Famous world brand Intel story. The history of the emergence of Intel and AMD. Intel processor development history
Until the end of the 90s, Intel really paid attention to marketing and promoting his brand. It was considered sufficient that they produce the best processors in the world. But at some point, competitors with aggressive advertising, like Apple, IBM and AMD began to seriously interfere with the computer market leader. It annoyed Intel's Guide, and they decided to take a chance. In 1989 there was a serious problem with the sales processor 386. Many users of 286 did not understand why they spend money on a more powerful processor. Then the RedX project was created. He meant advertising for a turn of the magazine, and was an inscription with chopped font 286 on a white background, crossed by a fat red cross. Intel's logo was located in the corner. It was a crazy deed. Marketing experts called him corporate suicide and "devouring of their own child." But the risk was justified. Intel's marketers realized that boring advertising in specialized editions for industrial customers does not work, it is necessary to contact the end consumer.
Microprocessor technology background
In the late 1960s of the last century, the information technologies had a flourishing of integrated digital chips with rigid logic. There was an opportunity to create relatively compact counting machines, automation and control systems.
But any devices built on integrated circuits were not universal. Each task was created their own solution. All attempts of engineers create multitasking machines led to a significant increase in dimensions and excessive complication of schemes.
The fracture towards new technologies was called. The first who carried out the breakthrough became Intel.
Founders intel
Photo: Intel Free Press
Intel was founded by Robert Neus and Gordon Moore. A little later, Andy Grove joined them.
Neus grew up in the family of the priest of the Congregationist Church, but this did not prevent him from graduating from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and become an integrated microcircuit developer engineer. He married the most beautiful girl release a university with which four children raised.
Sheriff's son Gordon Moore received a doctorate degree in chemistry and physics in the California Institute of Technology. In 1965, he brought the famous "Moore Act". In 1950, he met Betty's Girl, who became his wife and gave him two sons.
The leaving from Hungary Andy Grove was born in a Jewish family, as a result of permanent persecutions, in 1956 emigrated in the United States to Uncle. Received a doctorate of chemical engineering in the University of California. The author of the slogan in the approach of doing business "survive only paranoids."
Despite the fact that I created Intel Robert Neuss and Gordon Moore, Grove, hired at first, as the top manager, became also considered the founder of the enterprise.
Start
Eight talented engineers who will later be called "treacherous eight", in 1957 founded Fairchild Semiconductor for the development and production of silicon transistors. Not quite understanding commercial games in the Silicon Valley "Verger G8" fell under the influence of Fairchild Camera & Instrument, which began to use Fairchild Semiconductor as a dairy cow. Salary fell, and the best developers began to leave the enterprise.
It was also associated with the restriction of the freedom of "treacherous eight", which worked a lot, but, according to the management company, is not organized. Especially voluntary employees tried to protest, but in vain. In retaliation Bob Vyravar went to work with a goat, who plited the lawn before the office and gadal on him.
Foundation of the company
Robert Neus and Gordon Moore quit and founded their own company in 1968. For the company that the wound did not exist in the Silicon Valley, there is no chance of getting an investment. No one will contact "nobody". But, having a reputation for serious developers in the field of microelectronics, they did not have to look for an investor for a long time. Noise was enough to write a business plan on one page to investor on the same day allocated 2.5 million dollars.
Initially, the company was named on the initials of the creators of N. M. Electronics, but the name was associated with old-fashioned provincial instruments manufacturing firms. Then, imitating Hewlett-Packard, the phrase of the Moore-Noce was trifting, but it sounded on the hearing how "more noise" ("more interference"). It was decided to stay at the inegrated electronics, but did not suit the dismissions. Then someone came to the head to cut both words and combine into one legendary - Intel.
Access to the market
Startup Intel Beginning with Microcircuit Development random access memoryWhat required huge equipment for the purchase of equipment. We had to save. Salary of Neuss, regularly running in search of additional investors, was only $ 30,000 a year, which is three times less than on Fairchild Semiconductor.
Nevertheless, after 18 months, Intel introduced the first chip 3101 with SRAM technology, and after another month 1101 MOS technology performed on the basis. Such a rapid and unpredictable growth rate of Intel was disturbed by competitors. The transition to MOP technology was a serious jump.
But the golden hour for Intel came after appeal to the Japanese company Busicom. The Japanese asked to connect 12 modules in 1. In fact, it was the process of creating a computer in one chip - a prototype of a modern processor, which gave an impetus to the movement of Intel forward.
Intel's history of the company you can look in the video.
Marketing Policy
For a long time, Intel was not known to the final buyer. The usual user is indifferent to the brand and manufacturer of the processor installed in the computer. From the mid-90s due to the real commercial threat from AMD, Intel begins to invest millions of dollars in the inbreding. Now the company's logo is necessarily present on each computer., and on television channels, in magazines, an Intel advertising is posted on the sites, driven by the idea to buy computers only with Intel processors. It affected.
Financial growth
Headquarters in Santa Clare Photo: Coolcaesar
A quarter of a century, permanently, Intel keeps the palm of championship among processor and motherboard manufacturers. The team of 12 engineers in 1968 rose to the number of 150,000 people, and the initial capital of $ 2.5 million, taken on credit, has become the company's balance sheet value of $ 170.85 billion.
Revenue from sale in recent years ranges within $ 53-56 billion per year, and net profit of $ 9-13 billion. Intel produces about 80% of the processors from world production.Approximately the same indicators and in the production of graphics cards.
Intel's marketing policy and regular emissions on the market of innovative products have practically made insignificant competitors attempts to approach Intel's sales levels. For example, a well-known AMD company produces only 10% of processors, which provokes it to regular claims to the Antimonopoly Committee on Intel.
Intel in Russia
Officially, Intel went to Russia in 1991. Intel opened three centers of research and development (R & D) in Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk and Moscow in Russia. In addition, Intel works with universities towards improving the qualifications of teachers and students in the field of scientific research. In IFT, with the assistance of Intel, the Department of Microprocessor Technologies opened.
Intel today
For many years, there is only 88-year-old Gordon Moore, who is not participating directly directly in the management of the company. Intel's wheel - executive director Brian Krzhanich and President Rene James.
In 2017, Intel remains the world leader in the production of microprocessor devices. Interestingly, when Robert Neus implemented the first intel shares in 1971, he hardly imagined that every dollar nested by the shareholder will return 270,000 dollars in the 90s.
The first Intel® processor was 4-bit, had 2300 transistors and a clock frequency of 108 kHz. Nehuto ... Designed for Busicom Calculators.
1974 Intel® 8080.
The speed of this processor was already measured in MHz - there were only two of them :) at 8-bit bit. The number of transistors has increased more than twice.
1978 Intel® 8086.
The frequency of this processor rose to 10 MHz. On its basis, IBM PC computers began to release.
1979 Intel® 8088.
Different from the previous one that the data bus and total bit were 8-bit.
1982 Intel® 80186.
Failed, scary buggy processor. Even parents forgot about him: on the site you will not find any mention of it.
1985 Intel® 386 ™ DX
The first is really multitasking CPU (on it even W95 works :). Code name: P9.
1988 Intel® 386 ™ SX
Low-End The Intel® 386 ™ DX version. Code name: P9.
1989 Intel® 486 ™ DX
The first processor with built-in first-level cache and mathematical coprocessor (FPU), which significantly accelerated data processing. Code name: P4 :)
1990 Intel® 386 ™ SL
Mobile version of the 386th processor. Code name: P9.
1991 Intel® 486 ™ SX
Low-End version Intel® 486 ™ DX without FPU. Code name: P23.
1992 Intel® 486 ™ SL
Version 486 ™ DX with advanced features - ISA bus controller, DRAM controller, LAN controller.
