Sound is not the last component of multimedia. Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. CD-ROM drives referred to in the documentation. Parameters are characterized mainly.
Multimedia It is a combination of hardware and software that ensure the creation of sound and visual effects, as well as the influence of a person on the progress of the program providing for their creation.
Initially, computers were able to "work" only with numbers. A little later, they "learned" to work with texts and graphics. And only in the last decade of the XX century, the computer "mastered" sound and moving image. New features of the computer were called Multimedia ( multimedia. - Multiple medium, that is, a medium consisting of several components of various nature).
A vivid example of the application of multimedia features is various encyclopedias, in which the conclusion of the text of a particular article is accompanied by a display of text-related images, films of films, synchronous voicing of the displayed text, etc. Multimedia is widely used in training, cognitive, gaming programs. Experiments conducted over large groups of students showed that 25% of the heard material remains in memory. If the material is perceived visually, then 1/3 seen is remembered. In the case of combined impact on vision and hearing, the share of the learned material rises to 50%. And if the training is organized with the dialogue, interactive (Interaction - interaction) Communication of trainee and multimedia training programs, up to 75% of the material. These observations indicate vast prospects for the application of multimedia technologies in the field of training and in many other similar applications.
One of the varieties of multimedia is the so-called cybernetic space.
The development of hypertext I. multimedia systems are
Multimedia components
What is multimedia? Multi - Many, Media - Wednesday. This is a human-machine interface that uses various, natural communication channels for humans: text, graphics, animation (video), audio information. As well as more specialized virtual channels, adding to various senses. Consider in more detail the main components of multimedia.
1. Text. Represents iconic or verbal information. Text symbols can be letters, mathematical, logical and other signs. The text may not only be literary, the text is a computer program, a note record, etc. In any case, this sequence of characters written in some language.
The words of the text have no visible similarity with what they designate. That is, they are addressed to abstract thinking, and in the head we will recollect them into certain items and phenomena.
At the same time, the text always has accuracy and concreteness, it is reliable as a means of communication. Without text, information ceases to be concrete, unambiguous. Such, the text is abstract in form, but concrete in content.
Scientific article, advertising ad, newspaper or magazine, Web page are based on text information. global Network Internet, interface computer Program and much more. Removing the text from any of the indicated information products, we will actually destroy this product. Even in advertising announcement, not to mention the avenues, periodicals, books are the main text. The main goal of the overwhelming number of printed materials is to convey certain information in the form of text.
Text can be not only visual. Speech is also text, concepts encoded in the form of sounds. And this text is much more older than writing. The man learned to talk earlier than writing.
2. Visual or graphic information. This one else coming through vision, static and not encoded in the text information. As a means of communication, the image is more express and vague, it does not have the specificity of the text. But possesses other advantages.
a) Wealth information. With active viewing, the addressee simultaneously perceives many values, meanings, nuances. For example, in the photo there can be many expressions of people of people, from the poses surrounding the background, etc. And each can perceive the same image in different ways.
b) Easy perception. To view the illustrations, much less effort is spent than reading text. The desired emotional effect can be achieved much easier.
The graphics can be divided into two types: a photo and drawing. A photographically accurate mapping of the real world gives the material accuracy and realism and its value in this. The drawing is already the refraction of reality in the human consciousness in the form of symbols: curves, figures, painting, compositions, and other things. Functions in the drawing can be two:
a) visual clarification and addition of information: in the form of drawing, schemes, or in the form of illustration in the book - the goal is the same;
b) Creating a certain style, aesthetic appearance of publication.
3. Animation or video, That is, the movement. Computer animation is most often used to solve two tasks.
a) attracting attention. Any moving object immediately attracts the attention of the viewer. This is an instinctive property, because The moving object can be dangerous. Therefore, the animation is important as a factor in attracting attention to the most important thing.
At the same time, it is enough simple means of attracting attention. So, for banners on the Internet, elementary, cyclically repeated movements typically use. Complex animation is even contraindicated, since websites are often overloaded with graphics. And it annoys and tires the visitor.
b) the creation of various information materials: rollers, presentations, etc. Here monotony is not suitable. It is necessary to manage the viewer's attention. And this requires such things like a scenario, plot, dramaturgy, even in a simplified form. The development of time in time exists their stages and their laws (what will be said later).
4. Sound. Sound information is addressed to another sense organ - not to vision, but to hearing. Naturally, there is its own specificity, its design and technical features. Although in the perception of information you can see a lot of similar. Analogue of the letter is speech art To some extent it can be compared with music, natural, raw sounds are also used.
A significant difference is that static sound does not exist. Sound is always dynamic medium fluctuations with certain frequency, amplitude, timbre characteristics.
Human ear has a high sensitivity to the harmonic spectrum of sound oscillations, to dissonance overtone. Therefore, obtaining a high-quality digitized computer sound is still a technically difficult task. And many experts consider an analog sound more "alive", natural compared to digital sound.
