containers
Patient number 7.
4.7 MKF; 50 V; 15 pieces; 5x11 mm; Chang. 
ESR on the table should be 3.0 here most likely the device does not know how to measure normally in small containers
Patient number 8.
10 μF; 25 V; 15 pieces; 5x11 mm; Chang. 
ESR on the table should be 5.3 everything is OK with ESR
Patient number 9.
22 μF; 25 V; 15 pieces; 5x10 mm; Chang. 
Something judging by the table is picker here with ESR
Patient number 10.
22 μF; 16 V; 15 pieces; 5x11 mm; Chang. 
ESR on the table should be 3.6 here with ESR all ok
Patient №11.
47 μF; 16 V; 10 pieces; 5x10 mm; Jackcon 
According to the ESR table, there should be about 1. You see everything yourself.
Patient number 12.
47 μF; 25 V; 10 pieces; 5x10 mm; Chang. 
Table ES.
Hi friends. Today I will tell you about the instrument that greatly helps me in repair, saves money and time. it ESR Meter Chinese origin Mega328.. I bought it to Alikexpress from this seller. What kind of advantages of this device?
Firstly, it is very convenient to check electrolytic capacitors. For this purpose, I bought it. Each condenser has two parameters that are responsible for its work. The first parameter is capacity. These are the same microfaradeswhich is indicated on the capacitor housing. The container is easy to measure any multimeter that supports this function.
At first I thought it was the only parameter that I need to know in the condenser to determine its serviceability, but it was not there. By repairing one monitor, I could not bring the power source to mind. The block gave off low voltages, no matter how cool. Checking capacitors, I measured their container, which was within the normal range. At one point, spitting on the whole thing, I dropped all the capacitors, and replaced them with new ones, after which the monitor was launched. My surprise there was no limit. I decided to find a reason, and alternately began to spread old capacitors, until I found one 470 μF for 50V, sprung that, the monitor stopped working. The tester showed that the condenser is working, but in practice it turned out that it was not. After that, I began to learn all about the capacitors, and discovered such a parameter as ESR..
ESR - Equivalent Series Resistance - The condenser parameter that shows the active losses in the AC circuit. This can be represented as a condenser-connected condenser. The smaller the current loss, the better quality capacitor. I will say right away, the ESR parameter is very relevant for electrolytic capacitors with a capacity of over 4.7 microf. The new electrolytic condenser 1MKF ESR may be 5 ohms. For condensers of a smaller nominal value, this is not so important, at least in my practice it is.
Now essentially. The electrolytic capacitor has a capacity of more than 4.7 ICF ESR should be less 1 Ohm. . If this parameter is higher, then I change the condenser to the new one.
The picture below shows an example of measuring the capacitor of 1000mkf nominal values \u200b\u200bfor 10V.
This is a strong asset capacitor, where ESR is already 17 ohms. It often happens that the capacity is another 950 Igf, and ESR is already 10 ohms. Such a capacitor is definitely under the replacement.
Another example of the selent capacitor. This is a condenser 220 μF 35V. It was 111 μF of it, and ESR rose to 1.3 ohms.
Or the same 220MKF for 35V from the article, where ESR is already 15 Ohm.
Here is an example of a serviceable condenser, which was already in the work, but the nominal it still allows you to work. This is 100mkf for 63r.
As you can see, its ESR is up to 1 ohms, and the nominal has become less than 3 μF less than 3, so I leave such condensers in work. I will give an example of an ideal condenser. This is 1500MKF for 10V.
Here ESR is generally zero OM, and the nominal more stated.
I will go away a little from the capacitors, and I will tell more about the device Mega 328.. It can check not only capacitors, but also much more. They are easy to check transistors, resistors, stabilids, mosfets and many other things. It is very convenient to check the field transistors, since the instrument will show its type, location of the legs of the drain, source and shutter.
An example of checking field transistor:
The instrument shows the type of transistor, the opening threshold and the layout of the legs. Very convenient, especially for the beginner.
Here is an example of checking ordinary n-p-n transistor.
