Multimedia components. Advanced Graphic Editor EGA. VGA Standard Adapters

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Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

University of Management Systems and Radioelectronics

Multimedia

and its components

Software programming

Amounted to

Checked

- 1. What is multimedia? 3
- 2. What is CD-ROM? 3
- 3. Video payments. 6
- 4. Sound. 8
5. Prospects. 10
Tables. 11
Literature. 13

1. What is multimedia?

The concept of multimedia covers a number of computer technologies associated with audio, video and methods of their storage. In the most common features - this is the ability to combine the image, sound and data. Basically, multimedia implies adding sound card and CD-ROM drive computer.

For the adoption of standards related to multimedia-lattices, Microsoft has been created by the Multimedia Computers Marketing Board (Multimedia PC Marketing Council). This organization creates several MPC standards, emblems and trademarks that were allowed to use manufacturers whose products meet the requirements of these standards. This made it possible to create joint hardware and software products in the multimedia area for IBM-compatible systems.

Recently Marketing Board on Multimedia Computers (MPC Marketing Council) handed over its powers to the Software Publishers Association group "S Multimedia PC Working Group. It includes many organizations - members of the Council, and now it is the legislator of all MPC specs. The first thing that made this Group, - adopted new MPC standards.

The Council was developed by the two first multimedia standards, called MPC Level 1 and MPC Level 2. In June 1995, after the creation of the Software Publishers Association group (SPA), these standards were supplemented by the third - MPC Level 3. This standard defines the minimum multimedia requirements. -Computer (see Table 1, page 11).

Next, we consider more specific components (image, sound and data) multimedia.

1. WhatCD- ROM?

CD-ROM is an optical information carrier for reading only on which up to 650 MB of data can be stored, which corresponds to about 333,000 pages of text or 74 minutes of high-quality sound, or a combination thereof. CD-ROM is very similar to ordinary sound CDsAnd you can even try to reproduce it on the usual sound player. True, at the same time you will hear only noise. Access to data stored on CD-ROM is faster than data recorded on diskettes, but still significantly slower than on modern hard disks. TermCD- ROM Refers both to CDs themselves and to devices (drives), in which the information is read from the CD.

The scope of the CD-ROM application expands very quickly: if in 1988 they were recorded only by several dozen, today there are already several thousand items of the most diverse thematic discs - from statistical data on the global agricultural production to training games for preschoolers. A lot of small and large private firms and government organizations produce their own CDs with information that are interested in specialists in certain areas.

2.1. A little story.

In 1978, Sony and Philips joined their efforts in the development of modern audio CDs. Philips by that time already developed a laser player, and Sony had many years of research in the field of digital recording and production.

Sony insisted that the diameter of CDs was equal to 12, and Philips offered to reduce it.

In 1982, both firms published a standard in which the methods of signal processing were determined, their recording methods, as well as the size of the disk - 4.72, which is used to this day. The exact size of the CD is such: the outer diameter is 120 mm, the diameter of the central hole is 15 mm, the thickness is 1.2 mm. It is said that such dimensions were chosen because the ninth symphony of Beethoven was fully placed on such a disk. The cooperation of these two firms in the 80s led to the creation of additional standards relating to the use of technologies to record computer data. Based on these standards, modern drives were created to work with CDs. And if at the first stage, the engineers worked on how to choose the size of the disc to the greatest of the symphony, now the programmers and publishers think that in this little circle to squeeze more information.

2.2. CD-ROM drive parameters.

CD-ROM drives coded in the documentation are characterized mainly by their performance.

The main characteristics of CD-ROM drives are the transmission speed and data access time, the presence of internal buffers and their capacity, as well as the type of interface used.

2.3. Data transfer rate.

The data transfer rate determines the amount of data that can count the drive from the CD on a computer in one second. The main unit of measurement of this parameter is the number of kilobytes of data per second (Krib / s). Obviously, this characteristic reflects the maximum speed of reading the drive. The higher the reading speed, the better, however, it is necessary to remember that there are other important parameters.

In accordance with the standard recording format for each second, 75 data blocks for 2,048 useful bytes should be read. The data transfer rate should be equal to 150 KB / s. This is the standard data transfer rate for CD-DA devices, which are also called. one-speed. The term "single-speed" means that the recording on CDs is carried out in a constant linear speed format (CLV); In this case, the speed of rotation of the disk is changed so that the linear speed remains constant. Since, in contrast to music CDs, data from cD-ROM disk You can read with arbitrary speed (the main thing is that the speed is constant), it is quite possible to increase it. To date, drives are produced in which information can be read with different speeds, multiple speed, which is accepted for single-speed drives (see Table 2, page 11).

2.4. Access time.

Data access time for CD-ROM drives is defined in the same way as for hard disks. It is equal to the delay between receiving the command and the point of reading the first data batch. Access time is measured in milliseconds and its standard passport value for 24x drives is approximately 95 ms. This refers to the average access time, since the actual access time depends on the location of the data on the disk. Obviously, when working on the inner disk tracks, access time will be less than when reading information from external tracks. Therefore, in passports to drives, the average access time is given, which is determined as the average value when performing several random data readings from the disk.

The smaller the access time, the better, especially in cases where the data must be found and read quickly. Data access time on CD-ROM is constantly reduced. Note that this parameter for CD-ROM drives is much worse than for hard drives (100-200 ms for CD-ROM and 8 ms for hard drives). Such a significant difference is explained by fundamental differences in the designs: in hard drives, several heads are used and the range of their mechanical movement is less. CD-ROM drives use one laser beam, and it moves along the entire disk. In addition, data on the CD is recorded along the spiral and after moving the reading head to read this track, it is still necessary to wait for the laser beam to enter the section with the necessary data.

The data shown in Table 3 (page 12) is characteristic of high-class devices. In each category of drives (with the same data transfer rate), there may be devices with a higher or lower access time value.

2.5. Cache memory.

Many CD-ROM drives have built-in buffers, or cache. These buffers They are installed on the memory microcircuit card to write a read data, which allows you to transfer to a computer for one appeal large arrays data. Typically, the buffer capacity is 256 KB, although models are produced both with large and smaller volumes (the more - the better!). As a rule, in more high-speed devices, the buffer capacity is greater. This is done for higher data rates. The recommended container of the built-in buffer is at least 512 KB, which is a standard value for most twenty-tette-speed devices.

2. Video payment

Vidontlata forms monitor control signals. With the advent of the PS / 2 family of computers in 1987, IBM introduced new standards on video systems, which almost immediately displaced the old ones. Most video adapters support at least one of the following standards:

MDA (Monochrome Display Adapter);

CGA (Color Graphics Adapter);

EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter);

VGA (Video Graphics Array);

SVGA (Super VGA);

XGA (Extended Graphics Array).

All programs intended for IBM-compatible computers are designed for these standards. For example, within the Super VGA standard (SVGA), different manufacturers offer different image formats, but format 1024768 is standard for applications running with saturated images.

3.1. Monochrome adapter MDA.

The first and simple video adapter was a monochrome adapter corresponding to the MDA specification. At its board, besides the actual display control device, there is also a printer control device. The MDA video adapter provided only the display of text (symbols) when resolving horizontally 720 pixels, vertically - 350 pixels (720350). It was a system oriented system; She could not withdraw arbitrary graphic pictures.

3.2. Color graphics adapter CGA.

For many years, the CGA color graphics adapter was the most common video adapter, although now its possibilities are very far from perfect. This adapter had two main groups of operation modes - alphanumeric,or Symbol (alphanumeric. - A./ N.), and graphic with addressing all points (all. point addressable - ADA). Symbolic modes Two: 25 rows of 40 characters in each and 25 rows of 80 characters (both operate with sixteen colors). And in graphic, and in symbolic modes for the formation of characters, matrices of 88 pixels are used. Graphic modes are also two: color with a medium resolution (320200 pixels, 4 colors in one palette of 16 possible) and black and white with high resolution (640200 pixels).

One of the shortcomings of CGA video adapters - the appearance on the screens of certain models of flicker and "snow". Flickerit manifests itself in the fact that when the text is moved along the screen (for example, when adding a line), the characters begin to "wink". Snow- These are random flashades on the screen.