5. Virtual Channelswho appeal to other senses.
So, the vibrating alert in mobile phone It is not addressed to vision and hearing, but to touch. And this is not exotic, but a common channel of information. The fact that someone wants to talk to the subscriber. Tactile (tactile) sensations apply for other purposes: There are various simulators, special gloves for computer games And for surgeons, etc.
In appearing in lately 4D cinemas for the effect of the viewer's presence in the film is achieved by different, not used before the means: moving chairs, splashes in the face, gust winds, smells.
There are even communication and control channels in which the nerve cells are involved, the human brain is involved. They are developed for disabled people, people with disabilities. A man after a workout is capable of strength to control the movement of points on the screen. And also (more importantly) mentally give commands, leading a special wheelchair.
In this way, a virtual reality From fiction gradually turns into a part of everyday life.
Answer Plan
Multimedia is a set of visual and audio effects that are reproduced using a computer and interactive software managed.
The main components of Multimedia is:
Text - a set of characters representing visual information that you need to convey to the user.
Audio: sound is mechanical medium fluctuations: air, water, etc, perceived by human hearing aid. Sound effects- Conservation in digital video The sound of musical instruments, the sounds of nature or musical fragments created on the computer or recorded and digitized.
Virtual reality is a highly developed form of computer simulation that allows the user to plunge into the model world and directly act in it.
Images
Animation- Playing the sequence of pictures that creates the impression of a moving image.
Video (from lat. Video - I see, I see) - under this term understands a wide range of recording technologies, processing, transfer, storage and reproduction of visual and audiovisual material on monitors.
Question 2.
Features of raster graphics.
Answer Plan
Raster image It consists of the smallest points (pixels) - color squares of the same size. A raster image is like a mosaic - when you get closer to it, then you see individual pixels, and if you delete (decrease), pixels merge.
The raster image can have a different resolution, which is determined by the number of horizontal points and vertical.
Raster - (from the English Raster) - representation of the image in the form of a two-dimensional array of points (pixels), ordered in the ranks and columns
Formats raster graphics
Riding graphics programs: Paint, Adobe Photoshop,
Picture Publisher, Painter, Fauve Matisse.
Application of raster graphics:
Retouching, Restoration of photos;
Creation and processing of photomontage;
Digitization of photographic materials using scanning (images are obtained in a raster form).
Question 3.
Features vector graphics.
Answer Plan
Vector graphics- Use Geometric primitives for representing images in computer graphics. Vector drawing is a combination of primitives, with each element of vector drawing can be operated separately.
Vector graphic editors allow you to rotate, move, reflect, stretch, raise, perform various transformations Objects, combine primitives into more complex objects. More complex transformations include operations on closed figures: union, addition, intersection, etc. D.Vector graphics are ideal for simple or composite drawings that do not need photorealism.
Advantages of vector graphics:
The minimum amount of information is transmitted to a much smaller file size (the size does not depend on the value of the object);
You can infinitely increase, for example, an arc of the circle, and it will remain smooth;
With increasing or decrease in objects, the thickness of the lines may be constant;
Object parameters are stored and subject to change. This means that moving, scaling, rotation, filling, etc. Do not worsen the quality of the pattern.
Disadvantages of vector graphics:
Not every object can be easily depicted in vector form;
The amount of memory and time on the display depends on the number of objects and their complexity.
The translation of vector graphics in the raster is simple enough, but there is no return path.
Programs for working with vector graphics: Corel Draw, Adobe Illustrator,
AutoCAD Autodesk, Hewlett-Packard, Macromedia, Visio
Application vector graphics.
To create signs, labels, logos, emblems, etc. character imaging;
For the construction of drawings, charts, graphs, schemes;
For drawing images with clear contours that do not have a large spectrum of shades of colors.
Question 4.
Give a brief description graphic formats: bmp., gif., jpg., PNG.
Plan answer
BMP (Windows Device Independent Bitmap).The NMR format is a native Windows format, it is supported by all graphic editors working under its control. It is used for storing raster images intended for use in Windows and, in fact, no longer suitable for anything. It is capable of storing both indexed (up to 256 colors) and RGB-color.
GIF. (Graphics. Interchange. Format.). Standardized in 1987 as a means of storing compressed images with a fixed (256) number of colors (extension of the file name.gif). Received popularity on the Internet due to the high degree of compression. Latest version format GIF89A. Allows you to perform interlaced image loading and create drawings with a transparent background. Limited capabilities in the number of colors determine its application exclusively in electronic publications.
Jpg. (Joint Photographic Group.). The format is designed to store raster images (extension of the file name.jpg). Allows you to adjust the ratio between the degree of compression of the file and image quality. Applied compression methods are based on the removal of "redundant" information, so the format is recommended to use only for electronic publications.
The greatest difference between JPEG format from other formats is that the compression algorithm with loss of information is used in JPG. The compression algorithm without loss saves information about the image that the unpacked image exactly corresponds to the original. When compressed with losses, part of the image information is sacrificed to achieve a greater compression ratio. The unpacked image of JPG rarely corresponds to the original exactly exactly, but very often these differences are so insignificant that they can hardly be detected.