1992 Intel® 486 ™ DX2
The first fully 32-bit processor. Code name: P24. Of those characteristics: 1.25 million transistors;
1993 Intel® Pentium® (P5)
Pentium is the first processor with a two-tier-tier structure. I wore code name P5 and was produced in a construct under Socket 4. The cache memory was first divided - 8 KB on the data and 8 KB on the instructions.
1993 Intel® Pentium® (P54C)
The increase in clock frequency required the transition to a thinner of 0.50 μm technological process, and later 0.35 μm. Code name: P54C.
1994 Intel® 486 ™ DX4
The last "fourth line" with an increased to 16 KB of the first level cache. Code name: p24c. Characteristics: 1.6 million transistors;
1995 Intel® Pentium® Pr.
The first sixth generation processor. For the first time, the second-level cache memory was applied, operating at the processor core frequency. The processors had a very high cost of manufacturing and were intended for powerful (for those not so far times) servers, but had one disadvantage: poor optimization for a 16-bit code. The technology of 0.50 μm was produced, and later 0.35 microns, which made it possible to increase the volume of L2 cache from 256 to 512, 1024 and 2048 KB. Code name: P6.
1997 INTEL® PENTIUM® MMX (P55C)
As the share of multimedia in processor calculations increases, enhancing the game requirements was invented, MMX extension (Multi Media Extention), containing 57 instructions for floating point computing, significantly increasing computer performance in multimedia applications (from 10 to 60%, depending on optimization ). Code name: P55C.
1997 Intel® Pentium® MMX (Tillamook)
The Pentium MMX option for laptops - had reduced kernel voltage and power. It was not mechanically compatible with Socket 7, but there was an adapter to this nest. Code name: Tillamook.
1997 INTEL® PENTIUM® II (KLAMATH)
The first processor from the Pentium II line, which made the advantages of Pentium® Pro and Pentium® MMX. Produced in a new design SLOT 1 is the edge connector with 242 contacts (SECC cartridge), designed for modular design processors with second-level cache, made on discrete chips. Code name: KLAMATH.
1998 Intel® Pentium® II (Deschutes)
The processor from the Pentium II line, which changed Klamath. It differs from it a thinner technological process (0.25 microns) and higher clock frequencies. Constructive - SEC Cartridge, which in senior models has been replaced by SECC2 (cache on one side of the kernel, and not with two, as in standard deschutes; modified cooler mount). Code name: deschutes.
1998 INTEL® PENTIUM® II OVERDRIVE
Pentium® II option intended for the Pentium® Pro upgrade, i.e., for installation on Socket 8 motherboards. Code name: P6T.
1998 INTEL® PENTIUM® II (Tonga)
Pentium® II option for laptops. Built by 0.25 μm kernel Deschutes. Code name: Tonga.
1998 Intel® Celeron® (Covington)
The first option of the Celeron® line, built on the deschutes kernel. To reduce the cost of the cost, the processors were produced without a second-level cache memory and a protective cartridge. Constructive - SEPP (Single Edge Pin Package). The lack of a second-level cache caused their relatively low performance, but also a high ability to accelerate. Code name: Covington.
1998 Intel® Pentium® II Xeon
Pentium® II Xeon - the Pentium® II server version, which was made on the deschutes kernel and was different from Pentium® II more quickly (full-speed) and more tank (there are options from 1 or 2 MB) second-level cache and construct - it was produced In the SLOT 2 constructive, this is also a edge connector, but with 330 contacts, a VRM voltage regulator, the EEPROM storage device. Perched in the SECC case. Code name: deschutes.
1998 Intel® Celeron® (Mendocino)
Further development of the Celeron® line. It has a L2 cache of 128 KB, integrated into a processor crystal and a kernel-operating kernel, which ensures high performance. Code name: Mendocino.
1999 Intel® Celeron® (Mendocino)
It differs from the previous one by the fact that the Form Factor Slot 1 was changed to a cheaper Socket 370 and the clock frequency increased. Code name: Mendocino.
1999 INTEL® PENTIUM® II PE (DIXON)
The last Pentium® II is designed for use in portable computers. Code name: DIXON.
1999 Intel® Pentium® III (Katmai)
Pentium® III came to replace the Pentium® II (deschutes) on the new Katmai core. Added SSE block (Streaming SIMD Extensions), extended MMX commands and a memory streaming mechanism is enhanced. Code name: Katmai.
1999 INTEL® PENTIUM® III XEON ™ (Tanner)
Hi-End Pentium® III processor version. Code name: Tanner.
1999 Intel® Pentium® III (CopperMine)
This Pentium® III has been manufactured at 0.18 microns technology has a clock frequency up to 1200 MHz. The first attempts to release the processor on this core with a frequency of 1113 MHz ended in failure, since it worked very unstable in the limit modes, and all processors with this frequency were withdrawn - this incident was very overwhelmed by the reputation of Intel®. Code name: Coppermine.
1999 Intel® Celeron® (Coppermine)
Celeron® The Coppermine kernel supports the SSE instruction set. Starting from the frequency of 800 MHz, this processor runs 100 MHz bus system. Code name: Coppermine.
1999 INTEL® PENTIUM® III XEON ™ (Cascades)
Pentium® III Xeon, made at 0.18 microns technological process. Processors with a frequency of 900 MHz from the first parties overheated and their deliveries were temporarily suspended. Code name: Cascades.
2000 Intel® Pentium® 4 (Willamette, Socket 423)
A fundamentally new processor with hypercupilization (hyperpipeline) - with a conveyor consisting of 20 steps. According to Intel® statements, processors based on this technology make it possible to achieve an increase in frequency by about 40 percent relative to the P6 family with the same technological process. 400 MHz System Bus (Quad-Pumped) is applied, providing 3.2 GB bandwidth per second against 133 MHz Tires throughput 1.06 GB in Pentium III. Code name: Willamette.
2000 Intel® Xeon ™ (Foster)
Continued Xeon ™ line: Pentium® server version 4. Code name: FOSTER.
2001 Intel® Pentium® III-S (Tualatin)
Further increase in the Pentium® III clock frequency demanded a translation to 0.13 microns technological process. The second-level cache returned to its original size (like Katmai): 512 KB and added data technology Prefetch Logic, which improves the performance of preloading the data required by the application to the cache. Code name: Tualatin.
2001 Intel® Pentium® III-M (Tualatin)
Mobile version of Tualatin-A with support for the new version of Speedstep technology, designed to reduce the energy consumption of the laptop batteries. Code name: Tualatin.
2001 INTEL® PENTIUM® 4 (Willamette, Socket 478)
This processor is made by 0.18 μm process. It is installed in the new Socket 478 connector, since the previous Socket 423 form factor was "transition" and Intel® is not going to maintain it. Code name: Willamette.
2001 Intel® Celeron® (Tualatin)
The new Celeron® has a second-level cache size of 256 KB and operates per 100 MHz system bus, i.e. superior to the characteristics of the first Pentium® III models (Coppermine). Code name: Tualatin.
2001 INTEL® PENTIUM® 4 (Northwood)
Pentium 4 with Northwood's kernel is different from Willamette large second-level cache (512 KB from Northwood against 256 KB at Willamette) and the application of the new technological process is 0.13 microns. Starting from the frequency of 3.06 GHz added support for Hyper Threading technology - emulation of two processors in one. Code name: Northwood.
2001 Intel® Xeon ™ (Prestonia)
This Xeon ™ is made on the Prestonia core. It differs from the previously increased to 512 kb of the second level cache. Code name: Prestonia.