3.3. Advanced Graphic Editor EGA.

Advanced EGA graphics editor, the production of which was discontinued with the start of the PS / 2 computers, consisted of graphics cards, image memory extension boards, a set of image memory modules and a color monitor with increased resolution. One of the advantages of EGA was to build a system according to a modular principle. Since the graphics board worked with any of the IBM monitors, it could be used with monochrome monitors, and with color monitors having a normal resolution, early models, and with color monitors having a higher resolution.

3.4. VGA Standard Adapters.

In April 1987, simultaneously with the release of computers of the PS / 2 family, IBM entered into force the VGA specification (a video matrix), which soon became the generally accepted standard of PC display systems. In fact, on the same day, IBM announced another specification for the MCGA low expansion system and released a high-expansion video adapter IBM 8514 to the market. The MCGA and 8514 adapters did not become generally accepted standards as VGA, and soon "left the scene."

3.5. Standards XGA and XGA-2.

At the end of October 1990, IBM announced the release of a video adapter XGA Display Adapter./ A. For the PS / 2 system, and in September 1992 - about the release of XGA-2. Both devices - high-quality 32-bit adapters with the ability to transmit the bus control (bus. master) Designed for computers with MCA bus. Designed as a new VGA variety, they provide increased resolution, more colors and significantly higher performance.

3.6. SVGA adapters.

With the advent of XGA and 8514 / A video adapters, IBM competitors decided not to copy these permissions VGA, but to start the release of cheaper adapters with a resolution, which is higher than the resolution of IBM products. These video adapters formed a category Super VGA., or SVGA.

SVGA capabilities are wider than VGA boards. At first, SVGA was not standard. Under this term, many different firms differing from another development of various firms, the requirements for the parameters of which were tougher than the requirements for VGA.

4. Sound.

4.1. 8- and 16-bit audio board.

The first MPC standard was envisaged "8-bit" sound. This does not mean that sound fees were to be inserted into an 8-bit expansion slot. The discharge of the sound characterizes the number of bits used for digital presentation of each sample. With eight digits, the number of discrete sound signal levels is 256, and if you use 16 bits, then their number reaches 65,536 (at the same time, naturally, sound quality much Improves). 8-bit view is sufficient for recording and playback. speechBut for music you need 16 discharges.

4.2. Columns.

For successful commercial presentations, working with multimedia and MIDI need high-quality stereo speakers. Standard columns are too large for the desktop.

Often, sound cards are not provided sufficient for power columns. Even 4 W (like most sound boards) is not enough to "dig a high-class speakers. In addition, the usual columns create magnetic fields and, being installed next to the monitor, can distort the image on the screen. These fields can spoil the information recorded on the diskette.

To resolve these problems, the speakers for computer systems should be small and high efficient efficiency. They should provide magnetic protection, for example, in the form of ferromagnetic screens in the housing or electrical compensation of magnetic fields.

To date, dozens of speaker models are produced: from cheap miniature devices Sony, Koss and Labtech to large autonomous food units, such as Bose and Altec Lansing. To assess the quality of the speaker, you need to have an idea of \u200b\u200bits parameters.

Frequency characteristic (frequency response). This parameter represents the frequency band reproduced by the speaker. The most logical range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz was the most logical - it corresponds to the frequencies that perceives the human ear, but no speaker can ideally reproduce the sounds of the whole range. Very few people hear sounds above 18 kHz. The most high-quality speaker reproduces sounds in the frequency range from 30 Hz to 23 kHz, and cheap models are limited to a range of 100 Hz to 20 kHz. The frequency response is the most subjective parameter, since the same, from this point of view, the speakers may sound completely different.

Nonlinear distortion (TDH - Total Harmonic Distortion). This parameter determines the level of distortion and noise arising during the signal amplification process. Simply put, distortions are the difference between the sound signal supplied on the speaker and heard sound. The magnitude of the distortion is measured as a percentage, and the level of distortion is considered to be 0.1%. For high-quality equipment, the level of distortion is considered to be 0.05%. Some distortion dynamics reach 10%, and in headphones - 2%.

Power. This parameter is usually expressed in watts on the channel and denotes the output electrical powerSupposed to speakers. Many audio board have built-in amplifiers with a capacity of up to 8 W per channel (usually 4 W). Sometimes this power is not enough to play all the shades of sound, so built-in amplifiers are installed in many columns. Such columns can be switched to the signal amplification mode coming from the audio board.

3. Prospects.

So, the world is clearly observed by the Multimedia boom. Under such development rates, when new directions arise, while others seemed very promising, suddenly become uncomfortable, it is difficult to draw up even reviews: their conclusions can become inaccurate or in general to be outraged through a very short time. Forecasts for the further development of multimedia systems are the more unreliable lesson. Multimedia significantly increases the amount and improves the quality of information capable of stored in digital form and transmitted in the man - machine system.

Tables.

Table 1. Multimedia standards.

CPU			75 MHz Pentium.

HDD
Flexible drive drive	3.5-inch 1.44 MB	3.5-inch 1.44 MB	3.5-inch 1.44 MB
Storage device	Single speed	Double speed	Quawifying speed

Permission of the adapter VGA.	640480,	640480, 65536 colors	640480, 65536 colors
Ports I / O.		Sequential, parallel, game, MIDI	Sequential, parallel, game, MIDI
Software	Microsoft Windows 3.1.	Microsoft Windows 3.1.	Microsoft Windows 3.1.
Date of adoption

Table 2. Data transfer rates in CD-ROM drives

Type of drive	Data transfer rate, byte / s	Data transfer rate, Krib / s
Single-speed (1x)
Two-speed (2x)
Three-speed (3)
Four-speed (4)
Six-speed (6x)
Eight-speed (8x)
Ten-speed (10x)
Twelve-speed (12x)
Sixteenth Sport (16x)
Eighteen Speed \u200b\u200b(18x)

Thirtiethdvuchvoy (32x)
Stream (100x)
	1 843 200 - 3 686 400

Table 3. Standard data access time in CD-ROM drives

Type of drive	Data Access Time, MS
Single-speed (1x)
Two-speed (2x)
Three-speed (3)
Four-speed (4)
Six-speed (6x)
Eight-speed (8x)
Ten-speed (10x)
Twelve-speed (12x)
Sixteenth Sport (16x)
Eighteen Speed \u200b\u200b(18x)
Twenty-high (24x)
Thirtiethdvuchvoy (32x)
Stream (100x)

Literature.

Scott Muller, Crup Woman. Modernization and repair of PCs. - M.: Publishing House "Williams", 1999. - 990 pp.

S. Novoseltsy. Multimedia - Synthesis of three elements // Computer press. - 1991, №8. - p. 9-21.

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Answer Plan

Multimedia is a set of visual and audio effects that are reproduced using a computer and interactive software managed.

The main components of Multimedia is:

Text - a set of characters representing visual information that you need to convey to the user.
Audio: sound is mechanical medium fluctuations: air, water, etc, perceived by human hearing aid. Sound effects - preservation of the sound of musical instruments, sounds of nature or musical fragments created on a computer or recorded and digitized.
Virtual reality is a highly developed form of computer simulation that allows the user to plunge into the model world and directly act in it.

Spectating, auditory, tactile and motor sensations of the user are replaced by their imitation generated by a computer.

Images
Animation- Playing the sequence of pictures that creates the impression of a moving image.
Video (from lat. Video - I see, I see) - under this term understands a wide range of recording technologies, processing, transfer, storage and reproduction of visual and audiovisual material on monitors.

A feature that distinguishes multimedia technology from other computer technologies is the processing of audio and video information in real time.
Question 2.

Features of raster graphics.

Answer Plan

The raster image consists of the smallest points (pixels) - colored squares of the same size. A raster image is like a mosaic - when you get closer to it, then you see individual pixels, and if you delete (decrease), pixels merge.

The raster image can have a different resolution, which is determined by the number of horizontal points and vertical.

Raster - (from English. Raster) - Presentation of the image in the form two-dimensional array Points (pixels) ordered in the ranks and columns

Formats raster graphics

Programs for working with raster graph: Paint, Adobe Photoshop,

Picture Publisher, Painter, Fauve Matisse.

Application of raster graphics:

Retouching, Restoration of photos;

Creation and processing of photomontage;

Digitization of photographic materials using scanning (images are obtained in a raster form).

Question 3.

Features vector graphic.

Answer Plan

Vector graphics is the use of geometric primitives for presenting images in computer graphics. Vector drawing is a combination of primitives, with each element of vector drawing can be operated separately.