PNG. (Portable Network Graphics.).
Comparatively new (1995) image storage format for publishing on the Internet (extension of the file name.png). Three types of images are supported - color with a depth of 8 or 24 bits and black and white with gradation 256 shades of gray. The compression of the information occurs almost without loss, 254 levels of the alpha channel are provided, interlaced scan.
Question 5.
What is the sound? Its main parameters.
Answer Plan
Sound - These are mechanical medium fluctuations: air, water, etc., perceived by the human hearing apparatus. What we hear is the result of processing the oscillatory movements of the ear drumpoint, presented in the form of signals of the nervous system. Outside the sound wave transmission environment does not exist. However, sound oscillations can be translated to another medium: change the view of the information without losing it in fact. Typically, sound oscillations are transferred to radio wave signals.
Main settings
Height (Pitch) is an assistance attribute in terms where sounds can be placed on a scale from low to high. The height depends mainly on the frequency of the sound incentive, but it also depends on the sound pressure and from
wave forms.
The magnitude of the sound pressure, which is barely noticeable on the hearing in the absence of any other interfering noise and sounds, is called the threshold magnitude of sound pressure, or, on the threshold of hearingness.
The minimum difference in the hearing difference in the intensity of two sounds of the same frequency determines the so-called differential threshold of audio intensity intensity.
The volume is called a subjective feeling that allows the auditory system to have sounds on a scale from quiet to loud sounds. The volume of sound is associated primarily with sound pressure.
Binaural hearing is its ability to determine the direction of the audio wave coming, that is, to localize the position of the sound source in space. This ability is achieved due to the spatial incompetence of the two ears in combination with the shielding influence of the head. This leads to the fact that there is always unidenticity of the excitation of the right and left ear. This fact provides a person to perceive the spatial sound world and evaluate the movement of sound sources in space.
Question 6.
Digitization of sound.
Answer Plan
The sound can be stored on digital media, i.e. be presented in the form of a digit. Any digital technique or program work with the sound presented in digital form. Convert analog audio signal into digital includes several stages. First analog sound signal It is fed to an analog filter that limits the signal frequency band and eliminates interference and noise. Then from the analog signal using the sampling / storage circuit, the counts are highlighted: with certain frequency
matching the instantaneous level of analog signal.
Next, the counts come to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which converts the instantaneous value of each counting into a digital code or number. The resulting sequence of the digital code bit is a sound signal in digital form. As a result of the conversion, the continuous analog beep turns into digital - discrete both in time and magnitude. Thus, to transfer sound to a digital medium, it is necessary to carry out its analog-to-digital conversion. Such a transformation consists of three stages:
sampling - representation of a continuous signal in the form of a sequential set of individual amplitudes;
quantization - separation of each amplitude to the specified number of levels;
coding - recording data and amplitude levels in digital form.
In practice transformation sound information From a continuous form to discrete electronic devicesCalled analog-digital converters (ADC) and digital-analog converters (DAC).
Question 7.
What is Wave-format, MP3-format, MIDI-format?
Answer Plan
The sound in the computer is stored in files having various methods Submission of information. We list the main formats for storing sound information.
Wave (* .wav) is the most widespread sound format. Used Windows operating system for storage sound Files. It is based on the RIFF format (Resource Interchange File Format), which allows you to save data in structured form.
The MPEG-1 standard is a whole set of audio and video standards. According to ISO standards (International Standards Organization), the audio part of MPEG-1 includes three algorithms of various difficulty levels: Layer 1 (level 1), Layer 2 (Level 2) and Layer 3 (Level 3). The overall structure of the coding process is the same for all MPEG-1 levels. At the same time, despite the similarity of the levels in the general approach to coding, the levels differ in targeted use and internal mechanisms involved in encoding. For each level, it is defined its format for recording the output stream of data and, accordingly, its decoding algorithm.
MPEG LAYER 3 (* .MR3) is the format of sound files with quality loss, designed to save sounds other than human speech. Used to digitize music records.
Windows Media. Audio (* .wma) is the format of sound files proposed by Misrosoft. The Windows Media Audio 8 codec provides a quality similar to the MRs, with the sizes of the files three times smaller.
MIDI (* .mid) - Digital Musical Instrument Interface (Musical Stage Digital Interface). MIDI determines the exchange of data between musical and sound synthesizers different manufacturers. The MIDI interface is a protocol for transferring musical notes and melodies. But MIDI data is not digital sound: this is a shortened form of music recording in numerical form.
Question 8.
The main functions and characteristics of sound cards.
Answer Plan
Sound card - Additional personal computer equipment that allows you to process the sound (output to speakers and / or record).