2002 Intel® Celeron® (Willamette-128)
The new Celeron® is based on the Willamette kernel of 0.18 microns process. It differs from Pentium® 4 on the same core twice as smaller volume of the second level cache (128 against 256 Kb). Designed to install in the Socket 478 connector. Code name: WILLAMETTE-128.
2002 Intel® Celeron® (Northwood-128)
Celeron® Northwood-128 differs from Willamette-128 only by the fact that it is made by 0.13 μM technical process. Code name: WILLAMETTE-128.
Understand the company Intel And three of its founders can only be when you understand the silicon valley and its origins. And in order to do this, you need to penetrate the company's story. Shokley Transistor., Treacherous eight and Fairchild Semiconductor. Without their understanding, Intel will remain for you the same as for most people - a secret.
The invention of computers did not mean that the revolution began immediately. The first computers based on large, non-shrouded, quickly breaking electronic lamps were expensive mounds, which could only contain corporations, universities where scientific research was conducted, and the military. The appearance of transistors, and then new technologies that allow millions of transistors on a tiny microchip, meant that the computational power of many thousands of Eniac devices can be focused on the head part of the rocket, in a computer that can be kented and in portable devices.
In 1947, Bell Laboratory engineers John Bardin and Walter Brattein invented the transistor, which was represented by the general public in 1948. A few months later, William Shockley, one of the employees of Bell, developed a model of a bipolar transistor. The transistor, which, in fact, is a solid-state electronic switch, replaced the bulky vacuum lamp. The transition from vacuum lamps to transistors laid the beginning of a tendency to miniaturization, which continues today. The transistor has become one of the most important discoveries of the XX century.
In 1956, the Nobel laureate in Physics William Shockley created the company SHOCKLEY SEMICONDUCTOR LABORATORY to work on four-layer diodes. Shocley failed to attract their former employees from Bell Labs; Instead, he hired a group, in his opinion, the best young electronics specialists who have recently graduated from American universities. In September 1957, due to the conflict with Shockley, who decided to stop the study of silicon semiconductors, eight key employees of Shokley Transistor decided to leave their jobs and start doing their own business. Eight people are now forever known as a treacherous eight. This epithet gave them shocks when they left work. The eight includes Robert Neuss, Gordon Moore, Jay Lasta, Gina Guiurni, Viktor Grhenich, Yujina Kleiner, Sheldon Roberts and Julius Blanca.
After care, they decided to create their own company, but the investment to take it was nowhere. As a result of a call, 30 firms they stumbled upon Fairchild - the owner of Fairchild Camera and Instrument. He happily invested one and a half million dollars to a new company, which was almost twice as much as it was originally considered the eight of its founders. The so-called transaction with the award was concluded: if the company is successful, he will be able to redeem it completely over three million. Fairchild Camera and Instrument took advantage of this right in 1958. Came a subsidiary of Fairchild Semiconductor.
In January 1959, one of the eight founders of Fairchild, Robert Neuss invented a silicon integral scheme. At the same time, Jack Kilby in Texas Instruments invented Germany integrated circuit for six months before - in the summer of 1958, however, the Neuss model turned out to be more suitable for mass production, and it is it used in modern chips. In 1959, Kilbi and Neuss independently submitted applications for patents on the integrated circuit, and both successfully received them, and Neuss received his patent first.
In the 1960s, Fairchild became one of the leading manufacturers operating amplifiers and other analog integrated circuits. However, at the same time, the new management of Fairchild Camera and Instrument began to limit Fairchild Semiconductor's freedom, which led to conflicts. Members of the G8 and other experienced employees one after another began to dismiss and base their own companies in the Silician Valley.
The first name selected by Necess and Murom was NM Electronics, N and M - the first letters of their surnames. But it was not too impressive. After a large number of not very successful offers, such as the Electronic Solid State Computer Technology Corporation, came to the final decision: the company will be called Integrated Electronics Corporation. In itself, it was also not too impressive, but there was one dignity. Abbreviated company could be called Intel. It sounded well. The name was energetic and eloquent.
Scientists set themselves a completely definite goal: create a practical and affordable semiconductor memory. Nothing similarly was previously created, given the fact that the storage device on silicon chips was worth at least a hundred times more expensive for the time of memory on magnetic cores. The cost of semiconductor memory reached one dollar per bit, while the storage device on magnetic cores was worth only about the cent of the bits. Robert Neuss said: "We needed to make only one thing - to reduce the cost a hundred times and thereby conquer the market. This is exactly what we basically and engaged. "
In 1970, Intel has released a memory chip in 1 kbps, far exceeding the capacity of the current microcircuits (1 kbps is 1024 bits, one byte consists of 8 bits, that is, the microcircuit could store only 128 bytes of information, which is negligible for modern standards. ) The created chip, known as the dynamic operational storage device (DRAM) 1103, was by the end of next year the most sold semiconductor device in the world. By this time, Intel rose from a handful of enthusiasts to the company, numbering more than a hundred employees.
At this time, the Japanese company Busicom turned to Intel with a request to develop a set of microcircuits for a family of highly efficient programmable calculators. The initial design of the calculator was provided for at least 12 microcircuits of various types. Intel Ted Hoff Engineer rejected this concept and instead developed a single-chip logical device that receives the application commands from semiconductor memory. This cPU He worked under the program, which allowed to adapt the microcircuit functions to perform incoming tasks. The microcircuit was universal in nature, that is, its use was not limited to a calculator. The logical modules had only one destination and a strictly defined set of commands that were used to control its functions.
One problem was connected with this microcham: all rights to it belonged exclusively Busicom. Ted Hoff and other developers understood that this design has almost unlimited use. They insisted that Intel bought the rights to the created chip. Intel suggested a busicom to return 60 thousand dollars paid by it for a license in exchange for the right to dispose of the developed microcircuit. As a result, Busicom, being in a difficult financial situation, agreed.
On November 15, 1971, the first 4-bit microcomputer kit 4004 appeared (the term microprocessor appeared significantly later). The microcircuit contained 2300 transistors, cost 200 dollars and in its parameters was comparable to the first EUM ENIA created in 1946, which used 18 thousand vacuum electronic lamps and occupied 85 cubic meters.
The microprocessor performed 60 thousand operations per second, worked at a frequency of 108 kHz and was produced using a 10 micron technology (10,000 nanometers). The data was transmitted by 4 bits for tact with blocks, and the maximum addressable memory volume was 640 bytes. The 4004th was used to control traffic lights, when analyzing blood and even in the Pioneer 10 Research Rocket, launched by NASA.
In April 1972, Intel released the 8008 processor, which worked at a frequency of 200 kHz.
The following processor model, 8080, was announced in April 1974.
This processor has already contained 6000 transistors and could be addressed to 64 KB of memory. On it was the first personal computer (not PC) Altair 8800. The CP / M operating system was used in this computer, and Microsoft has developed a Basic programming language interpreter. It was the first mass model of the computer for which thousands of programs were written.
Over time, 8080 has become so famous that he began to copy it.
At the end of 1975, several former Intel engineers involved in the development of the 8080 processor were created by Zilog. In July 1976, this company released the Z-80 processor, which was a significantly improved version of 8080.
This processor was incompatible from 8080 by contact conclusions, but combined a variety of different functions, such as memory interface and a RAM update scheme, which made it possible to develop cheaper and simple computers. The Z-80 also includes an extended set of 8080 processor commands, which allows using its software. This processor includes new teams and internal registers, therefore software developed for Z-80 could be used almost with all versions of 8080.
Initially, the Z-80 processor worked at a frequency of 2.5 MHz (later versions already worked at a frequency of 10 MHz), contained 8500 transistors and could address 64 KB of memory.