Vector graphic editors allow you to rotate, move, reflect, stretch, raise, perform various transformations Objects, combine primitives into more complex objects. More complex transformations include operations on closed figures: union, addition, intersection, etc. D.Vector graphics are ideal for simple or composite drawings that do not need photorealism.

Advantages of vector graphics:

The minimum amount of information is transmitted to a much smaller file size (the size does not depend on the value of the object);

You can infinitely increase, for example, an arc of the circle, and it will remain smooth;

With increasing or decrease in objects, the thickness of the lines may be constant;

Object parameters are stored and subject to change. This means that moving, scaling, rotation, filling, etc. Do not worsen the quality of the pattern.

Disadvantages of vector graphics:

Not every object can be easily depicted in vector form;

The amount of memory and time on the display depends on the number of objects and their complexity.

The translation of vector graphics in the raster is simple enough, but there is no return path.

Programs for working with vector graphics: Corel Draw, Adobe Illustrator,

AutoCAD Autodesk, Hewlett-Packard, Macromedia, Visio

Application vector graphics.

To create signs, labels, logos, emblems, etc. character imaging;

For the construction of drawings, charts, graphs, schemes;

For drawing images with clear contours that do not have a large spectrum of shades of colors.

Question 4.

Give brief description Graphic formats: bmp., gif., jpg., PNG.

Plan answer

BMP (Windows Device Independent Bitmap).The NMR format is a native Windows format, it is supported by all graphic editors working under its control. Used for storage raster imagesintended for use in Windows and, in fact, no longer suitable for anything. It is capable of storing both indexed (up to 256 colors) and RGB-color.

GIF. (Graphics. Interchange. Format.). Standardized in 1987 as a means of storing compressed images with a fixed (256) number of colors (extension of the file name.gif). Received popularity on the Internet due to the high degree of compression. Latest version format GIF89A. Allows you to perform interlaced image loading and create drawings with a transparent background. Limited capabilities in the number of colors determine its application exclusively in electronic publications.

Jpg. (Joint Photographic Group.). The format is designed to store raster images (extension of the file name.jpg). Allows you to adjust the ratio between the degree of compression of the file and image quality. Applied compression methods are based on the removal of "redundant" information, so the format is recommended to use only for electronic publications.

The greatest difference between JPEG format from other formats is that the compression algorithm with loss of information is used in JPG. The compression algorithm without loss saves information about the image that the unpacked image exactly corresponds to the original. When compressed with losses, part of the image information is sacrificed to achieve a greater compression ratio. The unpacked image of JPG rarely corresponds to the original exactly exactly, but very often these differences are so insignificant that they can hardly be detected.

PNG. (Portable Network. Graphics.). Comparatively new (1995) image storage format for publishing on the Internet (extension of the file name.png). Three types of images are supported - color with a depth of 8 or 24 bits and black and white with gradation 256 shades of gray. The compression of the information occurs almost without loss, 254 levels of the alpha channel are provided, interlaced scan.
Question 5.

What is the sound? Its main parameters.

Answer Plan

Sound - These are mechanical medium fluctuations: air, water, etc., perceived by the human hearing apparatus. What we hear is the result of processing the oscillatory movements of the ear drumpoint, presented in the form of signals of the nervous system. Outside the sound wave transmission environment does not exist. However, sound oscillations can be translated to another medium: change the view of the information without losing it in fact. Typically, sound oscillations are transferred to radio wave signals.

Main settings

Height (Pitch) is an assistance attribute in terms where sounds can be placed on a scale from low to high. The height depends mainly on the frequency of the sound incentive, but it also depends on the sound pressure and from

wave forms.

The magnitude of the sound pressure, which is barely noticeable on the hearing in the absence of any other interfering noise and sounds, is called the threshold magnitude of sound pressure, or, on the threshold of hearingness.

The minimum difference in the hearing difference in the intensity of two sounds of the same frequency determines the so-called differential threshold of audio intensity intensity.

The volume is called a subjective feeling that allows the auditory system to have sounds on a scale from quiet to loud sounds. The volume of sound is associated primarily with sound pressure.

Binaural hearing is its ability to determine the direction of the audio wave coming, that is, to localize the position of the sound source in space. This ability is achieved due to the spatial incompetence of the two ears in combination with the shielding influence of the head. This leads to the fact that there is always unidenticity of the excitation of the right and left ear. This fact provides a person to perceive the spatial sound world and evaluate the movement of sound sources in space.

Question 6.

Digitization of sound.

Answer Plan

The sound can be stored on digital media, i.e. be presented in the form of a digit. Any digital technique or program work with the sound presented in digital form. Convert analog audio signal into digital includes several stages. First analog sound signal It is fed to an analog filter that limits the signal frequency band and eliminates interference and noise. Then from the analog signal using the sampling / storage circuit, the counts are highlighted: with certain frequency

matching the instantaneous level of analog signal.

Next, the counts come to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which converts the instantaneous value of each counting into a digital code or number. The resulting sequence of the digital code bit is a sound signal in digital form. As a result of the conversion, the continuous analog beep turns into digital - discrete both in time and magnitude. Thus, to transfer sound to a digital medium, it is necessary to carry out its analog-to-digital conversion. Such a transformation consists of three stages:

sampling - representation of a continuous signal in the form of a sequential set of individual amplitudes;

quantization - separation of each amplitude to the specified number of levels;

coding - recording data and amplitude levels in digital form.

In practice, the conversion of sound information from a continuous form to discrete is performed. electronic devicesCalled analog-digital converters (ADC) and digital-analog converters (DAC).

Question 7.

What is Wave-format, MP3-format, MIDI-format?

Answer Plan

The sound in the computer is stored in files having various methods Submission of information. We list the main formats for storing sound information.

Wave (* .wav) is the most widespread sound format. Used Windows operating system for storage sound Files. It is based on the RIFF format (Resource Interchange File Format), which allows you to save data in structured form.

The MPEG-1 standard is a whole set of audio and video standards. According to ISO standards (International Standards Organization), the audio part of MPEG-1 includes three algorithms of various difficulty levels: Layer 1 (level 1), Layer 2 (Level 2) and Layer 3 (Level 3). The overall structure of the coding process is the same for all MPEG-1 levels. However, despite similar levels in common Approach To coding, levels differ in targeted use and involved in encoding internal mechanisms. For each level, it is defined its format for recording the output stream of data and, accordingly, its decoding algorithm.

MPEG LAYER 3 (* .MR3) is the format of sound files with quality loss, designed to save sounds other than human speech. Used to digitize music records.

Windows Media Audio (* .wma) is the format of sound files proposed by Misrosoft. The Windows Media Audio 8 codec provides a quality similar to the MRs, with the sizes of the files three times smaller.

MIDI (* .mid) - Digital Musical Instrument Interface (Musical Stage Digital Interface). MIDI determines the exchange of data between musical and sound synthesizers different manufacturers. The MIDI interface is a protocol for transferring musical notes and melodies. But MIDI data is not digital sound: this is a shortened form of music recording in numerical form.
Question 8.

The main functions and characteristics of sound cards.

Answer Plan

Sound card - Additional equipment of a personal computer that allows you to process the sound (output acustic systems and / or record).

The sound card was one of the latest enhancements of a personal computer. In modern motherboards, audio cards are integrated, that is, are made right on the motherboard. The sound card has several inputs and outputs (always - analog, and sometimes digital) to connect the I / O devices of sound information - speakers, headphones, microphones, and the like. In the case of integrated audio cards, these inputs and conclusions are located directly on the motherboard.

It connects to one of the motherboard slots in the form of a subsidiary and performs computational operations associated with sound processing, speech, music. The sound is reproduced through external sound columns connecting to exit sound card. A special connector allows you to send a beep to an external amplifier. There is also a connector for connecting microphone that allows you to record speech or music and save them on the hard disk for subsequent processing and use.

The main parameter of the sound card is the bit, Determining the number of bits used in converting signals from analog to digital form and vice versa. The higher the bit, the smaller the error associated with the digitization, the higher the sound quality. The minimum requirement of today is 16 discharges, and 32-bit and 64-bit devices have the highest distribution.

Question 9.

The most common formats of video views and their uses.