The sound card was one of the latest enhancements of a personal computer. In modern motherboards, audio cards are integrated, that is, are made right on the motherboard. The sound card has several inputs and outputs (always - analog, and sometimes digital) to connect the I / O devices of sound information - speakers, headphones, microphones, and the like. In the case of integrated audio cards, these inputs and conclusions are located directly on the motherboard.
It connects to one of the slots. motherboard In the form of a subsidiary and performs computational operations related to sound processing, speech, music. The sound is reproduced through external sound columns connecting to exit sound card. A special connector allows you to send a beep to an external amplifier. There is also a connector for connecting microphone that allows you to record speech or music and save them on the hard disk for subsequent processing and use.
The main parameter of the sound card is the bit, Determining the number of bits used in converting signals from analog to digital form and vice versa. The higher the bit, the smaller the error associated with the digitization, the higher the sound quality. Minimum requirement Today's 16 discharges are, and 32-bit and 64-bit devices have the highest distribution.
Question 9.
The most common formats of video views and their uses.
Answer Plan
Audio Video Interleaved. (* .Avi) - format developed by MICSOFT to record and play video in operating system Windows. When recording in this format, several different video compression algorithms (compression) are used. Among them are Cinepak, Indeo Video, Motion-Jpeg (M-JPEG) and others. But only M-JPEG was recognized among them as an international standard for video compression. Initially, the features of the Video FPO Windows software designed by Microsoft were used to capture and play video. MICROSOFT has developed two formats designed to replace AVI format: Advanced Streaming. Format. (*. ASF) and Advanced Authoring Format (*. AAF).
Windows Media Video. (* .Wmv) - new format Video from Microsoft, which comes to replace the AVI format. It is based on the WCDOWS Video Codec, developed on the basis of the MPEG-4 standard.
Quick Time Move (* .Mov) is the most common format for recording and playing a video developed by Arrley for Macintosh computers within the Quick Time technology. Includes support for not only video, but also sound, text, MPEG streams, advanced MIDI command set, vector graphics, panoramas and objects (Qt) and three-dimensional models. Supports several different video compression formats, including MPEG, as well as their own compression method.
MPEG (* .Mpg, * .mpeg) - format for recording and playing a video developed by a group of experts on moving images (MPEG). It has its own compression algorithm. Currently actively used to record digital video. The most widespread was found two formats: MPEG-I and MPEG-2. They differ in terms of the volume and quality of the obtained video information and are recognized by international standards for compression video. Currently, along with MPEG-L and MPEG-2, a new MPEG-4 format is used. It allows you to compress information with a large compression coefficient.
Digital Video. (* .Dv) is a format designed for digital video cameras and video recorders. The coder-decoder (codec) is determined by the leading world electronics manufacturers, so that it can support manufacturers in their boards with the Fireware interface and comprehensive solutions To edit a digital video. The format is not compact, so it is necessary to convert to MPEG.
Question 10.
The main color models, their characteristics.
Answer Plan
Digital technology uses at least four, basic models: RGB, CMYK, HSB in various versions and Lab.
Color model RGB.
This color model is based on three main colors: RED - red, green - green and blue - blue. This color model is considered additive, that is, when an increase in the brightness of the individual components will increase the brightness of the result: If you mix all three colors with maximum intensity, then the result will be white; On the contrary, in the absence of all colors it turns black.
The model is a hardware-dependent, since the values \u200b\u200bof the basic colors (as well as the point of white) are determined by the quality of the phosphor used in the monitor. As a result, at different monitors, the same image looks unequal. Undoubted advantages This regime is that it allows you to work with all 16 million colors, and disadvantage It is that when withdrawing an image to print, some of these colors is lost, mostly brighter and rich, there is also a problem with blue colors.
The RGB model is an additive color model, which is used in devices working with light streams: scanners, monitors.
Color model HSB.
Here, the capital letters do not correspond to any colors, but symbolize tone (color), saturation and brightness Hue Saturation Brightness). All colors are located in a circle, and each corresponds to its degree, that is, there is a total of 360. This model hardware-dependent and does not correspond to the perception of the human eye, since the eye perceives spectral colors as colors with different brightness (blue seems darker than red) And in the HSB model they are all attributed to the brightness of 100%.
Saturation(Saturation) is a color parameter that determines its purity. Reducing the saturation of color means its breaking.
Brightness(Brightness) is a color parameter that determines the illumination or the darkening of the color. Reducing the brightness of the color means it. The HSB model is a custom color model that allows you to choose the color in the traditional way.
Color model CMYK.
Is an subtractive model.
The main colors in the subtractive model differ from the additive colors. Cyan. - Blue, Magenta - Purple, Yellow - Yellow. These colors are printing triad and can be easily reproduced by printing machines. When mixing two subtractive colors, the result is darkened (in the RGB model, there was vice versa). With zero value of all components, white color (white paper) is formed. This model is a reflected color, and it is called a model of subtractive main colors. This model is primary for printing and is also hardware-dependent.
Color model Lab.