Radio SHEC has chosen the Z-80 processor for its personal computer TRS-80 Model 1. Soon the Z-80 has become a standard processor for systems operating with the CP / M operating system and the most common at that time.
Intel did not stop at the achieved, and in March 1976 released the 8085 processor, which contained 6500 transistors, worked at 5 MHz and was produced in 3 micron technology (3000 nanometers).
Despite the fact that it was released a few months earlier than the Z-80, he never managed to achieve the popularity of the latter. It was used mainly as a control chip of various computerized devices.
In the same year, Mos Technologies released a 6502 processor, which was absolutely not similar to Intel processors.
It was developed by a group of engineers of Motorola. The same group worked on the creation of a 6800 processor, which in the future was transformed into the family of processors 68000. The price of the first version of the 8080 processor reached the three hundred dollars, while the 8-bit 6502 cost only about twenty-five dollars. Such a price was quite acceptable for Steve Woznia, and he embedded the processor 6502 to the new models of Apple I and Apple II. The 6502 processor was also used in the systems created by Commodore and other manufacturers.
This processor and his successors were successfully worked in gaming computer systems, among which the Nintendo Entertainment System is included. Motorola continued to work on creating a series of processors 68000, which were subsequently used in apple computers Macintosh. The second generation of Mac computers used the PowerPC processor, which is a successor of 68000. Today, Mac computers switched to the PC architecture and use some processors with them, chips system logic And other components.
In June 1978, Intel introduced the 8086 processor, which contained a set of commands under the codenamed x86.
The same set of commands is still supported in all modern microprocessors: AMD Ryzen Threadripper 1950x and Intel Core i9-7920X. The 8086 processor was completely 16-bit - internal registers and data bus. It contained 29,000 transistors and worked at 5 MHz. Thanks to the 20-bit address bus, it could address 1 MB of memory. When creating the 8086th, backward compatibility with the 8080s was not provided. But at the same time, the significant similarities of their commands and the language allowed to use earlier software versions. This property subsequently played an important role to quickly transfer CP / M system (8080) on PC rails.
Despite the high efficiency of the 8086 processor, its price was still too high by the standards of the time and, which is much more important, for its work, an expensive microcircuit of supporting a 16-bit data bus was required. To reduce the cost of the processor, in 1979 Intel released the 8088 processor - a simplified version of 8086.
The 8088th used the same inner kernels and 16-bit registers as 8086, could address 1 MB of memory, but unlike the previous version used an external 8-bit data bus. This allowed backward compatibility with a previously developed 8085-developed 8085 processor and thereby significantly reduce the cost of the systemics and computers created. That is why IBM chose the 8088 processor for its first PC, and not 8086. This decision had far-reaching consequences for the entire computer industry.
The 8088 processor was completely software-compatible with 8086, which made it possible to use 16-bit software. In processors 8085 and 8080, a very similar set of commands was used, so programs written for processors previous versionsIt was easy to convert 8088 for the processor. This, in turn, made it possible to develop a variety of programs for IBM PC, which was the key to his future success. Not wanting to stop halfway, Intel was forced to provide 8086/8088 backward compatibility support with most processors released at that time.
Intel immediately began to develop a new microprocessor after exit 8086/8088. Processors 8086 and 8088 demanded a large number of support chips, and the company decides to develop a microprocessor that already contains all the necessary modules on the crystal. The new processor included a plurality of components previously produced in the form of individual chips, this would allow dramatically to reduce the number of microcircuits in the computer, and, therefore, and reduce its value. In addition, the internal command system was expanded.
In the second half of 1982, Intel releases an embedded processor 80186, which, in addition to the improved 8086 kernel, also contained additional modules that replace some support chip.
Also in 1982, 80188 was released, which is an option of microprocessor 80186 with an 8-bit external data bus.
A 16-bit X86-compatible microprocessor 80286 was released on February 1, 1982 was an advanced version of the 8086 processor and possessed 3-6 times greater performance.
This qualitatively new microprocessor was then used in an IBM PC-AT epochal computer.
The 286th was developed in parallel with the processors 80186/80188, but it did not have some modules in the Intel 80186 processor. The Intel 80286 processor was produced in exactly the same case as Intel 80186 - LCC, as well as in PGA enclosures with sixty eight with conclusions.
In those years, the backward compatibility of the processors was still maintained, which did not bother to introduce various innovations and additional features. One of the main changes was the transition from the 16-bit internal architecture of the processor 286 and earlier versions to 32-bit internal architecture of the 386th and subsequent processors belonging to the category IA-32. This architecture was presented in 1985, but it took another 10 years so that such operating systems appear on the market as Windows 95 (partially 32-bit) and Windows NT (requiring the use of exceptionally 32-bit drivers). And after another 10 years, operating windows system XP, which was 32-bit both at the level of drivers and at the level of all components. So, the adaptation of 32-bit calculations was required for 16 years. For the computer industry, this is quite a long time.
80386th appeared in 1985. It contained 275 thousand transistors and performed more than 5 million operations per second.
Compaq's DeskPro 386 computer was the first PC created on the basis of a new microprocessor.
The following from the family of processors X86 was the 486th, which appeared in 1989.
Meanwhile, the US Department of Defense did not please the prospect of staying with a single supplier of chips. As the latter became less and less (remember, what kind of zoo was observed at the beginning of the nineties), the importance of AMD, as an alternative manufacturer, grew. By agreement of 1982, AMD had all licenses for the production of processors 8086, 80186 and 80286, however, the freshly developed 80386 Intel processor to transmit AMD refused to be categorically. And the agreement broke. Further followed by a long and loud trial - the first in the history of companies. He ended only in 1991 by Victory AMD. For its position Intel paid the plaintiff a billion dollars.
But nevertheless, the relationship was poured, and there was not a relationship about the former confidence. Moreover, the AMD went along the way Reverse Engineering. The company continued to produce different hardware, but completely coinciding the Microc of the AM386 processors, and then AM486. Intel went to court here. The process was dragged for a long time, and the success turned out to be on one, then on the other side. But on December 30, 1994, a court decision was made according to which microcode Intel Yet is the property of Intel, and somehow it's not good to use it to use it if the owner does not like it. Therefore, since 1995, everything has changed seriously. In Intel Pentium and AMD K5 processors, any applications for the X86 platform were launched, but from the point of view of architecture they were fundamentally different. And it turns out that at all the real competition Intel and AMD began only after a quarter of a century after the creation of companies.
However, to ensure compatibility, cross-pollination technologies have not gone anywhere. In modern Intel processors, a lot of patented AMD, and, on the contrary, AMD gently adds instruction sets developed by Intel.
In 1993, Intel introduced the first Pentium processor, the performance of which increased fivefold compared with the productivity of the 486 family. This processor contained 3.1 million transistors and performed up to 90 million operations per second, which is about one and a half thousand times higher than the speed of 4004.
When the next generation of processors appeared, those who hoped the name Sexium were disappointed.
The P6 family processor, called Pentium Pro, was born in 1995.
Revising the architecture P6, Intel in May 1997 introduced the Pentium II processor.
It contained 7.5 million transistors, packed, in contrast to the traditional processor, in the cartridge, which made it possible to place the L2 cache directly in the processor module. It helped to significantly increase its speed. In April 1998, the Pentium II family was replenished with a cheap Celeron processor used in the home PC, and the Pentium II Xeon professional processor, intended for servers and workstations. Also in 1998, Intel first integrated the second-level cache memory (which worked at the full frequency of the core of the processor) directly into the crystal, which made it possible to significantly increase its speed.
While the Pentium processor rapidly conquered the dominant position in the market, AMD acquired Nexgen, who was working on the NX686 processor. As a result of the merger of companies, AMD K6 processor appeared.