Answer Plan

Audio Video Interleaved. (* .Avi) - format developed by MICSOFT to record and play video in the operating windows system. When recording in this format, several different video compression algorithms (compression) are used. Among them are Cinepak, Indeo Video, Motion-Jpeg (M-JPEG) and others. But only M-JPEG was recognized among them as an international standard for video compression. Initially, the features of the Video FPO Windows software designed by Microsoft were used to capture and play video. MICROSOFT has developed two formats designed to replace AVI format: Advanced Streaming. Format. (*. ASF) and Advanced Authoring Format (*. AAF).

Windows Media Video. (* .Wmv) - new format Video from Microsoft, which comes to replace the AVI format. It is based on the WCDOWS Video Codec, developed on the basis of the MPEG-4 standard.

Quick Time Move (* .Mov) is the most common format for recording and playing a video developed by Arrley for Macintosh computers within the Quick Time technology. Includes support for not only video, but also sound, text, MPEG streams, advanced MIDI command set, vector graphics, panoramas and objects (Qt) and three-dimensional models. Supports several different video compression formats, including MPEG, as well as their own compression method.

MPEG (* .Mpg, * .mpeg) - format for recording and playing a video developed by a group of experts on moving images (MPEG). It has its own compression algorithm. Currently actively used to record digital video. The most widespread was found two formats: MPEG-I and MPEG-2. They differ in terms of the volume and quality of the obtained video information and are recognized by international standards for compression video. Currently, along with MPEG-L and MPEG-2, a new MPEG-4 format is used. It allows you to compress information with a large compression coefficient.

Digital Video. (* .Dv) is a format designed for digital video cameras and video recorders. The coder-decoder (codec) is determined by the leading world electronics manufacturers, so that it can support manufacturers in their boards with the Fireware interface and comprehensive solutions To edit a digital video. The format is not compact, so it is necessary to convert to MPEG.
Question 10.

The main color models, their characteristics.

Answer Plan

IN digital technology Used at least four, basic models: RGB, CMYK, HSB in various versions and Lab.

Color model RGB.

This color model Based on three main colors: Red - red, green - green and blue - blue. This color model is considered additive, that is, when an increase in the brightness of the individual components will increase the brightness of the result: If you mix all three colors with maximum intensity, then the result will be white; On the contrary, in the absence of all colors it turns black.

The model is a hardware-dependent, since the values \u200b\u200bof the basic colors (as well as the point of white) are determined by the quality of the phosphor used in the monitor. As a result, at different monitors, the same image looks unequal. Undoubted advantages This regime is that it allows you to work with all 16 million colors, and disadvantage It is that when withdrawing an image to print, some of these colors is lost, mostly brighter and rich, there is also a problem with blue colors.

The RGB model is an additive color model, which is used in devices working with light streams: scanners, monitors.

Color model HSB.

Here, the capital letters do not correspond to any colors, but symbolize tone (color), saturation and brightness Hue Saturation Brightness). All colors are located in a circle, and each corresponds to its degree, that is, there is a total of 360. This model hardware-dependent and does not correspond to the perception of the human eye, since the eye perceives spectral colors as colors with different brightness (blue seems darker than red) And in the HSB model they are all attributed to the brightness of 100%.

Saturation(Saturation) is a color parameter that determines its purity. Reducing the saturation of color means its breaking.

Brightness(Brightness) is a color parameter that determines the illumination or the darkening of the color. Reducing the brightness of the color means it. The HSB model is a custom color model that allows you to choose the color in the traditional way.

Color model CMYK.

Is an subtractive model.

The main colors in the subtractive model differ from the additive colors. Cyan. - Blue, Magenta - Purple, Yellow - Yellow. These colors are printing triad and can be easily reproduced by printing machines. When mixing two subtractive colors, the result is darkened (in the RGB model, there was vice versa). With zero value of all components, white color (white paper) is formed. This model is a reflected color, and it is called a model of subtractive main colors. This model is primary for printing and is also hardware-dependent.

Color model Lab.

Building colors is based on the confluence of three channels. It received the name from its basic components L, a and b. The component L carries information about the brightness of the image, and components A and B - about its colors (i.e. a and b - chromatic components). Component A varies from green to red, and B - from blue to yellow. The brightness in this model is separated from the color, which is convenient for adjusting the contrast, sharpness, etc. However, being abstract and very mathematicized this model remains uncomfortable for practical work.

Question 11.

Describe the most popular desktop publishing systems.

Answer Plan

Publishing system (desktop publishing system, computer publishing system) - a complex consisting of personal computers scanning, output and photovial devices, software and network securityUsed to set and edit text, creating and processing images, layouts and manufacture of original layouts, corrective sheets, photoform, color processing, printed forms, etc., i.e. to prepare publication to print at the level of prepress processes.

Examples of such NIS are: Corel Ventura, Page Maker, QuarkXpress, etc.

Advantages:

Adobe Pagemaker is a relatively low resource intensity, the presence of your own script writing language, the ability to host the image files by the DRAG-N-DROP method for "throwing" them to the film frame, the presence of its own built-in refresaries of the internal index of publication, the presence of a built-in strip descent means, the ability to print in File is postured, the presence of additional means inserting the date to the publication.

QuarkXpress - the presence of a large number of convenient standardized unchangeable shortcaps, the ability to adjust the layout parameters in accordance with the traditions of the Russian typography, the presence of a large number of connected modules that are significantly expanding the capabilities of the program, "open" architecture of the construction of SDK-based modules, the presence of Default Path Preferences and the adjusted Backup Folder. Industrial de facto standard.

Corel Ventura Publishera is the presence of a built-in formula and table editor, the ability to create documents in accordance with the SGML ideology (?). Excellent work with the indexing of the document, the creation of footnings, a challenged table of contents.

Disadvantages:

Adobe Pagemaker - lack of support from the manufacturer, "opaque" the ability to write addons, a small number of shortcuts, a relatively smaller spread on the makints, problems with the output of color illustrations, the ability to loss of the loss in violating the integrity of the internal publication index, the lack of the ability to make reference to the means of the program, and Not hands, problems with the Russian language in the module laying of footers, unsatisfactory for the most part operation of the lane descent module.

QuarkXpress is a relatively high resource-intensity, an inhabitant "clocking" system at the most frequently used actions (i.e. size box to picture), the inability to print to the file is chained. If in the Get Picture menu, it is clearly called the file name without expansion, for some reason the quark believes that the file is recorded in BMP format; 4 quark does not understand the climb of 6 photos.

Corel Ventura Publisher is a monsteroidality, a disgusting formula, unknown with Russian rules of a mathematics set, "adding", the overloaded interface, the presence is not always intuitive settings.
Question 12.

Software for creating Web sites?

Answer Plan

Macromedia Dreamweaver program Initially developed by the Macromedia program, but after 2007 Dreamweaver began to release Adobe. It is one of the most popular HTML editors around the world.

Pros: Supports the DHTML language, you can create cascading tables, easily and easily prescribe styles and table scripts. Allows you to remotely update site pages. Macromedia Dreamweaver has a powerful graphic editor with which the creators of the Web site (programmers, verstockets and designers) have the ability to work in one environment. Does not waste code, understandable interface, easily integrates with Flash. Thanks to the templates included in the program, the work of the cameracher is simplified and easier.

Cons: the graphic editor is so powerful that it can create web pages of absolutely any complexity, not particularly understood into the code. In addition, Macromedia Dreamweaver is not a very cheap product.
Microsoft FrontPage is part of the application package Microsoft Office.. IN 2007 microsoft version Office Microsoft FrontPage is replaced by Microsoft Expression Web, and in 2010 - on Microsoft Office Sharepoint Designer.

Pros: The program without problems makes changes to the source code in real time, and is also available to a wide range of users. Microsoft FrontPage has a script editor and a downloadable toolbar, which allows you to manage the code in detail and test the Web pages.

Cons: Uses Internet Explorer engine, which is why in other web-page browsers can lose the form originally developed by designers. Using the Microsoft FrontPage program, it is not always easy to manage the code.

At the same time, the Microsoft FrontPage program is very multifunctional. It is suitable for both beginners and experienced users. Microsoft FrontPage allows you to make it possible to create a web site page quickly and without tension.

Question 13.

Site planning stages.

Answer Plan

Definition of site creation goal
Site theme selection
Site content definition
Construction of the site structure
Development of site design
Registration and placement of the site on the Internet

Clear definition of the purpose of the site.

It is from the purpose of creating a website that everything else depends - the topic, content, design.