Building colors is based on the confluence of three channels. It received the name from its basic components L, a and b. The component L carries information about the brightness of the image, and components A and B - about its colors (i.e. a and b - chromatic components). Component A varies from green to red, and B - from blue to yellow. The brightness in this model is separated from the color, which is convenient for adjusting the contrast, sharpness, etc. However, being abstract and very mathematicized this model remains uncomfortable for practical work.
Question 11.
Describe the most popular desktop publishing systems.
Answer Plan
Publishing system (desktop publishing system, computer publishing system) - a complex consisting of personal computersscanning, output and photo drive devices, software and network support used for setting and editing text, creating and processing images, layouts and manufacture of original layouts, corrective sheets, photoform, color processing, printed forms, etc., i.e. for Preparation of publication for printing at the level of prepress processes.
Examples of such NIS are: Corel Ventura, Page Maker, QuarkXpress, etc.
Advantages:
Adobe Pagemaker is a relatively low resource intensity, the presence of your own script writing language, the ability to host the image files by the DRAG-N-DROP method for "throwing" them to the film frame, the presence of its own built-in refresaries of the internal index of publication, the presence of a built-in strip descent means, the ability to print in File is postured, the presence of additional means inserting the date to the publication.
QuarkXpress - the presence of a large number of convenient standardized unchangeable shortcaps, the ability to adjust the layout parameters in accordance with the traditions of the Russian typography, the presence of a large number of connected modules that are significantly expanding the capabilities of the program, "open" architecture of the construction of SDK-based modules, the presence of Default Path Preferences and the adjusted Backup Folder. Industrial de facto standard.
Corel Ventura Publishera is the presence of a built-in formula and table editor, the ability to create documents in accordance with the SGML ideology (?). Excellent work with the indexing of the document, the creation of footnings, a challenged table of contents.
Disadvantages:
Adobe Pagemaker - lack of support from the manufacturer, "opaque" the ability to write addons, a small number of shortcuts, a relatively smaller spread on the makints, problems with the output of color illustrations, the ability to loss of the loss in violating the integrity of the internal publication index, the lack of the ability to make reference to the means of the program, and Not hands, problems with the Russian language in the module laying of footers, unsatisfactory for the most part operation of the lane descent module.
QuarkXpress is a relatively high resource-intensity, an inhabitant "clocking" system at the most frequently used actions (i.e. size box to picture), the inability to print to the file is chained. If in the Get Picture menu, it is clearly called the file name without expansion, for some reason the quark believes that the file is recorded in BMP format; 4 quark does not understand the climb of 6 photos.
Corel Ventura Publisher is a monsteroidality, a disgusting formula, unknown with Russian rules of a mathematics set, "adding", the overloaded interface, the presence is not always intuitive settings.
Question 12.
Software for creating Web sites?
Answer Plan
Macromedia Dreamweaver program Initially developed by the Macromedia program, but after 2007 Dreamweaver began to release Adobe. It is one of the most popular HTML editors around the world.
Pros: Supports the DHTML language, you can create cascading tables, easily and easily prescribe styles and table scripts. Allows you to remotely update site pages. Macromedia Dreamweaver has a powerful graphic editor with which the creators of the Web site (programmers, verstockets and designers) have the ability to work in one environment. Does not waste code, understandable interface, easily integrates with Flash. Thanks to the templates included in the program, the work of the cameracher is simplified and easier.
Cons: the graphic editor is so powerful that it can create web pages of absolutely any complexity, not particularly understood into the code. In addition, Macromedia Dreamweaver is not a very cheap product.
Microsoft FrontPage is part of the application package Microsoft Office..
In 2007, Microsoft Office Microsoft FrontPage is replaced with Microsoft Expression Web, and in 2010 - on Microsoft Office Sharepoint Designer.
Pros: The program without problems makes changes to the source code in real time, and is also available to a wide range of users. Microsoft FrontPage has a script editor and a downloadable toolbar, which allows you to manage the code in detail and test the Web pages.
Cons: Uses the engine Internet Explorer.Because of what in other web-page browsers can lose the form originally developed by designers. Using the Microsoft FrontPage program, it is not always easy to manage the code.
Wherein, microsoft program Frontpage is very multifunctional. It is suitable for both beginners and experienced users. Microsoft FrontPage allows you to make it possible to create a web site page quickly and without tension.
Question 13.
Site planning stages.
Answer Plan
Definition of site creation goal
Site theme selection
Site content definition
Construction of the site structure
Development of site design
Registration and placement of the site on the Internet
It is from the purpose of creating a website that everything else depends - the topic, content, design.
You need to choose the topic based on your knowledge in various areas, because The site will have to replenish. The best option will be some kind of cognitive resource, even if it is very small. The first site and should not be big.
After the text set is completed, you need to decide that, and on which page will be located. Determine the structure of links on the site. It is necessary to think through the articles hierarchy, which article will be the main thing, in which order you offer users to read them - draw up the logical structure of the site.