This processor, both in hardware and software, was compatible with the Pentium processor, that is, installed in the socket Socket 7 and performed the same programs. AMD continued the development of faster versions of the K6 processor and won a significant part of the middle class PC market.
The first processor for desktop computing machines of the older model containing the built-in second-level cache and operating with the full core frequency was the Pentium III processor, created on the basis of the Coppermine kernel, presented at the end of 1999, which was, in essence, Pentium II, Containing SSE instructions.
In 1998, AMD introduced the Athlon processor, which allowed her to compete with Intel on the high-speed desktop market practically on equal. 
This processor was very successful, and Intel got him represented by a decent opponent in the field of high-performance systems. Today, the success of the Athlon processor does not cause doubt, but during his release to the market for this account there were concerns. The fact is that, in contrast to its predecessor, the K6, which was compatible both on the software and the hardware level with the Intel processor, Athlon was compatible only at the software level - it required a specific set of microcircuits of system logic and a special socket.
New AMD processors were produced in 250-nm technology with 22 million transistors. They have a new unit of integer calculations (ALU). The EV6 system bus provided data transmission on both fronts of the clock signal, which made it possible at a physical frequency of 100 megahertz to obtain an effective frequency of 200 megaggers. The amount of the first level cache was 128 KB (64 Kb of instructions and 64 kb of data). The second level cache reached 512 KB.
The year 2000 was marked by the emergence of new developments of both companies in the market. On March 6, 2000, AMD released the world's first processor clock frequency in 1 GHz. It was a representative of the popularity of the Athlon family at the Orion Core. Also, AMD first introduced the Athlon Thunderbird and Duron processors. The DURON processor, essentially, was identical to the Athlon processor and differ from it only the smaller volume of the second level cache. Thunderbird, in turn, used integrated cache, which made it possible to increase its speed. Duron was a cheaper version of the Athlon processor, which was designed primarily in order to make a worthy competition in low-cost Celeron processors. And Intel at the end of the year introduced a new Pentium 4 processor.
In 2001, Intel has released a new version of the Pentium 4 processor with a working frequency of 2 GHz, which became the first processor reached such frequency. In addition, AMD introduced the Athlon XP processor created on the basis of the Palomino kernel, as well as the Athlon MP, designed specifically for multiprocessor server systems. During 2001, AMD and Intel continued to work on improving the performance of the microcircuits being developed and improving the parameters of existing processors.
In 2002, Intel introduced the Pentium 4 processor, which first reached the operating frequency of 3.06 GHz. Following processors for it will also support Hyper-Threading technology. The simultaneous execution of two streams is given for processors with Hyper-Threading technology. Performance growth in 25-40% compared to conventional Pentium 4. This inspired programmers to develop multi-threaded programs, and prepared soil for the emergence of multi-core processors.
In 2003, AMD released the first 64-bit ATHLON 64 processor (Clawhammer code name, or K8).
Unlike server 64-bit ITANIUM and Itanium 2 processors optimized for the new 64-bit architecture of software systems and quite slowly working with traditional 32-bit programs, Athlon 64 embodies the 64-bit expansion of the X86 family. After some time, Intel presented its own set of 64-bit extensions, which called EM64T or IA-32E. Intel extensions were almost identical to AMD extensions, which meant compatibility on programmatic level. Until now, some operating systems call them AMD64, although in marketing documents, competitors prefer their own brands.
In the same year, Intel launches the first processor in which the third-level cache - Pentium 4 has been implemented. Extreme Edition. It was built in 2 MB of cache, the number of transistors was significantly increased and as a result - performance. The Pentium M microcircuit also appeared for laptop computers. She thought as an integral part of the new Centrino architecture, which was supposed to reduce power consumption, thereby increasing the battery resource, secondly, to ensure the possibility of producing more compact and lung buildings.
In order for the 64-bit calculations to become a reality, 64-bit operating systems and drivers are required. In April 2005, Microsoft began to distribute trial version Windows XP Professional X64 EDITION supporting additional AMD64 and EM64T instructions.
Not driving turnover, AMD in 2004 produces the world's first dual-core X86-core Athlon 64 x2.
At that time, very few applications could use two cores simultaneously, but in a specialized productivity gains was very impressive.
In November 2004, Intel was forced to cancel the release of the Pentium 4 model with a clock frequency of 4 GHz due to heat sink problems.
On May 25, 2005, Intel Pentium D processors were first demonstrated. There is nothing to say about them, except that only about heat dissipation in 130 W.
In 2006, AMD represents the world's first 4-nuclear server processor, where all 4 cores are grown on one crystal, and not "glued" from two, like a business colleague. Solved the most complex engineering tasks - and at the stage of development, and in production.
In the same year, Intel changed the name of the Pentium brand on Core and released the Core 2 Duo dual-core chip.
Unlike the NetBurst architecture processors (Pentium 4 and Pentium D), in the Core 2 architecture, the rate was not made to increase the clock frequency, but to improve other processor parameters, such as cache, efficiency and number of cores. The dispersion capacity of these processors was significantly lower than that of the desktop Pentium. With the TDP parameter, equal to 65 W, the Core 2 processor had the smallest dispel power from all available then on the sale of desktop microprocessors, including on the PRESCOTT kernels (Intel) with TDP equal to 130 W, and on SAN DIEGO (AMD) cores with TDP equal 89 W.
The first desktop quad-core processor was the Intel Core 2 Extreme QX6700 with a clock frequency of 2.67 GHz and 8 MB of second-level cache.
In 2007, the 45-nanometer microarchitecture of Penryn was published using HI-K metal shutters without lead. The technology was used in the Intel Core 2 DUO processor family. Support for SSE4 instructions was added to the architecture, and the maximum amount of 2-level cache in dual-core processors increased from 4 MB to 6 MB.
In 2008, the next generation architecture was published - Nehalem. Processors acquired a built-in memory controller supporting 2 or 3 channels DDR3 SDRAM or 4 FB-DIMM channel. A new QPI bus arrived at the FSB bus. The volume of the 2nd level cache reduced to 256 KB per each kernel.
Soon Intel translated Nehalem architecture to the new 32-nm technical process. This line of processors was named Westmere.
The first model of the new microarchitecture was Clarkdale, which possesses two nuclei and an integrated graphics core produced in 45-nm technical process.
AMD tried to keep up with Intel. In 2007, she released a new generation of microprocessor architecture X86 - Phenom (K10).
Four cores of the processor were combined on one crystal. In addition to the Cache of the 1st and 2nd levels of the model, the K10 finally received L3 of 2 MB. The amount of data cache and level of level 1 was 64 KB each, and the 2nd level cache - 512 KB. Also appeared promising support for the DDR3 memory controller. In K10, two 64-bit controllers were used. Each processor kernel had a 128-bit floating point calculation module. In addition to all, new processors have worked through the Hypertransport 3.0 interface.
In 2009, many years of conflict was completed between Intel and AMD corporations related to patent law and antimonopoly legislation. So, for almost ten years, Intel used a number of dishonest decisions and receptions that prevented the fair development of competition in the semiconductor market. Intel put pressure on his partners, forcing them to refuse to acquire aMD processors. Customer bribing was used, providing large discounts and conclusion of agreements. As a result, Intel paid AMD 1.25 billion dollars and pledged to follow a certain set of business activities of the following 5 years.
By 2011, the Athlon Epoch and the competitive struggle on the processor market has already passed into some calm, but it lasted at all long ago - in January, Intel presented her new architecture Sandy Bridge.which has become ideological development of the first generation Core - Whole milestone, which allowed Blue Giant to take leadership in the market. AMD fans waited for red answers for quite a long time - only in October the long-awaited Bulldozer appeared on the market - return to the AMD FX brand market associated with the proceedings for the company's early century processors. 