You need to choose the topic based on your knowledge in various areas, because The site will have to replenish. The best option will be some kind of cognitive resource, even if it is very small. The first site and should not be big.

After the text set is completed, you need to decide that, and on which page will be located. Determine the structure of links on the site. It is necessary to think through the articles hierarchy, which article will be the main thing, in which order you offer users to read them - draw up the logical structure of the site.

The link from each page home, to the previous one, the following is complied with design, which can be started immediately after the compilation of the logical structure.

Development of design -Un item.

The readability of the text will depend on the design, the convenience of navigation, appearance, attractiveness, the ability to emphasize the attention of the visitor on anything concrete.
After the design is completed, it remains only to insert the text on the relevant pages.

After the site appears in On-Line, it is necessary to check the performance of all its links, and, consequently, the availability of all pages.

Question 14.

Equipment for processing video on the computer.

Answer Plan

To record video information you need:

special fee or device for video digitization;

vCR or camcorder;

software for recording and editing a digital video.

sound card (if the video capture board does not support the ability to capture sound).

Video card (video adapter ). Together with the monitor video card Forms video specimen Personal computer. Physically video adapter is made in the form of a separate subsidiary which is inserted into one of the motherboard slots and is called video card. The video adapter assumed the functions video controller, video processor and video memory.

During the existence of personal computers, several standards of video adapters changed: MDA. (monochrome);CGA. (4 colors);EGA. (16 flowers);VGA. (256 flowers). Currently applied video adapters SVGA, Providing software playback to 16.7 million colors with the possibility of an arbitrary selection of screen resolution from a standard range of values.

Digitization board video

You can use the simplest analog video capture card or TV tuner. At the same time, there are the following features of such a board. She must:

Show and capture analog video with a data stream speed limited only by the recording device;

Capture video with arbitrary sizes of the frame, in particular, with a resolution of 352 × 288 (required for the MRG-1 standard);

Capture videos both through the composite input and via S- video.

Question 15.

Give the characteristic of the three-dimensional and fractal schedule.

Answer Plan

Three-dimensional graphics (3D, 3 Dimensions, Russian. 3 Measurements) - section of computer graphics, totality of receptions and tools (both software and hardware), designed for the image volume objects. Three-dimensional image on the plane differs from two-dimensional in what includes the construction geometric projection of the three-dimensional modelscenes On the plane(for example, a computer screen) using specialized programs. At the same time, the model can create objects from the real world (cars, buildings, hurricane, asteroid), and be fully abstract (the projection of the four-dimensional fractal). For the preparation of a three-dimensional image on the plane requires the following steps:

-modeling - Creating a three-dimensional mathematical model of the scene and objects in it.

- rendering (visualization) - building a projection in accordance with the selected physical model.

-output The resulting image on the output device is a monitor or printer.

Fractal graphics is today one of the fastest developing promising species computer graphics.

Mathematical foundation fractal graphics is an fractal geometry. The method of building images is based on the principle of inheritance from the so-called "Parents"geometric properties heir objects.

Fractal

Fractalthe structure consisting of parts, which in some sense is similar to the whole.

Object called self-likeWhen the enlarged parts of the object come to the object itself and on each other. In the simplest case, a small part of the fractal contains information about all fractals. Changing and combining color fractal figures You can simulate images of alive and inanimate nature (for example, tree branches or snowflakes), as well as, be made from the figures obtained "Fractal composition" Mounting techniques phonograms - separation of fragments, removal, insertion.

Multimedia components

What is multimedia? Multi - Many, Media - Wednesday. This is a human-machine interface that uses various, natural communication channels for humans: text, graphics, animation (video), audio information. As well as more specialized virtual channels, adding to various senses. Consider in more detail the main components of multimedia.

1. Text. Represents iconic or verbal information. Text symbols can be letters, mathematical, logical and other signs. The text may not only be literary, the text is a computer program, a note record, etc. In any case, this sequence of characters written in some language.

The words of the text have no visible similarity with what they designate. That is, they are addressed to abstract thinking, and in the head we will recollect them into certain items and phenomena.

At the same time, the text always has accuracy and concreteness, it is reliable as a means of communication. Without text, information ceases to be concrete, unambiguous. Such, the text is abstract in form, but concrete in content.

On the text information Research article, advertising announcement, newspaper or magazine, Web page global Network Internet, computer program interface and much more. Removing the text from any of the indicated information products, we will actually destroy this product. Even in advertising announcement, not to mention the avenues, periodicals, books are the main text. The main goal of the overwhelming number of printed materials is to convey certain information in the form of text.

Text can be not only visual. Speech is also text, concepts encoded in the form of sounds. And this text is much more older than writing. The man learned to talk earlier than writing.

2. Visual or graphic information. This one else coming through vision, static and not encoded in the text information. As a means of communication, the image is more express and vague, it does not have the specificity of the text. But possesses other advantages.

a) Wealth information. With active viewing, the addressee simultaneously perceives many values, meanings, nuances. For example, in the photo there can be many expressions of people of people, from the poses surrounding the background, etc. And each can perceive the same image in different ways.

b) Easy perception. To view the illustrations, much less effort is spent than reading text. The desired emotional effect can be achieved much easier.

The graphics can be divided into two types: a photo and drawing. A photographically accurate mapping of the real world gives the material accuracy and realism and its value in this. The drawing is already the refraction of reality in the human consciousness in the form of symbols: curves, figures, painting, compositions, and other things. Functions in the drawing can be two:

a) visual clarification and addition of information: in the form of drawing, schemes, or in the form of illustration in the book - the goal is the same;

b) Creating a certain style, aesthetic appearance of publication.

3. Animation or video, That is, the movement. Computer animation is most often used to solve two tasks.

a) attracting attention. Any moving object immediately attracts the attention of the viewer. This is an instinctive property, because The moving object can be dangerous. Therefore, the animation is important as a factor in attracting attention to the most important thing.

At the same time, it is enough simple means of attracting attention. So, for banners on the Internet, elementary, cyclically repeated movements typically use. Complex animation is even contraindicated, since websites are often overloaded with graphics. And it annoys and tires the visitor.

b) the creation of various information materials: rollers, presentations, etc. Here monotony is not suitable. It is necessary to manage the viewer's attention. And this requires such things like a scenario, plot, dramaturgy, even in a simplified form. The development of time in time exists their stages and their laws (what will be said later).

4. Sound. Sound information Frames to another organ of feelings - not to vision, but to hearing. Naturally, there is its own specificity, its design and technical features. Although in the perception of information you can see a lot of similar. Analogue of the letter is speech art To some extent it can be compared with music, natural, raw sounds are also used.

A significant difference is that static sound does not exist. Sound is always dynamic medium fluctuations with certain frequency, amplitude, timbre characteristics.

Human ear has a high sensitivity to the harmonic spectrum of sound oscillations, to dissonance overtone. Therefore, obtaining a high-quality digitized computer sound is still a technically difficult task. And many experts consider an analog sound more "alive", natural compared to digital sound.

5. Virtual Channelswho appeal to other senses.

So, the vibrating alert in mobile phone It is not addressed to vision and hearing, but to touch. And this is not exotic, but a common channel of information. The fact that someone wants to talk to the subscriber. Tactile (tactile) sensations apply for other purposes: There are various simulators, special gloves for computer games And for surgeons, etc.

In the recent 4D theaters of the viewer's effect of the viewer in the film, the film is achieved by different, not used before the means: moving chairs, splashes in the face, impulse winds, smells.

There are even communication and control channels in which the nerve cells are involved, the human brain is involved. They are developed for disabled people, people with disabilities. A man after a workout is capable of strength to control the movement of points on the screen. And also (more importantly) mentally give commands, leading a special wheelchair.

In this way, a virtual reality From fiction gradually turns into a part of everyday life.

Often the concept of "multimedia" (in general, a very contradictory term interpretated term) describe as a presentation of information in the form of a combination of text, graphics, video, animation and sound. Analyzing this list, we can say that the first four components (text, graphics, video and animation) are various options for displaying information by graphics, which belong to one environment (and not to "many environments", or Multimedia), namely - To the medium of visual perception.

So by and large talk about multimedia can only be in the case isWhen audio power is added to the means of exposure to organs of vision. Of course, computer systems are currently known, which are also able to influence the tactile perception of a person and even create smells inherent in one or another visual objects, but so far these applications are either highly specialized applications or are in the infardary stage. Therefore, it can be argued that today's multimedia technologies are technologies that are aimed at transmitting information, actively affecting two channels of perception - vision and hearing.