The link from each page home, to the previous one, the following is complied with design, which can be started immediately after the compilation of the logical structure.
Development of design -Un item.
The readability of the text will depend on the design, the convenience of navigation, appearance, attractiveness, the ability to emphasize the attention of the visitor on anything concrete.
After the design is completed, it remains only to insert the text on the relevant pages.
After the site appears in On-Line, it is necessary to check the performance of all its links, and, consequently, the availability of all pages.
Question 14.
Equipment for processing video on the computer.
Answer Plan
To record video information you need:
special fee or device for video digitization;
vCR or camcorder;
software for recording and editing a digital video.
sound card (if the video capture board does not support the ability to capture sound).
Video card (video adapter ). Together with the monitor video card Forms video specimen Personal computer. Physically video adapter is made in the form of a separate subsidiary which is inserted into one of the motherboard slots and is called video card. The video adapter assumed the functions video controller, video processor and video memory.
During the existence of personal computers, several standards of video adapters changed: MDA. (monochrome);CGA. (4 colors);EGA (16 flowers);VGA (256 flowers). Currently applied video adapters SVGA, Providing software playback to 16.7 million colors with the possibility of an arbitrary selection of screen resolution from a standard range of values.
Digitization board video
You can use the simplest analog video capture card or TV tuner. At the same time, there are the following features of such a board. She must:
Show and capture analog video with a data stream speed limited only by the recording device;
Capture video with arbitrary sizes of the frame, in particular, with a resolution of 352 × 288 (required for the MRG-1 standard);
Capture videos both through the composite input and via S- video.
Question 15.
Give the characteristic of the three-dimensional and fractal schedule.
Answer Plan
Three-dimensional graphics (3D, 3 Dimensions, Russian. 3 Measurements) - section computer graphics, totality of receptions and tools (both software and hardware) intended for the image volume objects. Three-dimensional image on the plane differs from two-dimensional in what includes the construction geometric projection of the three-dimensional modelscenes On the plane(for example, a computer screen) using specialized programs. At the same time, the model can create objects from the real world (cars, buildings, hurricane, asteroid), and be fully abstract (the projection of the four-dimensional fractal). For the preparation of a three-dimensional image on the plane requires the following steps:
-modeling - Creating a three-dimensional mathematical model of the scene and objects in it.
- rendering (visualization) - building a projection in accordance with the selected physical model.
-output The resulting image on the output device is a monitor or printer.
Fractal graphics is today one of the fastest developing promising species computer graphics.
Mathematical foundation fractal graphics is an fractal geometry. The method of building images is based on the principle of inheritance from the so-called "Parents"geometric properties heir objects.
Fractal
Object called self-likeWhen the enlarged parts of the object come to the object itself and on each other. In the simplest case, a small part of the fractal contains information about all fractals.
Fractalthe structure consisting of parts, which in some sense is similar to the whole.
Object called self-likeWhen the enlarged parts of the object come to the object itself and on each other. In the simplest case, a small part of the fractal contains information about all fractals. Fractalthe structure consisting of parts, which in some sense is similar to the whole.
Object called self-likeWhen the enlarged parts of the object come to the object itself and on each other. In the simplest case, a small part of the fractal contains information about all fractals. Changing and combining color fractal figures You can simulate images of alive and inanimate nature (for example, tree branches or snowflakes), as well as, be made from the figures obtained "Fractal composition" Mounting techniques phonograms - separation of fragments, removal, insertion.
To date, the term "Multimedia" is quite clear - this is a combination of well-known ways to transfer information, such as an image, speech, letter, gestures. This combination is, as a rule, deeply thought out, assembled from different elements that complement each other, to create a general intelligible picture. All this can be observed almost every information resource, such as a news tape with photos or attached video. The project can be how clearly formed when the story is built by the creator and goes linearly, and there are also few more species, such as interactivity and transmide, which makes the plot nonlinear and creates the user with the user for his own scenario. All this is additional advanced features to create more interesting content to which the user wants to return again and again.
The main thing in the concept of "multimedia" is that the combination of basic media elements is based on a computer or any digital technology. This implies that the standard components of the multimedia have a more advanced Vaughan value, T. Multimedia: Making It Work (7th Ed.). New Delhi: Mac-Graw Hill. 2008. PP.1-3, 25-40, 53-60:
1. Text. The written language is the most common way to transfer information, being one of the main multimedia components. Initially, these were printed media, such as books and newspapers that used various fonts to display letters, numbers and special characters. Despite this, multimedia products include photos, audio and video, but the text can be the most common type of data found in multimedia applications. In addition, the text also provides opportunities for expanding the traditional authority of writing, connecting it with other media, which makes it interactive.
a. Static text. In the static text, the words are laid out to fit well into the graphic environment. The words are embedded in graphics just as graphics and explanations are located on the pages of the book, that is, the information is well thought out and there is an opportunity not only to see photos, but also read text information Kindersley, P. (1996). Multimedia: The Complete Guide. New York: DK ..
b. Hypertext. The hypertext file system consists of nodes. It contains text and links between nodes that determine the paths that the user can use to gain access to the text is inconsistent. References represent the associations of meaning and can be considered as cross references. This structure is created by the author of the system, although in more complex hypertext systems, the user can define its own paths. Hypertext provides the user flexibility and the ability to choose when moving through the material. Well formatted offers and paragraphs, interval and punctuation also affect the readability of the text.