New aMD architecture He took upon themselves a lot - confrontation with the best solutions of Intel (who later became legendary) expensive did the chipmeiker from Sannywil. Already traditional for red bloated marketing, associated with loud statements and incredible promises, moved all the boundaries - "Bulldozer" was called the real revolution, and predicted the architecture a worthless battle against new products from a competitor. What did FX prepare for victory in the market?
A bet on multithreading and uncompromising multi-core - in 2011, AMD FX was proudly called the "most multi-cuisine desktop processor in the market", and this was not an exaggeration - the architecture was based on as much as eight nuclei (albeit or logical), each of which had one stream. At the time of the announcement of the architecture, the new FX against the background of the four competitor centers was an innovative and bold decision, looking far ahead. But alas, AMD always made a bet only on one direction, and in the case of Bulldozer it was not the sphere that was calculated by the mass consumer.
The productivity of new AMD chips was very high, and in the synthetics FX easily showed impressive results - unfortunately it was impossible to say the same game loads: Fashion for 1-2 kernels and the lack of support for normal parallelization of the nuclei led to the fact that the "bulldozer" With a big creak coped with the loads where Sandy Bridge did not even feel difficulties. To add two achilles stages of the series to this whole - dependence on fast memory and rudimentary northern bridge, as well as the presence of only one FPU block for every two cores - and the result comes out very deplorable. AMD FX called the hot and ridiculous alternative to fast and powerful blue processors, which took only relative cheap and compatibility with old motherboard. At first glance, it was a complete failure, however AMD never squeaked to work on errors - and it was the work that Vishera became a kind of reboot of the Bulldozer architecture, which came to the market at the end of 2012.
The updated Bulldozer was called Piledriver, and the architecture itself added in the instructions, increased muscles in single-flow loads, and optimized the work of a large number of nuclei, which increased and multi-threaded performance. However, in those days, the competitor for the updated and extended series of reds was the most dismantling Ivy Bridge, only the incredant number of Intel adolers. The AMD decided to act on the already running strategy to attract budgetary users, total savings on components and opportunities to get more for less money (without encroaching on the segment above).
But the most funny in the history of the appearance of the most unsuccessful (according to the majority) architecture in Arsenal AMD is that AMD FX sales are difficult to call not that failed, but even mediocre - so, according to the Newegg store for 2016, AMD FX became the second in popularity of the processor -6300 (giving way only i7 6700K), and the notorious leader of the budget red segment FX-8350 entered the top five best-selling processors, a little rested from i7 4790K. At the same time, even relatively cheap I5, which was given as an example of marketing success and the "folk" status, were significantly lagging behind the tested oldriver older times.
Finally, it is worth noting a rather fun fact that a few years ago was considered an exclusion of AMD fans - we are talking About the confrontation of FX-8350 and I5 2500K, which originated during the Bulldozer output. For a long time it was believed that the red processor is significantly lagging behind the 2500K challenged with many enthusiasts, but in the latest 2017 tests in a pair with the most powerful GPU FX-8350, it turns out faster in almost all game tests. It will be appropriate to say "Hurray, waited!".
And inten, meanwhile, continues to win the market.
In 2011, the party of new processors on the architecture of Sandy Bridge is announced, and then a few later, for the new year of LGA 1155 socket. This is the second generation of Intel modern processors, the full update of the ruler, which paved the road commercial success for the company, because There were no analogues for the core and acceleration. Perhaps you remember the i5 2500K - the legendary processor, it accelerated to the frequency of almost 5 GHz, with appropriate tower cooling, and is capable of even today, in 2017, to ensure acceptable performance in the system with one, and possibly two video cards in modern games. At the HWBOT.ORG resource, the processor overcame the frequency of 6014.1 megahertz from the Russian Overclocker SAV. It was 4 nuclear processor with a level of level 3 in 6 MB, the base frequency was only 3.3 GHz, nothing special, but at the expense of solder, the processors of this generation accelerated very much and did not have overheating. It is also absolutely successful in this generation were i7 2600K and 2700K - 4 nuclear processors with hyperterentine, which gave them as many as 8 streams. They accelerated, however, they are a little weaker, but had a higher productivity, and accordingly the heat dissipation. They were taken under systems for quick and efficient video editing, as well as for broadcasts on the Internet. What is interesting, 2600K like I5 2500K also use not only gamers today, but also streamers. It can be said that this generation has become a popular treasure, since everyone wanted exactly the processors from Intel, which affected their price, not to the best for the consumer.
In the 2012 Intel launches 3 generation of processors, called Ivy Bridge, which looks strange, because only a year passed, did they be able to invent something fundamentally new, which would give a tangible performance increase? As if, a new generation of processors, everything is based on the same socket - LGA 1155, and the processors of this generation are not strongly ahead of the previous ones, this is due, of course, with the fact that there were no competition in the top segment. All the same AMD, not to say that it would be tightly breathing in the back of the first, because Intel could afford to produce processors a little more powerful than their own, because in fact became monopolists in the market. But here it crept on another trick, now in the form of a thermal interface under the lid, Intel was not solder, but some kind of their own, as nicknamed - a chewing, made it was for saving, which brought even more income. This topic simply blew up the network, it was no longer possible to accelerate the processors under the string, because they received an average temperature of 10 degrees more than previous ones, because the frequencies came closer to the border of 4-4.2 GHz. Special extremals even opened the processor cover, in order to replace the thermal paste to more efficiently, do it without a crystal crystal or damage to the processor contacts were not possible, but the method turned out to be effective. Nevertheless, I can identify some processors that enjoyed success.
Perhaps you noticed that I did not mention I3, when a story about the second generation, this is due to the fact that processors of such power were not particularly popular. Everyone always wanted i5, who had money taken of course I7.
In the 3rd generation, about which we will talk now, the situation has not changed dramatically.
Successful among this generation, you can select i5 3340 and i5 3570k, they did not differ in performance, everything was resting in the frequency, the cache was all the same - 6 MB, 3340 did not have the possibility of overclocking, because 3570k was desirable, but that one thing is that The second - provided good performance in games. From i7 to 1155, it was the only 3770 with an index to with an 8 MB cache and a frequency of 3.5-3.9 GHz. In the boosy, it was usually accelerated to 4.2 - 4.5 GHz. Interestingly, in the same 2011, the new LGA 2011 socket was released, for which two super-processors I7 4820K (4 kernels, 8 threads, with L3 cache - 10 MB) and I7 4930K (6 cores, 12 streams, L3 cache was released. It is equal to 12 MB) that it was for Monsters - to say difficult, such a percentage cost 1000 bucks and was the dream of many schoolchildren at the time, although for games, of course, he was too powerful, more consistent under professional tasks.
In 2013, Haswell comes out, yes, yes, another year, another generation, according to tradition, a little more powerful than the previous one, because AMD could not again. It is known as the hottest generation. However, the i5 of this generation was pretty successful. It is connected with that, in my opinion, that the guys with "Sendika" were running to change their own, as they thought, outdated processes to the new "revolution" from Intel, where all the "Internet" were burning. Processors have accelerated even worse than the previous generation, which is why many still dislike this generation. The productivity of this generation was slightly higher than the previous one (percent on 15, which is not much, but the monopoly does its job), and the disagreement restriction is a good option for Intel to give less "free" performance to the user.