Since in the descriptions of multimedia technologies on the print pages of the audio power, it is unfair, much less attention is paid to the technology of transmitting graphic objects, we decided to fill this gap and asked to tell how the audition was created for multimedia content, one of the leading Russian specialists in the field of digital recording - Sergey Titova.

ComputerPress: So, we can say that the concepts of "multimedia" does not exist without the sound component. Sergey, could you tell me how this part of the multimedia content is created?

Sergey Titov: In principle, about 80% of all information about the external world we perceive with the help of vision and less than 20% - with a hearing. However, without these 20% it is impossible to do. There are quite a few multimedia applications, where the sound is in the first place and it is he sets the tone to the whole piece. For example, most often the video clip is made under a specific song, and do not write a song under the video. Therefore, in the expression "audiovisual series", it is the word "audio" in the first place.

If we talk about the sound component of the multimedia, then there are two aspects: from the point of view of the consumer and from the point of view of the creator. Apparently, the computer magazine is interesting precisely aspect of creating multimedia content, since it is just created using computer equipment.

Speaking about the means of creating an audio system, it should be noted that the production process requires a fundamentally higher permission when recording files than for the consumption stage, and a higher quality technique is necessary.

Here you can make an analogy with graphics: the designer may subsequently submit a picture in a low permission, for example, for publication on the Internet and at the same time discard some of the information, but the development and editorial process is inevitably conducted taking into account all available information, and decomposed on the layers. The same thing happens when working with sound. Therefore, even if we are talking about an amateur studio, then at least we must talk about the semi-professional level technique.

Speaking about the resolution of the system, we actually mean two parameters: the accuracy of measuring the amplitude of the signal and the frequency of quantization, or the Sampling Rate. In other words, we can measure the amplitude of the output signal very precisely, but it is very rare and as a result of losing most of the information.

KP: How does the process of creating an ok?

S.T.: Any sound pattern is created from some components of the elements. As a DJ on a disco operates with a certain set of initial components, of which it builds a continuous program, and a person engaged in sounding something, has some source materials that it edits and reduces the finished picture. If we are talking about music in its pure form, then at first there is a task to fix these elements, and then collect them in a single picture. This is generally called information.

If we are talking about sounding some video delays (actually, here and you can talk about multimedia content), then you need to collect elements from which sound is escorted, and then "bind" them to the picture, edit these elements and lead to mutual compliance; In this case, individual elements about which this is speech, It is necessary to position in the form, convenient to work.

Computer programs create an interface where there are the same paths and mixer with Lineshek. Under each of these Lineshek, there is its own element, which is subject to one or another modifications. Thus, we create some synthesized sound field, operating with the existing elements, and since this task is in principle creative, then we should be able to modify these elements with certain types of treatment - from a simple editorial board (cut, sort, punctory) to a complex When individual elements can be lengthened or shorten when you can change the character of the sound of each signal.

KP: What software is needed to perform this work, and what special computer equipment is necessary?

S.T.: Special computer equipment is, in fact, only the I / O board, although certain requirements are, of course, are presented to other workstation systems. Software for the organization of the process of sound recording and installation exists in a huge amount: from cheap amateur to semi-professional and highly professional systems. Most of these programs have plug-in-architecture, require high performance from a computer and enough powerful disk subsystems. The fact is that to solve multimedia tasks for the purpose of production, rather than reproduction of content requires machines with a large RAM volume and a powerful processor. The most significant parameter here is not so much the high power of the processor, how much is a good balance of the machine from the point of view of operation of disk subsystems. The latter, as a rule, are SCSI devices that are preferred in the case when you have to operate the data streams that should not be interrupted. Therefore, IDE interfaces are practically not applied. The IDE may have a very high packet data rate (BURST TRANSFER RATE) and the low streaming rate of the data (Sustain Transfer Rate).

In this case, the IDE interface provides that the disk can give data by accumulating them into the buffer, and then pump out from the buffer. SCSI works in a different way, and even if the batch transfer rate is low, the speed of streaming will still be high.

It should also be noted that for the above-mentioned tasks, very large volumes of disk space are required. I will cite a simple example - a 24-bit monofile even at low Sample Rate values, for example, 44.1 kHz, takes 7.5 MB per track per minute.

KP: Is there any technology to store this data more compact?

S.T.: This is a linear PCM (Pulse Code Modulation), which can not be sorry. It can then lie down in mp3, for example, but not at the stage of production, but at the stage of distribution. At the production stage, we must work with linear, noncompressed signals. I will bring the analogy with Photoshop. In order to build a graphic composition, the designer must have a complete picture of what is stored in each layer, to have access to each layer and adjust it separately. All this leads to the fact that the PSD Photoshop format is a decent volume, but allows you to return and make corrections to each layer, without affecting all the others. At that moment, when the picture is completely built, it can be represented in another format, compress with losses or without loss, but I repeat, only when the production stage is fully completed. The same happens with sound - you can reduce the sound composition, only having complete information about all components.

As I said, to create a sound picture, a source library is needed, which corresponds to the task over which you work. Consequently, the video art train is greaterly need pre-written a variety of noises and effects, and DJ is the so-called loops (repeated elements characteristic of dance music). All this material should be stored as files that are understandable for the appropriate program, which works with them. Next, an acoustic system is needed, in order to control it all, and the program must respectively make it possible to manipulate this source material, in which, in fact, is the creative part of the process. Using computer system As a means of I / O and the program as a tool, the user in accordance with its internal light edits the source material: increases or reduces the volume of individual elements, changes the timbre color. As a result of the mixing process, the sound engineer should receive a balanced sound picture, which would have a certain aesthetic value. As you see, an analogy with graphics is noticeable even at the terminological level. And whether this picture will cost something, entirely depends on the experience, taste, the talent of this sound engineer (of course, subject to the presence of high-quality equipment).

KP: So far, we meant a purely sound picture, however, speaking of multimedia, it is necessary to consider which means there are means to bring together the sound and image. What is needed for this?

S.T.: Of course, you need a video input-output board, such as the MPEG or Quick Time output format (if you talk about multimedia, the Quick Time will be more convenient).

KP: I suppose it would be interesting to consider a number of practical tasks to voicing the video and on specific examples to find out what equipment and which software is required for the tasks of various levels of complexity. It would be possible to start with the analysis of the options for creating a cheap presentation film ...

For example, let's consider such a case: there is a video filmed by an amateur chamber, and replicas and dialogues are already recorded on the microphone of this chamber. Now we need based on this to make an attractive presentation film with semi-professional sounding. What will you need?

S.T.: If we have the task of achieving a certain perception of sound material (be it even an amateur film), you need to add a lot to the source material: sound effects, background music, so-called background noises (from English background - background, back plan) and so on. Therefore, in any case, there is a need to have multiple tracks at the same time, that is, to read several files at the same time. At the same time, we should have the opportunity to regulate the nature of these files in the production process and edit them (lengthen, shock, etc.).

It is important to note that the system should provide the ability to experiment so that the user can see if this effect is suitable for this place. The system should also allow you to accurately combine sound effects with a sound context, adjust the panorama (if it comes to stereo sound) and so on ...

KP: Well, the task is clear, and the equipment requirements are clear ... Now I would like to get an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat particular equipment and which software can be recommended to solve such a task and in what about the amount it will cost the user.

S.T.: In principle, we need some kind of video editor, but this, as I understand it, a separate topic, and today we must concentrate on the sound component. In any case, in the task you described above, the sound row is subordinate to the video. Therefore, we assume that the video sequence we have, and do not analyze how it is edited. We consider the original option when there is a finishing video sequence and a draft audition. In this draft audio, you need some replicas to cross out, some replace new and so on. It does not matter whether it is a presentation film or game amateur, "we need to insert some artificial audio effects into it. This is due to the fact that the sound from many events in the frame recorded using the camcorder microphone will sound, as they say, is unconvincing.

KP: And where else to take these sounds, how not from the events actually?

S.T.: This is a whole direction called Sound Design, which is to create such sounds, which, being reproduced, would give a convincing sound picture, taking into account the peculiarities of the perception of sounds by the audience. In addition, there is a so-called dramatic underline in the picture of certain sounds that actually sound differently. Of course, if we are talking about the amateur movie and about semi-professional sounding, then some possibilities are cut down, but the tasks in front of us and in this case are the same as before professionals.