2. Sound. The sound is the most sensual element of the Multimedia: This is direct speech in any language, from whisper to scream; This is what can enjoy listening to music, create a striking background special effect or mood; This is what can create an artistic image by adding the effect of the presence of a storyteller in a text site; It will help to learn the word pronunciation in another language. The sound pressure level is measured in decibels, which should be within the framework of sufficient perception of the sound volume by human ear.
a. Musical Instrument Digital Identifier - MIDI). MIDI is a communication standard developed in the early 1980s for electronic musical instruments and computers. This is a stenograph presentation of music stored in numerical form. MIDI is the fastest, simplest and flexible tool for making partings in a multimedia project. Its quality depends on the quality of musical instruments and opportunities sound system. Vaughan, T. Multimedia: Making It Work (7th Ed.). New Delhi: Mac-Graw Hill. 2008. PP.106-120
b. Digital and recorded sound (Digital Audio). A digitized sound is a sample in which each fraction of a second corresponds to the sound sample stored in the form of digital information in bits and bytes. The quality of this digital recording depends on how often the samples are taken (sampling frequency) and how many numbers are used to represent the value of each sample (bit depth, sampling size, resolution). The more often the sample is taken and the more data is stored about him, the better the resolution and the quality of the captured sound when playing it. The quality of the digital audio also depends on the quality of the source sound source, capture devices that support the software and the ability to reproduce the environment.
3. Image. It is an important multimedia component, since it is known that a person most of the world information is obtained through vision, and the image is always the fact that visualizes the text of the courtyard, N. I. Basics of the Multimedia - Program Directors. SPbGUP, 2005. ISBN 5-7621-0330-7. - from. 73-80. Images are generated by computer in two ways, like bitmap images, as well as vector images of Vaughan, T. Multimedia: Making It Work (7th Ed.). New Delhi: Mac-Graw Hill. 2008. pp.70-81.
a. Raster or Bitmap Images). The most common form of storage for images on the computer is a raster. This is a simple matrix of tiny points, called pixels that form a raster image. Each pixel consists of two or more colors. The color depth is determined by the amount of data in the bits used to determine the number of colors, for example, one bit are two colors, four bits mean sixteen colors, eight bits have already shown 256 colors, 16 bits give 65536 colors and so on. Depending on hardware features, each point may display more than two million colors. The image of a large size means that the picture will look more realistic in comparison with what sees the eye or the source product. This means that the proportions, size, color and texture should be as accurate as possible.
b. Vector Image (Vector Images). Creating such images is based on the drawing of elements or objects, such as lines, rectangles, circles, and so on. The advantage of the vector image is a relatively small amount of data required to represent an image and, therefore, a large amount of storage memory is required. The image consists of a set of commands that are executed when necessary. The raster image requires a certain amount of pixels to produce the appropriate height, width and depth of color, while the vector image is based on a relatively limited number of drawing commands. The worsening of the quality of vector images is a limited level of detail, which can be presented in the picture. To reduce the size of the image file, which is useful for storing a large number of images and an increase in the image transmission rate, compression is used. Compression formats used for this purpose, GIF, TIFF and JPEG Hillman, D. Multimedia: Technology and Applications. New Delhi: Galgotia. 1998 ..
4. Video. It is defined as displaying recorded real events on the TV screen or computer monitor. Enchant video B. multimedia applications It is a powerful means for transmitting information. It may include personal elements in which other media lacks, for example, mapping the personal personality. Video can be classified into two types, analog video and digital video.
a. Analog Video (Analog Video). This type of video data is stored on any non-computers, like video tapes, laser disks, films, etc. They share two types, composite and component analog video:
i. Composite video (Composite Analog Video) has all video components, including brightness, color and synchronization, combined into one signal. Due to the composition or combination of video components, the video quality as a result loses color, the clarity is reduced and the loss of performance is reduced. Performance loss means quality loss when copying to edit or for other purposes. This recording format was used to record video on magnetic tape, such as Betamax and VHS. Composite video is also susceptible to loss of quality from one generation to another.
iI. Component Analog Video (Component Analog Video) is considered more advanced than composite. It takes various components of video, such as color, brightness and synchronization and split them into separate signals. S-VHS and HI-8 are examples of this type of analog video, in which the color and brightness are stored on the same track, and the information on the other. In the early 1980s, Sony has released a new portable, professional video format in which signals are stored on three separate tracks.