All I5 th traditions were without hypertension. We worked at a frequency of 3 to 3.9 GHz in the booster, you could take anyone with the index "K", as it guaranteed good performance, even with not very high acceleration. I7 here was at first only one, it is 4770k - 4 cores 8 flows, 3.5 - 3.9 GHz, a workhorse, but heats up without good cooling very much, I will not say that it was popular with scalpers, but people who scalped the lid, It is said that the result is much better, on the water takes about 5 gigahertz, if lucky. It concerned any processor since the Sendika. However, this is not an end, in this generation there was such a Xeon E3-1231v3, which, in fact, was the same I7 4770, only without integrated graphics and acceleration. Interesting what was inserted into an ordinary mother with a socket 1150 and cost much cheaper Ay seventh. A little later, I7 4790K comes out and it has an already improved thermal interface, but it is still not that solder that was before. However, the processor accelerates more than 4770. Even the cases of overclocking of 4.7 GHz in the air, of course on good cooling.
Also there are "Monsters" of this generation (Haswell-E): I7-5960x Extreme Edition, i7-5930k and 5820k, adapted under the desktop market server solutions. These were the most stuffing on the most bad processors at that time. They are based on the new 2011 V3 socket and stand a bunch of money, but also the performance of them is exceptional, which is not wise, because the senior processor is in the range of as 16 streams and 20 MB cache. Pick the jaw and go on.
In 2015, Skylake comes out, on a socket 1151 and everything would have nothing like almost the same performance, but this generation differs from all the previous ones: first, the reduced dimensions of the heat dissipation cover, for improved heat exchange with the cooling system on the processor, secondly, DDR4 memory support and software support DirectX 12, Open GL 4.4, Open Cl 2.0, which indicates about better performance In modern games in which these APUs will be used. It also turned out that even processors without an index k can be accessed, it was done using the memory bus, but this case was quickly covered. Whether this method works through crutches - we are not known.
Processors here were a bit, Intel again improved the business model, why produce 6 processors, if 3-4 are popular from the entire line? So we will produce 4 medium-sized processors and 2 expensive segments. Personally, according to my observations, most often take i5 6500 or 6600K, all the same 4 kernels with 6 MB cache and turbo bush.
In 2016, Intel introduced the fifth generation of processors - Broadwell-E. Core i7-6950x was the first desktop ten-fold processor in the world. The price of such a processor at the time of the start of sales was 1723 dollars. Many seemed very strange such a move from Intel.
On March 2, 2017, new processors of the older line of AMD Ryzen 7 were on sale, which included 3 models: 1800x, 1700x and 1700. As you already know, on February 22 this year, the official presentation of Ryzen was held, on which Liza Su stated that Engineers exceeded the outlook 40%. In fact, Ryzen is 52% ahead of Excavator, and taking into account the fact that over six months has passed since the start of sales of Ryzen, the release of new BIOS updates that increase productivity and fisze small bugs in the Zen architecture can be said that this figure has grown to 60% . Today, the eldest Ryzen is the fastest eight-core processor in the world. And here it was confirmed another assumption. What about the ten-fold Intel. In fact, it was the real and only answer Ryzen. Intel stole a victory in advance from AMD, said that you would not have released there, the fastest processor will remain with us in any case. And then at the presentation of Lisa Su, I could not name Ryzen with an absolute champion, and just the best of eight-core. Such a thin trolling from Intel.
Now AMD and Intel are new flagship processors. AMD is Ryzen Threadripper, Intel - Core i9. The price of eighteen nuclear thirty-six-sixth flagship Intel Core i9-7980xe is about two thousand dollars. The price of sixteen nuclear thirty-two-fold Intel Core i9-7960X is $ 1,700, while at a similar sixteen nuclear thirty-two-flow AMD Ryzen ThreadRipper 1950x price is about a thousand dollars. Do reasonable conclusions yourself, gentlemen.
Video on this material.
Intel's largest company, which is located today in America, occupies a huge part in the market for the production of microprocessors and a total of more than 75%. Moreover, the American Corporation is constantly expanding the range of services, and therefore today in Intel are engaged in the production of components for network, server and industrial equipment.
Intel's creation began in 1957 by Gordon Moore and Robert Neuss. A year later, Andy Grove joined there, a lot of success of the company was connected with whose name. Officially, the corporation was registered in 1968. Then the creators and decided to make a release of RAM for personal computers.
Several interesting facts from history
Like all successful companies, the Intel path was also far from simple. To your attention some interesting facts with the history of creation:
- The very first version of the company name sounded " N M electronics. ". The letters" n "and" m "meant the names of the founders;
- The first products of the company were hours. Yes, simple electronic clock;
- Intel has a tradition to produce its own champagne bottles due to special cases or milestones;
Here is such an interesting path of the company. And this is not all.
The release of the first microprocessor and the development of Intel
The first microprocessor was called "4004" and was intended for calculators. A little later, the world got acquainted with the second Intel microprocessor, which was called "8080". Since the beginning of the 1990s, the company began to actively produce microprocessors, and a huge number of computers were equipped with Intel processors.
To date, it is impossible to imagine life without a computer with Intel processors. The best PCs are equipped with them. The owner of Andy Grove Corporation says that such indicators and all success of the company has been due to the fact that it is calm about success, but at the same time, it is always ready to meet with difficulties. Perhaps this is the main key to such enormous success of the Intel corporation.
Intels and Dynamics of Development of the Intel Corporation
Not so long ago, an annual profit of Intel was calculated. For the year of the company, it turned out to be somewhat lower than predictions were, and taking into account past years decreased by 25%. The thing is that the users have decreased demand for the use of personal computers, because now more preference is given to smartphones or tablets.
This factor was taken into account the management of the Intel brand. And reduce the reduction of profits from reducing demand for computers, they decided by creating chips for tablets and ultrabooks, as well as the release of the world's new Haswell chip. It was this that brought the company Intel to a new level, because now the cost of stocks on the stock exchange is growing, and the dynamics estimate is defined as positive.
Intel's shares quotation on the stock exchange
Intel's first shares appeared on one of the major American NYSE stock exchanges, which is located in New York. This event is dated October 1971. Buy Intel shares under the intc ticker at the very beginning were offered for $ 23.50. To date, the market capitalization of Intel Corporation is more than 110 billion dollars. The schedule of quotations today looks like this:
Intel shares provide good opportunities for long-term investment and almost 100% of them are freely treated in stock exchanges. Intel shareholders' income is just just over 3.5%.
Try to trade Intel Corporation Shares today can even beginner in the field of deitreding. For this, in the company SDG-Trade, experts offer them to undergo free learning. Traders will be able to visit online courses, briefings, seminars, webinars and access the training video. All that will be needed is to register on the site. Another favorable offer from SDG-Trade will be the fact that before selling the shares of world-famous companies, traders can open a demo account for free and practice their skills on a demonstration account. We wish you success and world glory! Good luck!
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"Inserting the overview of the processors, I decided to make the mini-review of the Evolution of Intel
The history of Intel processors is full of interest. As quickly from the 80s, processors have evolved before today.
I still remember for the first time met with I386. Then for me it was "inexplicable and incomprehensible", but a very interesting thing. And in fact, everything is much more interesting.
Caution Traffic!
Primitive Intel processors
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"The world's first commercially affordable one-hostess
Intel 4004.
The thing is that each product category was assigned its digit. The first Intel products have become memory chips (PMOS chips), which was assigned to 1xxx numbering. The 2xxx series developed NMOS microcircuits. Bipolar microcircuits were attributed to the 3xxx series. 4-bit microprocessors received 4xxx designation. The CMOS chips received 5xxx designation, the memory on magnetic domains - 7xxx, 8 and more discharge microprocessors and microcontrollers belonged to the 8xxx series. 6xxx and 9xxx series have not been used.