In any case, in addition to the draft Chernovik, it is necessary to add some special effects.

KP: So, what equipment do we need to solve this problem?

S.T.: I emphasize once again that we are talking about the semi-professional level, that is, about the production of amateur film at home or production of films for studios cable televisionthat, in general, close tasks. In order to solve most of the tasks of such a post-sales, you need a Pentium III - 500 MHz machine, preferably 256 RAM, SCSI disk subsystem; The video subsystem does not play a special role, but it is desirable that some hardware decoders of the compressed video are installed there; Accordingly, I / O board is needed, for the simplest amateur works it can be SoundBlaster. As a relatively cheap complex, you can consider software Nuendo, which will work almost with any fee and, for example, a cheap SoundBlaster for $ 150. Of course, it is necessary to say here right here that such a system will have very limited possibilities due to the low quality of the SoundBlaster board, which has very low quality microphone amplifiers and very poor quality ADC / DAC.

KP: I would like to hear what does Nuendo do?

S.T.: Nuendo is a software package that has a plug-in-architecture and is designed to solve the tasks of audio production, and it is focused on the tasks of creating a "audio for video", that is, it can be said to be designed just to solve multimedia tasks. The program works with sound and with the image at the same time, while the image for it is the secondary component. Nuendo works under Windows NT, and under Windows 98, and under BE OS. This program is 887 dollars.

The program provides the ability to view the video, laid out in time, and a multi-track system for editing and information of the sound picture.

A feature of the software package is its flexibility, and it is possible to work on a wide range of inexpensive iron. It is common that serious systems work only on equipment with specialized DSP coprocessors. The Nuendo software proves the opposite, because not only provides tools for professional audio selling, but does not require specialized iron and special coprocessors for its needs.

Nuendo provides 200 lanes for mixing, supports surround-sound in such a way that many systems are very pale in comparison with Nuendo.

Nuendo provides qualitative processing in real time on the same processor on which the workstation itself works. Of course, the processing speed will depend on the selected workstation, but the advantage of the program is that it adapts to different processor capacities. A few years ago, serious audio processing was unthinkable without DSP. But today, desktop computers have enough powerful own processors to solve processing tasks in real time. Obviously, the ability to use a regular computer to solve specific tasks, going around without DSP coprocessors, adds flexibility system.

Nuendo is an object-oriented system (that is, a system that operates with metaphor objects: a remote control, indicator, track, etc.), which allows you to fully and fully edit audio files in projects of varying complexity, providing a very convenient and thoughtful interface. Drag-and-Drop means are available when solving various tasks and are particularly intensively used in the processing of crossfields.

An important feature of the program is the almost unlimited system of Undo & Redo editing functions. Nuendo provides not just Undo & Redo operations: Each of the audio shootments has its own editing history, and the system is organized in such a way that after several hundred changes of Undo & Redo, the maximum file required for storing the segment is never increasing more than double compared to Initial volume.

One of the strongest sides of the program is the ability to support surround sound. The system has not only a perfect tool for editing the position of the sound source, but also supports multi-channel surround effects.

KP: What are the use of the user's actions of this program in the voicing process?

S.T.: We listen to that soundtrack that we already have, and we look at which information we need to delete, and what - to edit.

KP: If we are talking about an amateur film, how many tracks can we need?

S.T.: In my experience, it is 16-24 tracks.

KP: What can be placed on such a huge number of tracks?

S.T.: Consider themselves: Chernoviki is occupied by one track, the second - special effects, the third - outband music, and this is not only music, but also dialogues, comments, etc. When all this is going together, it turns out just so the number of tracks.

In addition, 16 or even 24 tracks are a relatively small number. In professional films, their number can translate far over a hundred.

KP: What other options you could recommend for semi-professional use, say, for the same voice of the presentation film at home?

S.T.: Available at the price of the option that I would suggest to consider is a Digi-001 card combination and programs pro. Tools 5 Le. This option It is significantly better in the quality of I / O board and somewhat poorer in software.

Currently, there is a version under Mac OS and literally the other day the version under Windows NT is coming out (I hope that by the time of this magazine, the Windows version of this program will appear in Russia). Windows hardware and Mac OS is absolutely the same.

KP: Is it possible to say that after the appearance of a version under Windows it will be a cheaper solution due to the fact that the workstation itself will cost cheaper?

S.T.: The error that the PC station for dubbing is cheaper than the solution based on Macintosh is very common. But also the opinion that there is cheap stations based on PC and expensive on the basis of Macintosh, incorrectly. There are specific systems to solve specific tasks, and the fact is that it is sometimes built a PC-based system to solve issues related to the creation of multimedia content, it is very difficult because of the random set of cheap IBM-compatible parts is very difficult to collect the machine that would give Optimal performance ...

Regardless of the type of workstation, which will work in the system, DIGI 001 will provide much more opportunities than the SoundBlaster, and there is a board together with the "mathematics" of Pro Tools 5.0 LE only $ 995, that is, in the amount of about the same. How much and the previous solution with the cheapest SoundBlaster'Om.

At the same time, if the Nuendo solution plus the SoundBlaster is a variant in which the possibilities are limited to a cheap board, and the software has very wide opportunities, then the DIGI 001 database solution plus Pro Tools 5.0 LE is a much more powerful fee, and the software is somewhat more modest With its capabilities than Nuendo. To be clear what we are talking about, list the advantages this solution From the point of view of the I / O board. Digi 001 is a 24-bit ADP-DAC, the ability to simultaneously listen to 24 tracks, the presence on the board eight instead of two inputs, etc. So if, for example, in the course of recording a presentation, you need to record the scene in which six people speaking six microphones are involved, then Digi 001 will be performed with such a task. Add to this independent output to monitors plus work with 24-bit files, while with Nuendo and cheap SaundBlaster you can only work with 16-bit files ...

Pro Tools 5 LE allows you to do practically the same as Nuendo - to carry out non-linear installation, the same manipulations with audio files, plus there is a mini-sequencer that allows you to record music, using MIDI tools.

KP: So what is the difference between professional tasks from semi-professional and what kind of equipment is required for them?

S.T.: First of all, I could tell about pro. system Tools. In order to prevent possible questions, I want to emphasize once again: you need to distinguish between digidesign pro Tools as a brand and Pro Tools as equipment. Under the trademark Pro Tools hides a whole range of products. SAMI simple system From this set, there are Digi 001, which we talked about the description of semi-professional tasks. This is the easiest option from a whole range of products that ends with systems running on the basis of dozens of workstations tied to a single network.

KP: Let's choose this option that can be applied to sounding simple professional films, serials and so on.

S.T.: The next system that we could consider is Pro Tools 24. To be clear what tasks decides this system, It should be noted that the last series "Xena" was voiced precisely with the help of this technique.

There are versions for both Mac OS and for Windows NT. If we talk about the requirements for NT stations, it should be a serious machine, such as IBM Intelli Station M Pro, 512 RAM. The documentation states that the minimum requirements for the processor - Pentium II 233, but it is realistic to work at least Pentium II 450 and, of course, the SCSI disk system is needed, and a two-port accelerator is required to pull 64 tracks at the same time.

Pro Tools 24 is a set of specialized signal processor boards based on Motorola. It is important to note that this system is based on coprocessors, that is, the machine processor performs the operation associated with the input and display and display of graphics on the screen, and the entire processing of the signal is performed on specialized DSP (Digital Signal Processing) co-composers. This allows you to solve quite complex tasks. It is this technology that is used to sound so-called blockbusters. For example, for the sounding of the "Titanic" (only effects!) The system of 18 workstations combined into the network was used.

Sound in films like "Titanic" is a stunningly complex, changing sound picture. If you analyze the saturated with sounds of a five-decad-minute excerpt from a similar film and write out all the sounds that are used there, it will be a list of hundreds of items. Of course, all these sounds are not heard from the VHS level cassette, and many do not even suspect how difficult the sound picture is created in the film. (Moreover, most of these sounds are created synthetically and in nature do not exist.)

KP: You touched upon the issue of replacing natural sounds to more convincing. Where can I buy such libraries of sounds and how much do they cost?

S.T.: The cost of such libraries is from fifty dollars and higher, up to several thousand dollars. At the same time, all these sounds are mainly applied precisely for easy production at the cable network level. For the professional films, even low-budget (not speaking of expensive), all sounds are written independently.