b. Digital Video (Digital Video) is the most interesting multimedia tool that is a powerful tool for attracting computer users closer to the real world. Digital video requires a large number of storage space, as if a fixed color image of high quality on the computer screen requires one megabyte or more storage memory, then in order to ensure the visibility of movement, the image must be changed at least thirty times in Second, and storage memory requires thirty megabytes for one second video. Thus, the bigger the picture is replaced by better quality video. Video requires high bandwidth To transfer data in a network environment. To do this, there are digital video compression schemes. There are video compression standards as MPEG, JPEG, Cinepak and Sorenson. In addition to compressing video data, there are streaming technologies, such as Adobe Flash., Microsoft Windows Media, Quicktime and Real Player, which provide video playback in an acceptable capacity at low bandwidth on the Internet. QuickTime and Real Video are most commonly used for widespread. Digital video formats can be divided into two categories, composite video and component video.
i. Composite digital recording formats encode information in binary system (0 and 1). It saves some weaknesses of analog composite video, as color and image resolution, as well as loss of quality when creating copies.
iI. Component digital format is uncompressed and having very high quality Images making it very expensive.
iII. Video can in many areas. Videos can improve the understanding of the subject in accordance with the explanation. For example, if we want to show, dance steps used in various cultures, the video will reflect it easier and more efficiently. Vaughan, T. Multimedia: Making It Work (7th Ed.). New Delhi: Mac-Graw Hill. 2008. PP.165-170
Today, multimedia develops very quickly in the area information technologies. The ability of computers for processing different types Media information makes them suitable for a wide range of applications, and most importantly, more and more people have the opportunity not only to look at different multimedia projects, but also create them.
Sound is the most expressive element of multimedia. The world of sounds surrounds a person constantly. We hear the noise of the surf, the rustling of foliage, the roar of waterfalls, the singing of birds, cries of animals, the voices of people. All this is the sounds of our world.
The history of this element of information for a person is the same ancient as the previous (text, image). Initially, a person created a device with which he tried to reproduce natural sounds for his practical purposes, in particular for hunting. Then the sounds in his head began to fold into a certain sequence that I wanted to save. The first musical instruments appeared (one of the oldest - Chinese krin). Gradually, the process of forming a language, which could be written and thereby keeping born melodies for a long time. The first attempts to develop such an "musical alphabet" were taken in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. And in the form in which we know it now (in the form of a note entry), the music fixation system has developed to the XVII century. Her foundations were laid Guido d'Israzzo.
At the same time, improved sound recording and storage systems. The man learned to save and reproduce not only music, but also any surrounding sounds. For the first time, the sound was recorded in 1877 on a phonofa invented by Thomas Edison. The record had a type of deepening on a paper sheet fixed on a rotating cylinder. Edison first taught his car loudly answer "Hello" into the microphone. This word was heard when the needle connected to the microphone repeated the record made on paper. The mechanics and acoustic method of recording existed until the 1920s until electrical systems were invented. Practical application Revolutionary inventions also contributed to sound recording:
· The invention of plastic magnetic tape in 1935;
· Stormy development of microelectronics in the 60s.
Stormy development computer equipment Press this process a new impetus for development. The world of sounds gradually connected with the digital world.
There are two main sound synthesis methods in sound boards:
table-wave synthesis (Wavetable, WT) based on the playback of samples - in advance the sound tools recorded in the digital form. Most sound boards contain a built-in set of sounds of tools recorded in ROM, some boards allow the use of records additionally downloaded to RAM. To obtain the sound of the desired height, a change in recording playback speed is used, complex synthesizers are used to play each note parallel playing different samples and additional sound processing (modulation, filtering).
Dignity: Realistic of the sound of classic tools, simplicity of sounding.
disadvantages: Hard set of pre-prepared timbres, many parameters of which cannot be changed in real time, large memory for samples (sometimes up to hundreds of KB per tool), the unequal sound of different models of synthesizers due to different sets of standard tools.
frequency modulation(Frequency Modulation, FM) - Synthesis based on using multiple signal generators with mutual modulation. Each generator is controlled by a circuit controlling the frequency and amplitude of the signal and is a basic unit of synthesis - the operator. The sound cards use a two-operator (OPL2) and four-operator (OPL3) synthesis. The scheme of the operator connection (algorithm) and the parameters of each operator (frequency, amplitude and the law of their change in time) determine the voice timbre. The number of operators and control circuit them set the maximum number of synthesized timbres.
Dignity: It is not necessary to record the sounds of tools in advance and store them in the ROM, the variety of sounds obtained is easy to repeat the timbre on various boards with compatible synthesizers.
disadvantages: It is difficult to provide a fairly harmonious timbre in the entire sound range, the imitation of the sound of real tools is extremely rough, it is difficult to organize a fine management of operators, which is why the audio board uses a simplified scheme with a small range of possible sounds.
If the composition requires the sound of real tools, the wave synthesis method is better suited, the frequency modulation method is more convenient for creating new timbres, although the capabilities of the FM synthesizers of sound boards are sufficiently limited.