The second digit indicated the type of product: 0 - Processors, 1- microcircuits RAM, 2 - controllers, 3 - chips ROM, 4 - shift registers, 5 - chips EPLD, 6 - ProM chips, 7 - EPROM chips, 8 - observation chips and schemes Synchronization in pulse generators, 9 - chips for telecommunications.
The third and fourth digit corresponded to the sequence number of the product, and since for the work of the first processor, another three specialized chips (ROM chips, RAM and an input / output entergent) were required, which were released earlier than 4004, the microprocessor received a name 4004.
Intel 4040.
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"
Also 4-bit percent., Released Intel in 1972. He became the predecessor of 8-bit Intel 8008
This microcircuit complicated and became more functional.
Used in the management of equipment, in devices and toys.
Intel 8008.
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"
Intel 8008 is the first 8-bit central processor developed by Intel. He was released on April 1, 1972.
It is ridiculous, but it was created for advanced general purpose calculators, I / O terminals and bottle spill machines.
Intel 8080.
Released in 1974, he was ten times more productive than 8008
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"
Intel 8085.
The last of the "primitive" processors released in 1976.
It is clear that it worked faster 8080 .
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"Newest: X86 series (16-bit)
Intel 8086.
Intel 8086 is the first 16-bit microprocessor. Released in 1978. It is from this processor that the famous architecture is taken by today x86..
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"Intel 8088.
Released in 1979. He had an 8-bit data bus. It was more productive 8086 but used not scale.
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"Intel 80186.
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"
Released in 1982. Presented an improved version of the I8086 microprocessor.
Most often applied in network adapters.
Intel 80188.
Upgrade 80186.
Intel 80286.- BREAKTHROUGH
Released in 1982, the 80286 processor was 3.6 times faster than 8086 on the same clock frequency. He could work with the memory of up to 16 MB, but 286 still remained a 16-bit processor. It became the first X86 processor equipped with a memory manager and many new features.
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"x86-32 / (32-bit) version
Here he is my first percent!
Intel 80386 . More famous as i386.
Intel 80386 became the first x86 processor with a 32-bit architecture. There are several versions of this processor. Two most famous: 386 SX (Single-Word External), which used a 16-bit data bus, and 386 DX (Double-Word External) with a 32-bit bus
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"Ancestor for most gamers was Intel 80486., he is i486.
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"
The 486 processor for many became a landmark, since it began to get acquainted with the computer of a whole generation. In fact, the famous 486 DX2 / 66 for a long time was considered the minimum configuration for gamers.
And so Pentum!
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"
Pentium, represented in 1993, was interesting for many reasons.
The most wonderful processor without any MMX holds a whole hundred MHz and ... able to work without a cooler!
The car on the 80586 is still alive, it works under dosure and serving Fidoshka with BBS. You can envy :)
Pentium Pr.
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"
The processor could be used when assembling a multiprocessor configuration (up to 4 processors). Initially stored replaced the Pentium line, but did not work, but it was positioned as percent. For workstations.
Pentium II.
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"
Released in 1997, the Pentium II processor was adaptation of Pentium Pro for the mass market. He was very similar to Pentium Pro, but the cache memory differed.
But its disadvantage - that in the slot 1
Here on this comradist, we played a stable year 2, and maybe 3 in all games, and there was no such thing that my computer is weak) Pentium III
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"
Pentium III Coppermine became the first X86 serial processor, which was able to reach the frequency of 1 GHz; Even a version of 1.13 GHz was released, but she quickly left the market due to stability problems.
In my life, the epoch of Igostroita and Kayfa)
Long-awaited Pentium 4.
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"
In November 2000, Intel announced a new Pentium 4 processor 4. It possessed a higher clock frequency (1400 MHz, at a minimum), but significantly inferior to competing CPUs, if we compare performance on the tact. All previous parts were quietly smoked aside when this monster came out.
In 2005, Intel has improved twice. Pentium 4. First, prescott-2m appeared, and then smithfield. The first has become a 64-bit processor based on prescott design, and the last - the first processor with two cores. In essence, they are very similar and possess similar problems.
I have never been particularly interested in the family Celero.n, although sometime I was standing)
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"Celeron is a large family of budget X86-compatible Intel processors. Celeron processors were initially positioned as Lou-END processors and were intended to expand Intel's market share due to low-cost computers for home and office. One of the reasons for a low price is their lower performance compared to older models, which is achieved by two main methods: an artificial decrease in the frequency of the processor tire and blocking a part of the second-level cache memory (L2).
The first Celeron family processor was announced on April 15, 1998 and was built on the basis of Pentium II. Later, processors based on Pentium III, Pentium 4, Pentium M and Core 2 Duo came out.
To 64-bit systems from old processors belong: Pentium 4 (some) Pentium D Pentium Extreme Edition Celeron D (Some)
Modern processors
Of course you can attribute to them Celeron.But he is no longer relevant and not interesting.
Pentium Dual-Core
This model is on many laptops, including Lenovo.
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"
Pentium Dual-Core is a family of budget dual-core Intel processors designed for inexpensive home systems and based on the Intel Core microarchitecture.
Approximately a year or two ago, it was the most chassis and steep processor. Meet Core 2 duo.
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"Core 2 Duo - a family of 64-bit 2 nuclear microprocessors intended for client systems and based on microarchitecture Core
Stood on my past computerFollower C2D., it turns out Intel Core 2 Quad
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"
Intel Core 2 Quad is a family of four-core processors, where Intel has built two Core 2 Duo crystals into a single case. Models on two CONROE crystals (65 nm technology) have code name Kentsfield and Core 2 Quad Q6xxx marking, models on Wolfdale crystals (45 Nm technology) have the code name Yorkfield and the Core 2 Quad Q7xxx, Q8xxx and Q9xxx labeling.
For the first time appeared in January 2007.
The most powerful line of processors on today Intel Core i7.
"Intel Processor History"
"Intel Processor History"
Intel Core i7 - X86-64 processor family from Intel. This is the first family using Intel Nehalem microarchitecture. Also is the successor of the Intel Core family 2. All five models of processors are 4-nuclear. The Core i7 identifier also applies to the initial family of processors with the Bloomfield working name, running in 2008. The name Core i7 shows the generation of the processor (Core 2 Duo / Quad / Extreme were 6th generation) and continues to use a successful series of brands: Core 2 and Core.
Litting your i7 940)
Intel Core i5 - X86-64 processor family from Intel. Positioned as a family of processors of average price and performance, between the cheaper Intel Core i3 and more expensive Core i7. They have a built-in memory controller and support TURBO BOOST technology (automatic processor acceleration under load). Many have a built-in graphics processor. Like other processors for the LGA 1156, Core i5 connector are connected to the chipset through the DMI bus.
The first Core i5 for desktop computers appeared in September 2009 and use the LynnField kernel of Nehalem microarchitecture. In 2010, Core i5 appeared with the Clarkdale kernel and with a built-in graphics processor (in the processor housing, but on a separate crystal). Mobile versions Core i5 will appear later and will use the ARRANDALE kernel.
Intel Core i3 - X86-64 processor family from Intel. Positioned as processors of primary and secondary price and performance. In Novom model row It is called for replacing outdated Pentium Dual-Core on the Intel Core architecture 2. In terms of performance, it is at the lowest stage, in front of more expensive and productive Core i5. They have a built-in memory controller and do not support Turbo Boost technology (automatic processor acceleration under load). Have a built-in graphics processor. Like other processors for the LGA 1156 connector, Core i3 are connected to the chipset through the DMI bus.
The first Core I3 are represented on January 7, 2010 and use the Clarkdale kernel. Have a built-in graphics processor (in the processor housing, but on a separate crystal).