KP: And what are not suitable sounds from the standard library for a professional film?

S.T.: In principle, I am talking about how this is done in the West or how it should be done, since we often save on our poverty on what you can not save. The fact is that the feature film reflects a certain individual plan of the director, and find the sound in libraries, fully corresponding to this plan, is often almost impossible.

KP: But the sound can be edited, and the possibilities for this, as you say, very wide?

S.T.: There is such a concept as sound timbre. You can emphasize or weaken some components of this timbre, but it cannot be radically changed. That is why all noises for a professional film are written "from scratch", and these professionals are engaged. I will give such an example: in the famous film "Batman returns" the sound of the Batman machine was present. Tell me, please, in which library can you find this sound? Moreover, if we are talking about stereo sound and about Surround technology, then each sound picture is simply unique. For example, if the helicopter flies to the viewer and flies back, it is obvious that such a sound picture is tied to the plot. At the same time, it is not necessary to record real sounds - most often they are created synthetically.

KP: Why can not write sounds from real physical processes and submit them exactly as they meet in life? Why do you need to use any other synthetic?

S.T.: We do not need to recreate the sound of real physical, as you expressed, processes. If a bomb is exploded in three meters from the foreground, then the viewer needs to be transferred at all that the sound that in reality hears the soldiers, which turned out to be near the explosion place! We must transfer a kind of conditional picture that will allow the viewer to submit reality; At the same time, we focus on the features of his perception, on the artistic accents you need and so on.

Sound is the most expressive element of multimedia. The world of sounds surrounds a person constantly. We hear the noise of the surf, the rustling of foliage, the roar of waterfalls, the singing of birds, cries of animals, the voices of people. All this is the sounds of our world.

The history of this element of information for a person is the same ancient as the previous (text, image). Initially, a person created a device with which he tried to reproduce natural sounds for his practical purposes, in particular for hunting. Then the sounds in his head began to fold into a certain sequence that I wanted to save. The first musical instruments appeared (one of the oldest - Chinese krin). Gradually, the process of forming a language, which could be written and thereby keeping born melodies for a long time. The first attempts to develop such an "musical alphabet" were taken in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. And in the form in which we know it now (in the form of a note entry), the music fixation system has developed to the XVII century. Her foundations were laid Guido d'Israzzo.

At the same time, improved sound recording and storage systems. The man learned to save and reproduce not only music, but also any surrounding sounds. For the first time, the sound was recorded in 1877 on a phonofa invented by Thomas Edison. The record had a type of deepening on a paper sheet fixed on a rotating cylinder. Edison first taught his car loudly answer "Hello" into the microphone. This word was heard when the needle connected to the microphone repeated the record made on paper. The mechanics and acoustic method of recording existed until the 1920s until electrical systems were invented. The practical application of recreation was also facilitated by two revolutionary inventions:

· The invention of plastic magnetic tape in 1935;

· Stormy development of microelectronics in the 60s.

The rapid development of computing technology has given this process a new impetus for development. The world of sounds gradually connected with the digital world.

There are two main sound synthesis methods in sound boards:

table-wave synthesis (Wavetable, WT) based on the playback of samples - in advance the sound tools recorded in the digital form. Most sound boards contain a built-in set of sounds of tools recorded in ROM, some boards allow the use of records additionally downloaded to RAM. To obtain the sound of the desired height, a change in recording playback speed is used, complex synthesizers are used to play each note parallel playing different samples and additional sound processing (modulation, filtering).

Dignity: Realistic of the sound of classic tools, simplicity of sounding.

disadvantages: Hard set of pre-prepared timbres, many parameters of which cannot be changed in real time, large memory for samples (sometimes up to hundreds of KB per tool), the unequal sound of different models of synthesizers due to different sets of standard tools.

frequency modulation(Frequency Modulation, FM) - Synthesis based on using multiple signal generators with mutual modulation. Each generator is controlled by a circuit controlling the frequency and amplitude of the signal and is a basic unit of synthesis - the operator. The sound cards use a two-operator (OPL2) and four-operator (OPL3) synthesis. The scheme of the operator connection (algorithm) and the parameters of each operator (frequency, amplitude and the law of their change in time) determine the voice timbre. The number of operators and control scheme are set maximum amount Synthesized timbres.

Dignity: It is not necessary to record the sounds of tools in advance and store them in the ROM, the variety of sounds obtained is easy to repeat the timbre on various boards with compatible synthesizers.

disadvantages: It is difficult to provide a fairly harmonious timbre in the entire sound range, the imitation of the sound of real tools is extremely rough, it is difficult to organize a fine management of operators, which is why the audio board uses a simplified scheme with a small range of possible sounds.

If the composition requires the sound of real tools, the wave synthesis method is better suited, the frequency modulation method is more convenient for creating new timbres, although the capabilities of the FM synthesizers of sound boards are sufficiently limited.

Multimedia components. Advanced Graphic Editor EGA. VGA Standard Adapters

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Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

University of Management Systems and Radioelectronics

Multimedia

and its components

Software programming

Amounted to

Checked

1. What is multimedia?

The concept of multimedia covers a number of computer technologies associated with audio, video and methods of their storage. In the most common features - this is the ability to combine the image, sound and data. Basically, multimedia implies adding sound card and CD-ROM drive computer.

Next, we consider more specific components (image, sound and data) multimedia.

1. WhatCD- ROM?

2.1. A little story.

In 1978, Sony and Philips joined their efforts in the development of modern audio CDs. Philips by that time already developed a laser player, and Sony had many years of research in the field of digital recording and production.

Sony insisted that the diameter of CDs was equal to 12, and Philips offered to reduce it.

2.2. CD-ROM drive parameters.

CD-ROM drives coded in the documentation are characterized mainly by their performance.

The main characteristics of CD-ROM drives are the transmission speed and data access time, the presence of internal buffers and their capacity, as well as the type of interface used.

2.3. Data transfer rate.

2.4. Access time.

The data shown in Table 3 (page 12) is characteristic of high-class devices. In each category of drives (with the same data transfer rate), there may be devices with a higher or lower access time value.

2.5. Cache memory.

2. Video payment

Vidontlata forms monitor control signals. With the advent of the PS / 2 family of computers in 1987, IBM introduced new standards on video systems, which almost immediately displaced the old ones. Most video adapters support at least one of the following standards:

MDA (Monochrome Display Adapter);

CGA (Color Graphics Adapter);

EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter);

VGA (Video Graphics Array);

SVGA (Super VGA);

XGA (Extended Graphics Array).

All programs intended for IBM-compatible computers are designed for these standards. For example, within the Super VGA standard (SVGA), different manufacturers offer different image formats, but format 1024768 is standard for applications running with saturated images.

3.1. Monochrome adapter MDA.

3.2. Color graphics adapter CGA.

3.3. Advanced Graphic Editor EGA.

3.4. VGA Standard Adapters.

3.5. Standards XGA and XGA-2.

3.6. SVGA adapters.

With the advent of XGA and 8514 / A video adapters, IBM competitors decided not to copy these permissions VGA, but to start the release of cheaper adapters with a resolution, which is higher than the resolution of IBM products. These video adapters formed a category Super VGA., or SVGA.

SVGA capabilities are wider than VGA boards. At first, SVGA was not standard. Under this term, many different firms differing from another development of various firms, the requirements for the parameters of which were tougher than the requirements for VGA.

4. Sound.

4.1. 8- and 16-bit audio board.

4.2. Columns.

For successful commercial presentations, working with multimedia and MIDI need high-quality stereo speakers. Standard columns are too large for the desktop.

To resolve these problems, the speakers for computer systems should be small and high efficient efficiency. They should provide magnetic protection, for example, in the form of ferromagnetic screens in the housing or electrical compensation of magnetic fields.

To date, dozens of speaker models are produced: from cheap miniature devices Sony, Koss and Labtech to large autonomous food units, such as Bose and Altec Lansing. To assess the quality of the speaker, you need to have an idea of \u200b\u200bits parameters.

3. Prospects.

Tables.

Storage device

640480,

640480,

640480,

Ports

Literature.

Scott Muller, Crup Woman. Modernization and repair of PCs. - M.: Publishing House "Williams", 1999. - 990 pp.

S. Novoseltsy. Multimedia - Synthesis of three elements // Computer press. - 1991, №8. - p. 9-21.

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