Full list of features of this tester:
Check:Capacitors, diodes, double diodes, MOS, transistors, SCR, regulators, LED tubes, SE,Resistance, adjustable potentiometers, etc.
Resistance: from 0.1 Ohm to a maximum of 50
Capacitor: from 25pf to 100,000 IFF
Inductors: from 0.01 mh to 20 h
Measurements bipolar transistor Current gain and base-emitter threshold voltage.
You can simultaneously measure two resistors. Displays on the right decimal value 4. Resistance The symbol on both sides shows the contact number.
Very important!!! Before measure ESR, the condenser needs to be discharged !!!
The tester is usually supplied in the form of a board, with a jack under the crown. I installed your device, I installed in the junction box, cut the window under the display, button, and the panel for checking. Blucked with a thermoclaim, and so it works for me to this day. Here is a photo:
It's not very beautiful, but I didn't even chase for beauty :).
ESR Meter Overview
I recommend buying on Alikexpress directly, as it is much cheaper, especially with our prices. Here is a link to the seller, where I bought. The device came to Ukraine for 18 days.
ESR meter do it yourself. There is a wide range of equipment breakdowns, the cause of which is the electrolytic. The main factor of malfunction of electrolytic capacitors, this is familiar with all radio amateurs "drying", which occurs due to poor sealing of the case. In this case, its capacitive or, in other words, reactive resistance is due to the decrease in its nominal container.
In addition, in the course of work there are electrochemical reactions that enter the connection points of the conclusions with the plates. Contact deteriorates, as a result, "contact resistance" is formed, reaching sometimes up to several dozen ohm. This is also the same if the resistor is consistently connected to a serviceable condenser, and, moreover, this resistor is placed inside it. Such resistance is still referred to as "equivalent sequential resistance" or ESR.
The existence of consistent resistance adversely affects the work electronic devices, distorting the work of capacitors in the scheme. Extremely strong influence has increased ESR (about 3 ... 5 Ohm) for performance, leading to the combustion of expensive chips and transistors.
Below in the table shows the average ESR (in millime) for new capacitors of various capacitances depending on the voltage on which they are calculated.
It is no secret that reactive resistance decreases with increasing frequency. For example, at a frequency of 100 kHz and a capacity of 10μF capacitive component will be no more than 0.2 ohms. Measuring the drop in alternating voltage having a frequency of 100 kHz and above, it can be assumed that when errors in the region of 10 ... 20% of the measurement will be the active resistance of the condenser. Therefore, it is not at all difficult to collect.
Description ESR meter for capacitors
The pulse generator having a frequency of 120kHz is assembled on the logical elements of DD1.1 and DD1.2. The generator frequency is determined by the RC chain on the elements R1 and C1.
An element DD1.3 is introduced for matching. To increase the power of pulses from the generator, the elements DD1.4 ... DD1.6 are introduced into the circuit. Next, the signal passes through the voltage divider on the resistors R2 and R3 and enters the studied capacitor CX. A variable voltage measurement unit contains VD1 and VD2 diodes and a multimeter, as a voltage meter, for example, M838. The multimeter must be translated into the dial voltage measurement mode. Adventure ESR meter They are carried out by changing the value of R2.
Chip DD1 - K561LN2 can be changed on K1561LN2. Diodes VD1 and VD2 Germany, it is possible to use D9, GD507, D18.
ESR meter radio components are located on which you can make with your own hands. Structurally, the device is made in one case with a nutritional element. The probe X1 is made in the form of sewed and attached to the device body, the probe x2 is no more than 10 cm long at the end of which the needle. Checking the capacitors is possible directly on the board, it is not necessary to draw them out, which greatly facilitates the search for a defective capacitor during repair.
Device setup
1, 5, 10, 15, 25, 30, 40, 60, 70 and 80 ohms.
Keeping X1 and X2 must be connected to the resistor in 1 Ohm and R2 rotation to achieve that the multimeter was 1MV. Then, instead of 1 Ω, connect the next resistor (5 Ohm) and without changing the R2 to record the point of the multimeter. The same to do with the remaining resistance. As a result, the table of values \u200b\u200bwill be obtained, which will determine the reactive resistance.